2023 AMC 12A 第 21 题

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21.

如果 AABB 是一个多面体的顶点,定义距离 d(A,B)d(A,B) 为沿该多面体的棱从 AA 连接到 BB 所必须经过的最少棱数。例如,如果 AB\overline{AB} 是该多面体的一条棱,则 d(A,B)=1d(A,B)=1;但如果 AC\overline{AC}CB\overline{CB} 是棱且 AB\overline{AB} 不是棱,则 d(A,B)=2d(A,B)=2。从一个正二十面体(由 2020 个等边三角形组成的正多面体)的顶点中随机选出互不相同的顶点 QQRRSS。求 d(Q,R)>d(R,S)d(Q,R)\gt d(R,S) 的概率。

If AA and BB are vertices of a polyhedron, define the distance d(A,B)d(A,B) to be the minimum number of edges of the polyhedron one must traverse in order to connect AA and B.B. For example, if AB\overline{AB} is an edge of the polyhedron, then d(A,B)=1,d(A,B)=1, but if AC\overline{AC} and CB\overline{CB} are edges and AB\overline{AB} is not an edge, then d(A,B)=2.d(A,B)=2. Let Q,Q, R,R, and SS be randomly chosen distinct vertices of a regular icosahedron (regular polyhedron made up of 2020 equilateral triangles). What is the probability that d(Q,R)>d(R,S)?d(Q,R)\gt d(R,S)?

722\dfrac{7}{22}

13\dfrac{1}{3}

38\dfrac{3}{8}

512\dfrac{5}{12}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

答案:A
知识点:图论基本概率对称性
难度评级:2170
解答:

固定 RR。正二十面体的其他 1111 个顶点中,有 55 个到该点的距离为 1155 个距离为 22,还有 11 个(对顶点)距离为 33

有序选取互不相同的 Q,SQ,S 时,d(Q,R)=d(R,S)d(Q,R)=d(R,S) 的概率为 54+541110=40110=411. \dfrac{5\cdot 4+5\cdot 4}{11\cdot 10}=\dfrac{40}{110}=\dfrac{4}{11}.

QQSS 的对称性, P(d(Q,R)>d(R,S))=14112=722. \begin{gathered} P(d(Q,R)\gt d(R,S))\\ {}=\dfrac{1-\tfrac{4}{11}}{2}\\ {}=\dfrac{7}{22}. \end{gathered}

所以正确答案是 A

Fix R.R. Among the other 1111 vertices of the icosahedron, 55 are at distance 1,1, 55 are at distance 2,2, and 11 (the antipode) is at distance 3.3.

Choosing ordered distinct Q,S,Q,S, the probability that d(Q,R)=d(R,S)d(Q,R)=d(R,S) is 54+541110=40110=411. \dfrac{5\cdot 4+5\cdot 4}{11\cdot 10}=\dfrac{40}{110}=\dfrac{4}{11}.

By the symmetry between QQ and S,S, P(d(Q,R)>d(R,S))=14112=722. \begin{gathered} P(d(Q,R)\gt d(R,S))\\ {}=\dfrac{1-\tfrac{4}{11}}{2}\\ {}=\dfrac{7}{22}. \end{gathered}

Thus, the correct answer is A.

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