2023 AMC 12A 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

城市 AABB 相距 4545 英里。Alicia 住在 AA,Beth 住在 BB。Alicia 以每小时 1818 英里的速度骑车前往 BB。Beth 同时出发,以每小时 1212 英里的速度骑车前往 AA。她们相遇时距离城市 AA 多少英里?

Cities AA and BB are 4545 miles apart. Alicia lives in AA and Beth lives in B.B. Alicia bikes towards BB at 1818 miles per hour. Leaving at the same time, Beth bikes toward AA at 1212 miles per hour. How many miles from City AA will they be when they meet?

2020

2424

2525

2626

2727

知识点:路程、速度与时间
难度评级:890
小提示:

她们的接近速度是每小时 18+1218+12 英里

Their closing speed is 18+1218+12 miles per hour

大提示:

先求相遇所需时间,再乘以 Alicia 的速度

Find the time until they meet, then multiply by Alicia’s speed

解答:

两人之间的距离以每小时 18+12=3018+12=30 英里的速度缩短,所以她们在 4530=1.5\dfrac{45}{30}=1.5 小时后相遇。

在这段时间里,Alicia 从城市 AA 出发骑了 181.5=2718\cdot 1.5=27 英里。

所以正确答案是 E

The gap between them closes at 18+12=3018+12=30 miles per hour, so they meet after 4530=1.5\dfrac{45}{30}=1.5 hours.

In that time Alicia has ridden 181.5=2718\cdot 1.5=27 miles from City A.A.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

2.

一个大披萨的 13\tfrac13 加上 3123\tfrac12 杯橙子片的重量,等于一个大披萨的 34\tfrac34 加上 12\tfrac12 杯橙子片的重量。一杯橙子片重 14\tfrac14 磅。一个大披萨重多少磅?

The weight of 13\tfrac13 of a large pizza together with 3123\tfrac12 cups of orange slices is the same as the weight of 34\tfrac34 of a large pizza together with 12\tfrac12 cup of orange slices. A cup of orange slices weighs 14\tfrac14 of a pound. What is the weight, in pounds, of a large pizza?

1451\tfrac45

22

2252\tfrac25

33

3353\tfrac35

知识点:一次方程分数
难度评级:1020
小提示:

设披萨重 PP 磅;每杯橙子片重 14\tfrac14

Let the pizza weigh PP pounds; each cup of orange slices weighs 14\tfrac14

大提示:

把两边重量列成相等方程,并把含 PP 的项移到同一边

Set the two weights equal and gather the PP terms on one side

解答:

设披萨重 PP 磅。则 3123\tfrac12 杯重 7214=78\tfrac72\cdot\tfrac14=\tfrac7812\tfrac12 杯重 1214=18\tfrac12\cdot\tfrac14=\tfrac18

方程为 13P+78=34P+18 \tfrac13 P+\tfrac78=\tfrac34 P+\tfrac18\text{。}

相减得 7818=(3413)P\tfrac78-\tfrac18=\left(\tfrac34-\tfrac13\right)P,所以 34=512P\tfrac34=\tfrac{5}{12}P,从而 P=95=145P=\dfrac{9}{5}=1\tfrac45

所以正确答案是 A

Let the pizza weigh PP pounds. Then 3123\tfrac12 cups weigh 7214=78\tfrac72\cdot\tfrac14=\tfrac78 and 12\tfrac12 cup weighs 1214=18.\tfrac12\cdot\tfrac14=\tfrac18.

The equation is 13P+78=34P+18. \tfrac13 P+\tfrac78=\tfrac34 P+\tfrac18.

Subtracting gives 7818=(3413)P,\tfrac78-\tfrac18=\left(\tfrac34-\tfrac13\right)P, so 34=512P\tfrac34=\tfrac{5}{12}P and P=95=145.P=\dfrac{9}{5}=1\tfrac45.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

3.

小于 20232023 且能被 55 整除的正完全平方数有多少个?

How many positive perfect squares less than 20232023 are divisible by 5?5?

88

99

1010

1111

1212

难度评级:1130
小提示:

一个完全平方数能被 55 整除,当且仅当它的平方根是 55 的倍数

A perfect square is divisible by 55 exactly when its root is a multiple of 55

大提示:

这些平方数形如 (5k)2(5k)^2;求有多少个满足 (5k)2<2023(5k)^2\lt 2023

The squares are (5k)2(5k)^2; find how many satisfy (5k)2<2023(5k)^2\lt 2023

解答:

一个完全平方数能被 55 整除,只有它的平方根也能被五整除,因此这些平方数形如 (5k)2=25k2(5k)^2=25k^2

因为 442=1936<202344^2=1936\lt 2023,而且这个数 <2025=452\lt 2025=45^2,所以平方根可以是 5,10,,405,10,\ldots,40,也就是 k=1k=188

所以正确答案是 A

A perfect square is divisible by 55 only if its root is, so the squares are (5k)2=25k2.(5k)^2=25k^2.

Since 442=1936<202344^2=1936\lt 2023 <2025=452,\lt 2025=45^2, the root can be 5,10,,40,5,10,\ldots,40, which is k=1k=1 through 8.8.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

4.

855101558^5\cdot 5^{10}\cdot 15^5 的通常数字表示有多少位数字?

How many digits are in the base-ten representation of 85510155?8^5\cdot 5^{10}\cdot 15^5?

1414

1515

1616

1717

1818

难度评级:1200
小提示:

把每个底数分解质因数:8=238=2^315=3515=3\cdot 5

Factor each base into primes: 8=23,8=2^3, 15=3515=3\cdot 5

大提示:

把每个 22 与一个 55 配对形成 1010 的幂,还会剩下一个小因子

Pair every 22 with a 55 to form a power of 10,10, leaving a small factor

解答:

全部分解为质因数:85510155=2155103555=35215515 \begin{gathered} 8^5\cdot 5^{10}\cdot 15^5\\ {}=2^{15}\cdot 5^{10}\cdot 3^5\cdot 5^5\\ {}=3^5\cdot 2^{15}\cdot 5^{15} \end{gathered}\text{。}

这等于 351015=24310153^5\cdot 10^{15}=243\cdot 10^{15} 也就是 243243 后接 1515 个零,总共有 1818 位数字。

所以正确答案是 E

Writing everything in primes, 85510155=2155103555=35215515. \begin{gathered} 8^5\cdot 5^{10}\cdot 15^5\\ {}=2^{15}\cdot 5^{10}\cdot 3^5\cdot 5^5\\ {}=3^5\cdot 2^{15}\cdot 5^{15}. \end{gathered}

This equals 351015=2431015,3^5\cdot 10^{15}=243\cdot 10^{15}, which is 243243 followed by 1515 zeros, for a total of 1818 digits.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

5.

Janet 掷一个标准 66 面骰子 44 次,并持续记录掷出点数的累加和。她的累加和在某一时刻等于 33 的概率是多少?

Janet rolls a standard 66-sided die 44 times and keeps a running total of the numbers she rolls. What is the probability that at some point, her running total will equal 3?3?

29\dfrac{2}{9}

49216\dfrac{49}{216}

25108\dfrac{25}{108}

1772\dfrac{17}{72}

1354\dfrac{13}{54}

难度评级:1270
小提示:

一旦累加和超过 33,就不可能回到三,所以只有前几次掷骰有关

Once the running total passes 33 it can never return, so only the first few rolls matter

大提示:

把互斥的开头 331,21,22,12,11,1,11,1,1 的概率相加

Add the probabilities of the disjoint openings 3;3; 1,2;1,2; 2,1;2,1; and 1,1,11,1,1

解答:

累加和递增,所以它恰好到达 33 当且仅当出现以下互斥开头之一:第一次掷出 33;前两次为 1,21,2;前两次为 2,12,1;或前三次为 1,1,11,1,1

它们的概率之和为 16+136+136+1216=36+6+6+1216=49216 \begin{gathered} \dfrac16+\dfrac1{36}+\dfrac1{36}+\dfrac1{216}\\ {}=\dfrac{36+6+6+1}{216}\\ {}=\dfrac{49}{216} \end{gathered}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

The running total is increasing, so it hits 33 exactly when one of these disjoint openings occurs: a first roll of 3;3; rolls 1,2;1,2; rolls 2,1;2,1; or rolls 1,1,1.1,1,1.

Their probabilities are 16+136+136+1216=36+6+6+1216=49216. \begin{gathered} \dfrac16+\dfrac1{36}+\dfrac1{36}+\dfrac1{216}\\ {}=\dfrac{36+6+6+1}{216}\\ {}=\dfrac{49}{216}. \end{gathered}

Thus, the correct answer is B.

6.

AABBy=log2xy=\log_2 x 的图像上。线段 AB\overline{AB} 的中点是 (6,2)(6,2)AABBxx 坐标的正差是多少?

Points AA and BB lie on the graph of y=log2x.y=\log_2 x. The midpoint of AB\overline{AB} is (6,2).(6,2). What is the positive difference between the xx-coordinates of AA and B?B?

2112\sqrt{11}

434\sqrt{3}

88

454\sqrt{5}

99

难度评级:1350
小提示:

两个 xx 坐标之和为 26=122\cdot 6=12

The xx-coordinates sum to 26=122\cdot 6=12

大提示:

两个 yy 坐标的平均数是 22,所以 log2x1+log2x2=4\log_2 x_1+\log_2 x_2=4,从而 x1x2=16x_1x_2=16

The yy-coordinates average to 2,2, so log2x1+log2x2=4,\log_2 x_1+\log_2 x_2=4, giving x1x2=16x_1x_2=16

解答:

设两个 xx 坐标为 x1x_1x2x_2。由中点可得 x1+x2=12x_1+x_2=12,由两个 yy 值的平均数可得 log2x1+log2x2=4\log_2 x_1+\log_2 x_2=4,所以 x1x2=24=16x_1x_2=2^4=16

因此 x1x2=(x1+x2)24x1x2=14464=80=45 \begin{gathered} |x_1-x_2|\\ {}=\sqrt{(x_1+x_2)^2-4x_1x_2}\\ {}=\sqrt{144-64}\\ {}=\sqrt{80}\\ {}=4\sqrt5 \end{gathered}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

Let the xx-coordinates be x1x_1 and x2.x_2. The midpoint gives x1+x2=12,x_1+x_2=12, and the average of the yy-values gives log2x1+log2x2=4,\log_2 x_1+\log_2 x_2=4, so x1x2=24=16.x_1x_2=2^4=16.

Then x1x2=(x1+x2)24x1x2=14464=80=45. \begin{gathered} |x_1-x_2|\\ {}=\sqrt{(x_1+x_2)^2-4x_1x_2}\\ {}=\sqrt{144-64}\\ {}=\sqrt{80}\\ {}=4\sqrt5. \end{gathered}

Thus, the correct answer is D.

7.

一个电子显示屏把当前日期显示为一个 88 位整数:先是 44 位年份,再是 22 位月份,最后是该月内的 22 位日期。例如,今年的植树节显示为 2023042820230428。在 20232023 年中,有多少个日期的 88 位显示中每个数字都出现偶数次?

A digital display shows the current date as an 88-digit integer consisting of a 44-digit year, followed by a 22-digit month, followed by a 22-digit date within the month. For example, Arbor Day this year is displayed as 20230428.20230428. For how many dates in 20232023 will each digit appear an even number of times in the 88-digit display for that date?

55

66

77

88

99

难度评级:1380
小提示:

固定年份 20232023 已经贡献了两个 22、一个 00,和一个 33

The fixed year 20232023 already contributes two 22’s, one 0,0, and one 33

大提示:

月份和日期的四个数字必须使 0033 的个数变为奇数,22 的个数保持偶数,其他数字也保持偶数

The four month-day digits must make the counts of 00 and 33 odd, the count of 22 even, and every other digit even

解答:

年份贡献数字 2,0,2,32,0,2,3,所以 22 出现两次,而 0033 各出现一次。为了让每个数字最终出现偶数次,月份和日期的四个数字必须提供奇数个 00、奇数个 33,以及偶数个其他每种数字。

只有四个数字可用,因此月份日期串必须恰好包含一个 00、一个 33,以及由某个数字组成的一对。检查合法月份和日期,得到九个日期:01-1301\text{-}1301-3101\text{-}3102-2302\text{-}2303-1103\text{-}1103-2203\text{-}2210-1310\text{-}1310-3110\text{-}3111-0311\text{-}0311-3011\text{-}30

所以正确答案是 E

The year contributes the digits 2,0,2,3,2,0,2,3, so 22 appears twice while 00 and 33 each appear once. For every digit to end up with an even count, the four digits of the month and day must supply an odd number of 00’s, an odd number of 33’s, and an even number of every other digit.

With only four digits available, the month-day string must use exactly one 0,0, one 3,3, and a repeated pair of some digit. Checking valid months and days leaves nine dates: 01-13,01\text{-}13, 01-31,01\text{-}31, 02-23,02\text{-}23, 03-11,03\text{-}11, 03-22,03\text{-}22, 10-13,10\text{-}13, 10-31,10\text{-}31, 11-03,11\text{-}03, and 11-30.11\text{-}30.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

8.

Maureen 正在记录本学期小测成绩的平均分。如果 Maureen 下一次小测得 1111 分,她的平均分会增加 11。如果她接下来三次小测都得 1111 分,她的平均分会增加 22。她当前的小测平均分是多少?

Maureen is keeping track of the mean of her quiz scores this semester. If Maureen scores an 1111 on the next quiz, her mean will increase by 1.1. If she scores an 1111 on each of the next three quizzes, her mean will increase by 2.2. What is the mean of her quiz scores currently?

44

55

66

77

88

知识点:平均数方程组
难度评级:1440
小提示:

设当前平均分为 mm,已有 nn 次小测,总分为 S=mnS=mn

Let her current mean be mm over nn quizzes, with total S=mnS=mn

大提示:

一次额外的 1111 分给出 S+11n+1=m+1\dfrac{S+11}{n+1}=m+1;化简为 m+n=10m+n=10

One extra 1111 gives S+11n+1=m+1;\dfrac{S+11}{n+1}=m+1; simplify to m+n=10m+n=10

解答:

设当前 nn 次小测的平均分为 mm,所以总分为 S=mnS=mn。加入一次 1111 分后,有 mn+11n+1=m+1 \dfrac{mn+11}{n+1}=m+1\text{,} 化简得 m+n=10m+n=10

加入三次 1111 分后,有 mn+33n+3=m+2 \dfrac{mn+33}{n+3}=m+2\text{,} 化简得 3m+2n=273m+2n=27

m+n=10m+n=103m+2n=273m+2n=27 得到 m=7m=7

所以正确答案是 D

Let the current mean be mm over nn quizzes, so the total is S=mn.S=mn. Adding one 1111 gives mn+11n+1=m+1, \dfrac{mn+11}{n+1}=m+1, which simplifies to m+n=10.m+n=10.

Adding three 1111’s gives mn+33n+3=m+2, \dfrac{mn+33}{n+3}=m+2, which simplifies to 3m+2n=27.3m+2n=27.

Solving m+n=10m+n=10 and 3m+2n=273m+2n=27 gives m=7.m=7.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

9.

一个面积为 22 的正方形内接于一个面积为 33 的正方形中,形成四个全等三角形,如下图所示。阴影直角三角形的较短直角边与较长直角边之比是多少?

A square of area 22 is inscribed in a square of area 3,3, creating four congruent triangles, as shown below. What is the ratio of the shorter leg to the longer leg in the shaded right triangle?

15\dfrac{1}{5}

14\dfrac{1}{4}

232-\sqrt{3}

32\sqrt{3}-\sqrt{2}

21\sqrt{2}-1

难度评级:1500
小提示:

外正方形边长为 3\sqrt3,内正方形边长为 2\sqrt2

The outer square has side 3\sqrt3 and the inner square has side 2\sqrt2

大提示:

若直角边为 ppqq,则 p+q=3p+q=\sqrt3,且 p2+q2=2p^2+q^2=2

If the legs are pp and q,q, then p+q=3p+q=\sqrt3 and p2+q2=2p^2+q^2=2

解答:

外正方形边长为 3\sqrt3,内正方形边长为 2\sqrt2。每个三角形是直角三角形,其两条直角边 ppqq 沿着外正方形的一条边,所以 p+q=3p+q=\sqrt3;其斜边是内正方形的一条边,所以 p2+q2=2p^2+q^2=2

(p+q)2=3(p+q)^2=3 可得 2pq=12pq=1,所以 ppqqt23t+12=0t^2-\sqrt3\,t+\tfrac12=0 的两个根,即 3±12\dfrac{\sqrt3\pm 1}{2}

较短边与较长边之比为 313+1=(31)22=23 \begin{gathered} \dfrac{\sqrt3-1}{\sqrt3+1}\\ {}=\dfrac{(\sqrt3-1)^2}{2}\\ {}=2-\sqrt3 \end{gathered}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

The outer square has side 3\sqrt3 and the inner square has side 2.\sqrt2. Each triangle is right, with legs pp and qq along an outer side, so p+q=3,p+q=\sqrt3, and with hypotenuse an inner side, so p2+q2=2.p^2+q^2=2.

Then (p+q)2=3(p+q)^2=3 gives 2pq=1,2pq=1, so pp and qq are the roots of t23t+12=0,t^2-\sqrt3\,t+\tfrac12=0, namely 3±12.\dfrac{\sqrt3\pm 1}{2}.

The ratio of shorter to longer leg is 313+1=(31)22=23. \begin{gathered} \dfrac{\sqrt3-1}{\sqrt3+1}\\ {}=\dfrac{(\sqrt3-1)^2}{2}\\ {}=2-\sqrt3. \end{gathered}

Thus, the correct answer is C.

10.

正实数 xxyy 满足 y3=x2y^3=x^2(yx)2=4y2(y-x)^2=4y^2。求 x+yx+y

Positive real numbers xx and yy satisfy y3=x2y^3=x^2 and (yx)2=4y2.(y-x)^2=4y^2. What is x+y?x+y?

1212

1818

2424

3636

4242

知识点:方程组换元法
难度评级:1560
小提示:

开平方得 yx=±2yy-x=\pm 2y

Taking square roots, yx=±2yy-x=\pm 2y

大提示:

正数条件排除其中一个符号,并迫使 x=3yx=3y;再代入 y3=x2y^3=x^2

Positivity rules out one sign and forces x=3y;x=3y; substitute into y3=x2y^3=x^2

解答:

(yx)2=4y2(y-x)^2=4y^2,可得 yx=±2yy-x=\pm 2y。若 yx=2yy-x=2y,则 x=y<0x=-y\lt 0,不可能;因此 yx=2yy-x=-2y,也就是 x=3yx=3y

代入 y3=x2=9y2y^3=x^2=9y^2 得到 y=9y=9,所以 x=27x=27x+y=36x+y=36

所以正确答案是 D

From (yx)2=4y2(y-x)^2=4y^2 we get yx=±2y.y-x=\pm 2y. The choice yx=2yy-x=2y gives x=y<0,x=-y\lt 0, impossible, so yx=2y,y-x=-2y, meaning x=3y.x=3y.

Substituting into y3=x2=9y2y^3=x^2=9y^2 gives y=9,y=9, hence x=27x=27 and x+y=36.x+y=36.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

11.

斜率为 2213\tfrac13 的两条直线所成锐角的度数是多少?

What is the degree measure of the acute angle formed by lines with slopes 22 and 13?\tfrac13?

3030

37.537.5

4545

52.552.5

6060

知识点:斜率三角学
难度评级:1570
小提示:

使用 tanθ=m1m21+m1m2\tan\theta=\left|\dfrac{m_1-m_2}{1+m_1m_2}\right|

Use tanθ=m1m21+m1m2\tan\theta=\left|\dfrac{m_1-m_2}{1+m_1m_2}\right|

大提示:

分子和分母都会化为 53\tfrac53

Both the numerator and denominator work out to 53\tfrac53

解答:

两直线夹角的正切为 2131+213=5353=1 \left|\dfrac{2-\tfrac13}{1+2\cdot\tfrac13}\right| =\left|\dfrac{\tfrac53}{\tfrac53}\right|=1\text{。}

正切为 11 的锐角是 4545^\circ

所以正确答案是 C

The tangent of the angle between the lines is 2131+213=5353=1. \left|\dfrac{2-\tfrac13}{1+2\cdot\tfrac13}\right| =\left|\dfrac{\tfrac53}{\tfrac53}\right|=1.

The acute angle with tangent 11 is 45.45^\circ.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

12.

求下式的值:2313+4333+6353++183173 \begin{gathered} 2^3-1^3+4^3-3^3+6^3-5^3\\ {}+\cdots+18^3-17^3 \end{gathered}\text{?}

What is the value of 2313+4333+6353++183173? \begin{gathered} 2^3-1^3+4^3-3^3+6^3-5^3\\ {}+\cdots+18^3-17^3? \end{gathered}

20232023

26792679

29412941

31593159

32353235

难度评级:1630
小提示:

把项配成 (2k)3(2k1)3(2k)^3-(2k-1)^3,其中 k=1k=199

Group the terms into pairs (2k)3(2k1)3(2k)^3-(2k-1)^3 for k=1k=1 to 99

大提示:

每一对等于 12k26k+112k^2-6k+1;用 k2\sum k^2k\sum k 求和

Each pair equals 12k26k+1;12k^2-6k+1; sum using k2\sum k^2 and k\sum k

解答:

配成 (2k)3(2k1)3(2k)^3-(2k-1)^3,其中 k=1,,9k=1,\ldots,9。展开得 (2k)3(2k1)3=12k26k+1 \begin{gathered} (2k)^3-(2k-1)^3\\ {}=12k^2-6k+1 \end{gathered}\text{。}

k=1k=199,求和,并用 k2=285\sum k^2=285k=45\sum k=45 得到 12285645+9=3420270+9=3159 \begin{gathered} 12\cdot 285-6\cdot 45+9\\ {}=3420-270+9\\ {}=3159 \end{gathered}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

Group into pairs (2k)3(2k1)3(2k)^3-(2k-1)^3 for k=1,,9.k=1,\ldots,9. Expanding, (2k)3(2k1)3=12k26k+1. \begin{gathered} (2k)^3-(2k-1)^3\\ {}=12k^2-6k+1. \end{gathered}

Summing for k=1k=1 to 9,9, with k2=285\sum k^2=285 and k=45,\sum k=45, gives 12285645+9=3420270+9=3159. \begin{gathered} 12\cdot 285-6\cdot 45+9\\ {}=3420-270+9\\ {}=3159. \end{gathered}

Thus, the correct answer is D.

13.

在一场乒乓球锦标赛中,每位参赛者都与其他每位参赛者恰好比赛一次。虽然右手选手的人数是左手选手的两倍,但左手选手赢的场数比右手选手赢的场数多 40%40\%。(没有平局,也没有双利手选手。)总共进行了多少场比赛?

In a table tennis tournament every participant played every other participant exactly once. Although there were twice as many right-handed players as left-handed players, the number of games won by left-handed players was 40%40\% more than the number of games won by right-handed players. (There were no ties and no ambidextrous players.) What is the total number of games played?

1515

3636

4545

4848

6666

知识点:组合整除性
难度评级:1660
小提示:

设有 LL 名左手选手和 2L2L 名右手选手,所以总人数为 3L3L

Let there be LL left-handed and 2L2L right-handed players, so 3L3L players total

大提示:

若右手选手赢 RR 场,则总场数为 2.4R2.4R,所以总场数必须是 1212 的倍数

If right-handers win RR games, the total is 2.4R,2.4R, so the total must be a multiple of 1212

解答:

设有 LL 名左手选手和 2L2L 名右手选手,则共有 3L3L 人,总场数为 (3L2)\binom{3L}{2}

若右手选手赢 RR 场,则左手选手赢 1.4R1.4R 场,所以总场数为 2.4R=125R2.4R=\tfrac{12}{5}R。要使它是整数场数,总场数必须是 1212 的倍数。

左手选手至多能赢下所有至少有一名左手选手参加的比赛,即 (L2)+2L2=5L2L2\binom{L}{2}+2L^2=\tfrac{5L^2-L}{2} 场。另一方面,他们必须赢 712(3L2)=7L(3L1)8\tfrac{7}{12}\binom{3L}{2}=\tfrac{7L(3L-1)}8 场。比较这两个量可得 21L720L421L-7\le 20L-4,所以 L3L\le 3

依次试 L=1,2,3L=1,2,3,总场数为 3,15,363,15,36;其中只有 36361212 的倍数,且可实现:33 名左手选手可以赢下全部 1818 场混合对局以及左手内部的 33 场,共 21=1.41521=1.4\cdot 15 场。

所以正确答案是 B

Let there be LL left-handed and 2L2L right-handed players, for 3L3L players and (3L2)\binom{3L}{2} games total.

If right-handers win RR games, left-handers win 1.4R,1.4R, so the total is 2.4R=125R.2.4R=\tfrac{12}{5}R. For this to be an integer count, the total number of games must be a multiple of 12.12.

The left-handers can win at most every game involving at least one left-hander, namely (L2)+2L2=5L2L2.\binom{L}{2}+2L^2=\tfrac{5L^2-L}{2}. On the other hand, they must win 712(3L2)=7L(3L1)8\tfrac{7}{12}\binom{3L}{2}=\tfrac{7L(3L-1)}8 games. Comparing these quantities gives 21L720L4,21L-7\le 20L-4, so L3.L\le 3.

Testing L=1,2,3L=1,2,3 gives totals 3,15,36;3,15,36; only 3636 is a multiple of 12.12. It is achievable: the 33 left-handers can win all 1818 mixed games and their 33 internal games, giving 21=1.41521=1.4\cdot 15 wins.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

14.

有多少个复数满足方程 z5=zz^5=\overline{z},其中 z\overline{z} 是复数 zz 的共轭?

How many complex numbers satisfy the equation z5=z,z^5=\overline{z}, where z\overline{z} is the conjugate of the complex number z?z?

22

33

55

66

77

知识点:复数单位根
难度评级:1730
小提示:

取模长:z5=z|z|^5=|z|,所以 z=0|z|=0z=1|z|=1

Take absolute values: z5=z,|z|^5=|z|, so z=0|z|=0 or z=1|z|=1

大提示:

乘以 zzz6=zz=z2z^6=z\overline{z}=|z|^2;单独处理 z=0z=0

Multiplying by zz gives z6=zz=z2;z^6=z\overline{z}=|z|^2; handle z=0z=0 separately

解答:

取模长得 z5=z|z|^5=|z|,所以 z=0|z|=0z=1|z|=1z=0z=0 满足方程,给出一个解。

z=1|z|=1,把原方程乘以 zz 得到 z6=zz=z2=1z^6=z\overline{z}=|z|^2=1。这有 66 个不同的根,并且这些根的模长都等于 11

总共有 1+6=71+6=7 个解。

所以正确答案是 E

Taking magnitudes gives z5=z,|z|^5=|z|, so z=0|z|=0 or z=1.|z|=1. The value z=0z=0 works, giving one solution.

If z=1,|z|=1, multiply the equation by zz to get z6=zz=z2=1.z^6=z\overline{z}=|z|^2=1. This has 66 distinct roots, all of modulus 1.1.

Altogether there are 1+6=71+6=7 solutions.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

15.

Usain 为了锻炼,在一块 100100 米乘 3030 米的矩形场地中之字形行走,从点 AA 出发并在 BC\overline{BC} 上结束。他想像下图所示(APQRSAPQRS)通过之字形增加行走距离。什么角 θ=PAB\theta=\angle PAB =QPC=\angle QPC =RQB==\angle RQB=\cdots 会使路径长度为 120120 米?(不要假设之字形路径恰好有图中所示的四段;段数可能更多或更少。)

Usain is walking for exercise by zigzagging across a 100100-meter by 3030-meter rectangular field, beginning at point AA and ending on the segment BC.\overline{BC}. He wants to increase the distance walked by zigzagging as shown in the figure below (APQRSAPQRS). What angle θ=PAB\theta=\angle PAB =QPC=\angle QPC =RQB==\angle RQB=\cdots will produce a length that is 120120 meters? (Do not assume the zigzag path has exactly four segments as shown; there could be more or fewer.)

arccos56\arccos\tfrac{5}{6}

arccos45\arccos\tfrac{4}{5}

arccos310\arccos\tfrac{3}{10}

arcsin45\arcsin\tfrac{4}{5}

arcsin56\arcsin\tfrac{5}{6}

难度评级:1800
小提示:

之字形每一段的水平投影等于它的长度乘以 cosθ\cos\theta

The horizontal projection of each zigzag segment is its length multiplied by cosθ\cos\theta

大提示:

把所有段的水平投影相加,再把 100100 米的前进距离与 120120 米的路径长度作比较

Add the horizontal projections of all the segments and compare the 100100-meter progress with the 120120-meter path

解答:

之字形的每一段都与场地的水平边成角 θ\theta。因此,长度为 ss 的一段在水平方向前进 scosθs\cos\theta 米。即使最后一段在横跨场地完整宽度之前结束,这一点仍然成立。

将整条 120120 米路径的水平投影相加,得到 120cosθ=100120\cos\theta=100

所以 cosθ=56\cos\theta=\dfrac56,从而 θ=arccos56\theta=\arccos\dfrac56

因此,正确答案是 A

Every segment of the zigzag makes angle θ\theta with a horizontal side of the field. Therefore a segment of length ss advances scosθs\cos\theta meters horizontally. This remains true for the last segment even if it ends before crossing the full width of the field.

Adding the horizontal projections over the entire 120120-meter path gives 120cosθ=100.120\cos\theta=100.

Therefore cosθ=56,\cos\theta=\dfrac56, so θ=arccos56.\theta=\arccos\dfrac56.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

16.

考虑满足 1+z+z2=4|1+z+z^2|=4 的复数 zz 的集合。zz 的虚部的最大值可写成 mn\dfrac{\sqrt{m}}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm+n

Consider the set of complex numbers zz satisfying 1+z+z2=4.|1+z+z^2|=4. The maximum value of the imaginary part of zz can be written in the form mn,\dfrac{\sqrt{m}}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. What is m+n?m+n?

2020

2121

2222

2323

2424

知识点:复数最优化
难度评级:1840
小提示:

z=x+yiz=x+yi,并展开 1+z+z22=16|1+z+z^2|^2=16

Write z=x+yiz=x+yi and expand 1+z+z22=16|1+z+z^2|^2=16

大提示:

使 yy 最大时会出现对称情形 x=12x=-\tfrac12;再用所得方程解 yy

Maximizing yy forces the symmetric case x=12;x=-\tfrac12; solve the resulting equation for yy

解答:

z=x+yiz=x+yi。则 1+z+z21+z+z^2 =(1+x+x2y2)=(1+x+x^2-y^2) +y(1+2x)i+y(1+2x)i,约束条件为 (1+x+x2y2)2+y2(1+2x)2=16 \begin{gathered} (1+x+x^2-y^2)^2\\ {}+y^2(1+2x)^2=16 \end{gathered}\text{。}

在这条闭合有界曲线上 yy 取最大值的点处,隐函数求导(或拉格朗日乘数法)给出 (1+2x)(P+2y2)=0(1+2x)\bigl(P+2y^2\bigr)=0,其中 P=1+x+x2y2P=1+x+x^2-y^2。但 P+2y2=x2+x+1+y2>0P+2y^2=x^2+x+1+y^2\gt 0,所以 x=12x=-\tfrac12

此时 1+2x=01+2x=0,约束化为 (34y2)2=16\left(\tfrac34-y^2\right)^2=16。取 34y2=4\tfrac34-y^2=-4,得 y2=194y^2=\tfrac{19}{4},所以最大值为 y=192y=\dfrac{\sqrt{19}}{2}

这里 m=19m=19n=2n=2,所以 m+n=21m+n=21

所以正确答案是 B

Write z=x+yi.z=x+yi. Then 1+z+z21+z+z^2 =(1+x+x2y2)=(1+x+x^2-y^2) +y(1+2x)i,+y(1+2x)i, and the constraint is (1+x+x2y2)2+y2(1+2x)2=16. \begin{gathered} (1+x+x^2-y^2)^2\\ {}+y^2(1+2x)^2=16. \end{gathered}

At a point where yy is maximal on this closed, bounded curve, implicit differentiation (or Lagrange multipliers) gives (1+2x)(P+2y2)=0,(1+2x)\bigl(P+2y^2\bigr)=0, where P=1+x+x2y2.P=1+x+x^2-y^2. But P+2y2=x2+x+1+y2>0,P+2y^2=x^2+x+1+y^2\gt 0, so x=12.x=-\tfrac12.

Then 1+2x=0,1+2x=0, so the constraint reduces to (34y2)2=16.\left(\tfrac34-y^2\right)^2=16. Taking 34y2=4\tfrac34-y^2=-4 gives y2=194,y^2=\tfrac{19}{4}, so the maximum is y=192.y=\dfrac{\sqrt{19}}{2}.

Here m=19m=19 and n=2,n=2, so m+n=21.m+n=21.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

17.

青蛙 Flora 从数轴上的 00 出发,向右进行一系列跳跃。每次跳跃中,不受之前跳跃影响,Flora 以 12m\dfrac{1}{2^m} 的概率跳跃一个正整数距离 mm。Flora 最终会落在 1010 上的概率是多少?

Flora the frog starts at 00 on the number line and makes a sequence of jumps to the right. In any one jump, independent of previous jumps, Flora leaps a positive integer distance mm with probability 12m.\dfrac{1}{2^m}. What is the probability that Flora will eventually land at 10?10?

5512\dfrac{5}{512}

451024\dfrac{45}{1024}

1271024\dfrac{127}{1024}

5111024\dfrac{511}{1024}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

知识点:递推概率递推
难度评级:1910
小提示:

ana_n 为 Flora 曾经落在 nn 上的概率;按第一次跳跃的大小分类

Let ana_n be the probability Flora ever lands on n;n; condition on the size of the first jump

大提示:

递推式 an=k=1nank2ka_n=\sum_{k=1}^{n}\dfrac{a_{n-k}}{2^k} 会给出所有 n1n\ge 1 的同一个值

The recursion an=k=1nank2ka_n=\sum_{k=1}^{n}\dfrac{a_{n-k}}{2^k} gives the same value for every n1n\ge 1

解答:

ana_n 为 Flora 曾经恰好落在 nn 上的概率,其中 a0=1a_0=1。按第一次跳跃分类,an=k=1n12kank a_n=\sum_{k=1}^{n}\dfrac{1}{2^k}\,a_{n-k}\text{。}

我们用归纳法证明对每个 n1n\ge 1 都有 an=12a_n=\tfrac12n=1n=1 的情形是显然的。若结论直到 n1n-1 都成立,则 an=12na0+k=1n112k12=12n+12(112n1)=12 \begin{aligned} a_n&=\frac{1}{2^n}a_0 +\sum_{k=1}^{n-1}\frac{1}{2^k}\cdot\frac12\\ &=\frac{1}{2^n} +\frac12\left(1-\frac{1}{2^{n-1}}\right)\\ &=\frac12 \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此落在 1010 上的概率是 12\dfrac12

所以正确答案是 E

Let ana_n be the probability that Flora ever lands exactly on n,n, with a0=1.a_0=1. Conditioning on the first jump, an=k=1n12kank. a_n=\sum_{k=1}^{n}\dfrac{1}{2^k}\,a_{n-k}.

We prove by induction that an=12a_n=\tfrac12 for every n1.n\ge 1. The case n=1n=1 is immediate. If the claim holds through n1,n-1, then an=12na0+k=1n112k12=12n+12(112n1)=12. \begin{aligned} a_n&=\frac{1}{2^n}a_0 +\sum_{k=1}^{n-1}\frac{1}{2^k}\cdot\frac12\\ &=\frac{1}{2^n} +\frac12\left(1-\frac{1}{2^{n-1}}\right)\\ &=\frac12. \end{aligned}

Hence the probability of landing on 1010 is 12.\dfrac12.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

18.

C1C_1C2C_2 的半径都为 11,两圆圆心之间的距离为 12\tfrac12。圆 C3C_3 是同时内切于 C1C_1C2C_2 的最大圆。圆 C4C_4 同时内切于 C1C_1C2C_2,并且外切于 C3C_3。圆 C4C_4 的半径是多少?

Circle C1C_1 and C2C_2 each have radius 1,1, and the distance between their centers is 12.\tfrac12. Circle C3C_3 is the largest circle internally tangent to both C1C_1 and C2.C_2. Circle C4C_4 is internally tangent to both C1C_1 and C2C_2 and externally tangent to C3.C_3. What is the radius of C4?C_4?

114\dfrac{1}{14}

112\dfrac{1}{12}

110\dfrac{1}{10}

328\dfrac{3}{28}

19\dfrac{1}{9}

难度评级:1990
小提示:

由对称性,C3C_3 的圆心在 C1C2C_1C_2 的中点;其半径为 114=341-\tfrac14=\tfrac34

By symmetry C3C_3 is centered at the midpoint of C1C2;C_1C_2; its radius is 114=341-\tfrac14=\tfrac34

大提示:

C4C_4 放在垂直平分线上;其圆心到单位圆圆心距离为 1r1-r,到 C3C_3 圆心距离为 34+r\tfrac34+r

Place C4C_4 on the perpendicular bisector; its center is 1r1-r from a unit circle’s center and 34+r\tfrac34+r from the center of C3C_3

解答:

把圆心放在 O1=(14,0)O_1=\left(-\tfrac14,0\right)O2=(14,0)O_2=\left(\tfrac14,0\right)。由对称性,C3C_3 以原点为圆心;与 C1C_1 内切给出其半径为 114=341-\tfrac14=\tfrac34

C4C_4 的半径为 rr,圆心为对称轴上的 (0,k)(0,k)。与 C3C_3 外切可得 k=34+rk=\tfrac34+r,与 C1C_1 内切可得 116+k2=1r\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{16}+k^2}=1-r

代入得 116+(34+r)2=(1r)2\tfrac{1}{16}+\left(\tfrac34+r\right)^2=(1-r)^2,化简为 72r=38\tfrac72 r=\tfrac38,所以 r=328r=\dfrac{3}{28}

所以正确答案是 D

Put the centers at O1=(14,0)O_1=\left(-\tfrac14,0\right) and O2=(14,0).O_2=\left(\tfrac14,0\right). By symmetry C3C_3 is centered at the origin, and internal tangency to C1C_1 gives radius 114=34.1-\tfrac14=\tfrac34.

Let C4C_4 have radius r,r, centered at (0,k)(0,k) on the axis of symmetry. External tangency to C3C_3 gives k=34+r,k=\tfrac34+r, and internal tangency to C1C_1 gives 116+k2=1r.\sqrt{\tfrac{1}{16}+k^2}=1-r.

Substituting, 116+(34+r)2=(1r)2,\tfrac{1}{16}+\left(\tfrac34+r\right)^2=(1-r)^2, which simplifies to 72r=38,\tfrac72 r=\tfrac38, so r=328.r=\dfrac{3}{28}.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

19.

求下列方程所有解的乘积:log7x2023log289x2023=log2023x2023 \begin{gathered} \log_{7x}2023\cdot\log_{289x}2023\\ {}=\log_{2023x}2023 \end{gathered}\text{?}

What is the product of all the solutions to the equation log7x2023log289x2023=log2023x2023? \begin{gathered} \log_{7x}2023\cdot\log_{289x}2023\\ {}=\log_{2023x}2023? \end{gathered}

(log20237log2023289)2(\log_{2023}7\cdot\log_{2023}289)^2

log20237log2023289\log_{2023}7\cdot\log_{2023}289

11

log72023log2892023\log_7 2023\cdot\log_{289}2023

(log72023log2892023)2(\log_7 2023\cdot\log_{289}2023)^2

知识点:对数韦达定理
难度评级:2040
小提示:

换成以 20232023 为底,并设 t=log2023xt=\log_{2023}x;注意 2023=71722023=7\cdot 17^2,所以 log20237+log2023289=1\log_{2023}7+\log_{2023}289=1

Convert to base 20232023 and set t=log2023x;t=\log_{2023}x; note 2023=7172,2023=7\cdot 17^2, so log20237+log2023289=1\log_{2023}7+\log_{2023}289=1

大提示:

方程会变成关于 tt 的二次方程,且两个根之和为 00

The equation becomes a quadratic in tt whose two roots sum to 00

解答:

a=log20237a=\log_{2023}7b=log2023289b=\log_{2023}289。因为 2023=72892023=7\cdot 289,所以 a+b=1a+b=1。令 t=log2023xt=\log_{2023}x,每个对数都变成倒数,方程化为 (1+t)=(a+t)(b+t) (1+t)=(a+t)(b+t)\text{。}

展开并使用 a+b=1a+b=1,一次项相消,留下 t2+(ab1)=0t^2+(ab-1)=0。两个根满足 t1+t2=0t_1+t_2=0

对应的解乘积为 x1x2=2023t12023t2x_1x_2=2023^{t_1}\cdot 2023^{t_2} =2023t1+t2=2023^{\,t_1+t_2} =20230=1=2023^0=1

所以正确答案是 C

Let a=log20237a=\log_{2023}7 and b=log2023289.b=\log_{2023}289. Since 2023=7289,2023=7\cdot 289, we have a+b=1.a+b=1. Writing t=log2023x,t=\log_{2023}x, each logarithm becomes a reciprocal, and the equation turns into (1+t)=(a+t)(b+t). (1+t)=(a+t)(b+t).

Expanding and using a+b=1,a+b=1, the linear terms cancel, leaving t2+(ab1)=0.t^2+(ab-1)=0. Its two roots satisfy t1+t2=0.t_1+t_2=0.

The corresponding solutions multiply to x1x2=2023t12023t2x_1x_2=2023^{t_1}\cdot 2023^{t_2} =2023t1+t2=2023^{\,t_1+t_2} =20230=1.=2023^0=1.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

20.

下方展示了一个整数三角形阵列的第 1122334455 行。

1111311551171171\begin{array}{ccccccccc} &&&&1&&&&\\ &&&1&&1&&&\\ &&1&&3&&1&&\\ &1&&5&&5&&1&\\ 1&&7&&11&&7&&1 \end{array}

第一行之后,每一行都在两端放置 11,每个内部项比上一行中斜上方两个数之和大 11。第 20232023 行的 20232023 个数之和的个位数字是多少?

Rows 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, 4,4, and 55 of a triangular array of integers are shown below.

1111311551171171\begin{array}{ccccccccc} &&&&1&&&&\\ &&&1&&1&&&\\ &&1&&3&&1&&\\ &1&&5&&5&&1&\\ 1&&7&&11&&7&&1 \end{array}

Each row after the first row is formed by placing a 11 at each end of the row, and each interior entry is 11 greater than the sum of the two numbers diagonally above it in the previous row. What is the units digit of the sum of the 20232023 numbers in the 20232023rd row?

11

33

55

77

99

知识点:递推个位数字
难度评级:2110
小提示:

SnS_n 为第 nn 行的和;每个内部项贡献上一行的两个副本再加 11

Let SnS_n be the sum of row n;n; each interior entry adds two copies of the row above plus a 11

大提示:

得到 Sn=2Sn1+(n2)S_n=2S_{n-1}+(n-2),其闭式为 Sn=2nnS_n=2^n-n

This yields Sn=2Sn1+(n2),S_n=2S_{n-1}+(n-2), whose closed form is Sn=2nnS_n=2^n-n

解答:

SnS_n 为第 nn 行的和。每个内部项比上一行斜上方两个项之和大 11,对整行求和得到递推 Sn=2Sn1+(n2) S_n=2S_{n-1}+(n-2)\text{。}

S1=1S_1=1,可解得 Sn=2nnS_n=2^n-n(检验:S5=325=27S_5=32-5=27 =1+7+11+7+1=1+7+11+7+1)。

所以 S2023=220232023S_{2023}=2^{2023}-202322 的幂的个位数字按 2,4,8,62,4,8,6 循环,且 20233(mod4)2023\equiv 3\pmod 4,所以 220232^{2023} 的个位是 88。于是 83=58-3=5 个位数字为 55

所以正确答案是 C

Let SnS_n be the sum of row n.n. Each interior entry is 11 more than the sum of the two entries above it, and summing over the row gives the recurrence Sn=2Sn1+(n2). S_n=2S_{n-1}+(n-2).

With S1=1,S_1=1, this solves to Sn=2nnS_n=2^n-n (check: S5=325=27S_5=32-5=27 =1+7+11+7+1=1+7+11+7+1).

So S2023=220232023.S_{2023}=2^{2023}-2023. Since powers of 22 cycle with units digits 2,4,8,62,4,8,6 and 20233(mod4),2023\equiv 3\pmod 4, 220232^{2023} ends in 8.8. Then 83=58-3=5 gives units digit 5.5.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

21.

如果 AABB 是一个多面体的顶点,定义距离 d(A,B)d(A,B) 为沿该多面体的棱从 AA 连接到 BB 所必须经过的最少棱数。例如,如果 AB\overline{AB} 是该多面体的一条棱,则 d(A,B)=1d(A,B)=1;但如果 AC\overline{AC}CB\overline{CB} 是棱且 AB\overline{AB} 不是棱,则 d(A,B)=2d(A,B)=2。从一个正二十面体(由 2020 个等边三角形组成的正多面体)的顶点中随机选出互不相同的顶点 QQRRSS。求 d(Q,R)>d(R,S)d(Q,R)\gt d(R,S) 的概率。

If AA and BB are vertices of a polyhedron, define the distance d(A,B)d(A,B) to be the minimum number of edges of the polyhedron one must traverse in order to connect AA and B.B. For example, if AB\overline{AB} is an edge of the polyhedron, then d(A,B)=1,d(A,B)=1, but if AC\overline{AC} and CB\overline{CB} are edges and AB\overline{AB} is not an edge, then d(A,B)=2.d(A,B)=2. Let Q,Q, R,R, and SS be randomly chosen distinct vertices of a regular icosahedron (regular polyhedron made up of 2020 equilateral triangles). What is the probability that d(Q,R)>d(R,S)?d(Q,R)\gt d(R,S)?

722\dfrac{7}{22}

13\dfrac{1}{3}

38\dfrac{3}{8}

512\dfrac{5}{12}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

难度评级:2170
小提示:

固定 RR。其他 1111 个顶点中,有 55 个距离为 1155 个距离为 2211 个距离为 33

Fix R.R. The other 1111 vertices split into 55 at distance 1,1, 55 at distance 2,2, and 11 at distance 33

大提示:

由对称性,严格大于的概率是不相等概率的一半:P(d(Q,R)>d(R,S))P(d(Q,R)\gt d(R,S)) =1P(相等)2=\dfrac{1-P(\text{相等})}{2}

By symmetry P(d(Q,R)>d(R,S))P(d(Q,R)\gt d(R,S)) =1P(equal)2=\dfrac{1-P(\text{equal})}{2}

解答:

固定 RR。正二十面体的其他 1111 个顶点中,有 55 个到该点的距离为 1155 个距离为 22,还有 11 个(对顶点)距离为 33

有序选取互不相同的 Q,SQ,S 时,d(Q,R)=d(R,S)d(Q,R)=d(R,S) 的概率为 54+541110=40110=411 \dfrac{5\cdot 4+5\cdot 4}{11\cdot 10}=\dfrac{40}{110}=\dfrac{4}{11}\text{。}

QQSS 的对称性,P(d(Q,R)>d(R,S))=14112=722 \begin{gathered} P(d(Q,R)\gt d(R,S))\\ {}=\dfrac{1-\tfrac{4}{11}}{2}\\ {}=\dfrac{7}{22} \end{gathered}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 A

Fix R.R. Among the other 1111 vertices of the icosahedron, 55 are at distance 1,1, 55 are at distance 2,2, and 11 (the antipode) is at distance 3.3.

Choosing ordered distinct Q,S,Q,S, the probability that d(Q,R)=d(R,S)d(Q,R)=d(R,S) is 54+541110=40110=411. \dfrac{5\cdot 4+5\cdot 4}{11\cdot 10}=\dfrac{40}{110}=\dfrac{4}{11}.

By the symmetry between QQ and S,S, P(d(Q,R)>d(R,S))=14112=722. \begin{gathered} P(d(Q,R)\gt d(R,S))\\ {}=\dfrac{1-\tfrac{4}{11}}{2}\\ {}=\dfrac{7}{22}. \end{gathered}

Thus, the correct answer is A.

22.

ff 是定义在正整数上的唯一函数,满足对所有正整数 nn 都有 dndf(nd)=1 \sum_{d\mid n} d\cdot f\left(\frac{n}{d}\right)=1 其中求和遍历 nn 的所有正因数。求 f(2023)f(2023)

Let ff be the unique function defined on the positive integers such that dndf(nd)=1 \sum_{d\mid n} d\cdot f\left(\frac{n}{d}\right)=1 for all positive integers n,n, where the sum is taken over all positive divisors of n.n. What is f(2023)?f(2023)?

1536-1536

9696

108108

116116

144144

难度评级:2270
小提示:

这个关系递归地确定 ffff 实际上是积性函数

The relation determines ff recursively; ff turns out to be multiplicative

大提示:

计算 f(1)=1f(1)=1f(p)=1pf(p)=1-pf(p2)=1pf(p^2)=1-p;这里 2023=71722023=7\cdot 17^2

Compute f(1)=1,f(1)=1, f(p)=1p,f(p)=1-p, and f(p2)=1p;f(p^2)=1-p; here 2023=71722023=7\cdot 17^2

解答:

n=1n=1,得 f(1)=1f(1)=1。对素数 pp,令 n=pn=p,得 f(p)+pf(1)=1f(p)+p\cdot f(1)=1,所以 f(p)=1pf(p)=1-p。令 n=p2n=p^2,由 f(p2)+pf(p)+p2f(1)=1f(p^2)+p\,f(p)+p^2 f(1)=1f(p2)=1pf(p^2)=1-p

由于定义关系是积性函数的 Dirichlet 卷积,ff 也是积性的。又 2023=71722023=7\cdot 17^2f(2023)=f(7)f(172)=(17)(117)=(6)(16)=96 \begin{gathered} f(2023)=f(7)\cdot f(17^2)\\ {}=(1-7)(1-17)\\ {}=(-6)(-16)\\ {}=96 \end{gathered}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

Setting n=1n=1 gives f(1)=1.f(1)=1. For a prime p,p, n=pn=p gives f(p)+pf(1)=1,f(p)+p\cdot f(1)=1, so f(p)=1p.f(p)=1-p. For n=p2,n=p^2, f(p2)+pf(p)+p2f(1)=1f(p^2)+p\,f(p)+p^2 f(1)=1 gives f(p2)=1p.f(p^2)=1-p.

Since the defining relation is a Dirichlet convolution of multiplicative functions, ff is multiplicative. With 2023=7172,2023=7\cdot 17^2, f(2023)=f(7)f(172)=(17)(117)=(6)(16)=96. \begin{gathered} f(2023)=f(7)\cdot f(17^2)\\ {}=(1-7)(1-17)\\ {}=(-6)(-16)\\ {}=96. \end{gathered}

Thus, the correct answer is B.

23.

有多少个正实数有序对 (a,b)(a,b) 满足方程 (1+2a)(2+2b)(2a+b)=32ab \begin{gathered} (1+2a)(2+2b)(2a+b)\\ {}=32ab \end{gathered}\text{?}

How many ordered pairs of positive real numbers (a,b)(a,b) satisfy the equation (1+2a)(2+2b)(2a+b)=32ab? \begin{gathered} (1+2a)(2+2b)(2a+b)\\ {}=32ab? \end{gathered}

00

11

22

33

无穷多个

an infinite number

难度评级:2380
小提示:

分别对 1+2a1+2a2+2b2+2b2a+b2a+b 使用 AM-GM

Apply AM-GM separately to 1+2a,1+2a, 2+2b,2+2b, and 2a+b2a+b

大提示:

乘积至少为 32ab32ab,所以等号必须在三个不等式中同时成立

The product is at least 32ab,32ab, so equality must hold in all three inequalities at once

解答:

由 AM-GM,1+2a22a1+2a\ge 2\sqrt{2a}2+2b4b2+2b\ge 4\sqrt{b},且 2a+b22ab2a+b\ge 2\sqrt{2ab}。相乘得 (1+2a)(2+2b)(2a+b)162ab2ab=32ab \begin{gathered} (1+2a)(2+2b)(2a+b)\\ {}\ge 16\sqrt{2a}\cdot\sqrt{b}\cdot\sqrt{2ab}\\ {}=32ab \end{gathered}\text{。}

等号要求 1=2a1=2a2=2b2=2b2a=b2a=b 同时成立。这给出 a=12a=\tfrac12b=1b=1,且三者相容,所以恰有一个解。

所以正确答案是 B

By AM-GM, 1+2a22a,1+2a\ge 2\sqrt{2a}, 2+2b4b,2+2b\ge 4\sqrt{b}, and 2a+b22ab.2a+b\ge 2\sqrt{2ab}. Multiplying, (1+2a)(2+2b)(2a+b)162ab2ab=32ab. \begin{gathered} (1+2a)(2+2b)(2a+b)\\ {}\ge 16\sqrt{2a}\cdot\sqrt{b}\cdot\sqrt{2ab}\\ {}=32ab. \end{gathered}

Equality requires 1=2a,1=2a, 2=2b,2=2b, and 2a=b2a=b simultaneously. These give a=12,a=\tfrac12, b=1,b=1, which are consistent, so there is exactly one solution.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

24.

KK 为满足以下条件的序列 A1A_1A2A_2\ldotsAnA_n 的数量:nn 是不超过 1010 的正整数,每个 AiA_i 都是 {1,2,3,,10}\{1,2,3,\ldots,10\} 的子集,并且对每个介于 22nn 之间(含端点)的 ii,都有 Ai1A_{i-1}AiA_i 的子集。例如,{}\{\}{5,7}\{5,7\}{2,5,7}\{2,5,7\}{2,5,7}\{2,5,7\}{2,5,6,7,9}\{2,5,6,7,9\} 是这样一个序列,其中 n=5n=5KK 除以 1010 的余数是多少?

Let KK be the number of sequences A1,A_1, A2,A_2, ,\ldots, AnA_n such that nn is a positive integer less than or equal to 10,10, each AiA_i is a subset of {1,2,3,,10},\{1,2,3,\ldots,10\}, and Ai1A_{i-1} is a subset of AiA_i for each ii between 22 and n,n, inclusive. For example, {},\{\}, {5,7},\{5,7\}, {2,5,7},\{2,5,7\}, {2,5,7},\{2,5,7\}, {2,5,6,7,9}\{2,5,6,7,9\} is one such sequence, with n=5.n=5. What is the remainder when KK is divided by 10?10?

11

33

55

77

99

难度评级:2520
小提示:

对固定的 nn,这 1010 个元素各自独立选择第一次进入哪个集合,或选择永不进入

For a fixed n,n, each of the 1010 elements independently chooses the first set it enters, or never enters

大提示:

这给出 (n+1)10(n+1)^{10} 条链,所以 K=k=211k10K=\sum_{k=2}^{11}k^{10};把每项模 1010 化简

That gives (n+1)10(n+1)^{10} chains, so K=k=211k10;K=\sum_{k=2}^{11}k^{10}; reduce each term modulo 1010

解答:

对固定长度 nn{1,,10}\{1,\ldots,10\} 中的每个元素可以独立选择永不出现,或第一次出现在 A1,,AnA_1,\ldots,A_n 中的某一个,因此每个元素有 n+1n+1 种选择。于是长度为 nn 的链有 (n+1)10(n+1)^{10} 条。

因此 K=n=110(n+1)10=k=211k10 K=\sum_{n=1}^{10}(n+1)^{10}=\sum_{k=2}^{11}k^{10}\text{。} 1010 时,k=2,,11k=2,\ldots,11 各项化为 4,9,6,5,6,9,4,1,0,14,9,6,5,6,9,4,1,0,1,和为 45545\equiv 5

所以正确答案是 C

For a fixed length n,n, each element of {1,,10}\{1,\ldots,10\} independently either never appears or first appears in one of A1,,An,A_1,\ldots,A_n, giving n+1n+1 choices. Hence there are (n+1)10(n+1)^{10} chains of length n.n.

Summing, K=n=110(n+1)10=k=211k10. K=\sum_{n=1}^{10}(n+1)^{10}=\sum_{k=2}^{11}k^{10}. Modulo 10,10, the terms k=2,,11k=2,\ldots,11 reduce to 4,9,6,5,6,9,4,1,0,1,4,9,6,5,6,9,4,1,0,1, which sum to 455.45\equiv 5.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

25.

存在唯一的整数序列 a1a_1a2a_2a2023\cdots a_{2023},使得只要 tan2023x\tan 2023x 有定义,就有 tan2023x=a1tanx+a3tan3x+a5tan5x++a2023tan2023x1+a2tan2x+a4tan4x+a2022tan2022x \begin{gathered} \tan 2023x\\ {}=\tiny\dfrac{a_1\tan x+a_3\tan^3 x+a_5\tan^5 x+\cdots+a_{2023}\tan^{2023}x}{1+a_2\tan^2 x+a_4\tan^4 x\cdots+a_{2022}\tan^{2022}x} \end{gathered} a2023a_{2023}

There is a unique sequence of integers a1,a_1, a2,a_2, a2023\cdots a_{2023} such that tan2023x=a1tanx+a3tan3x+a5tan5x++a2023tan2023x1+a2tan2x+a4tan4x+a2022tan2022x \begin{gathered} \tan 2023x\\ {}=\tiny\dfrac{a_1\tan x+a_3\tan^3 x+a_5\tan^5 x+\cdots+a_{2023}\tan^{2023}x}{1+a_2\tan^2 x+a_4\tan^4 x\cdots+a_{2022}\tan^{2022}x} \end{gathered} whenever tan2023x\tan 2023x is defined. What is a2023?a_{2023}?

2023-2023

2022-2022

1-1

11

20232023

难度评级:2650
小提示:

展开 (cosx+isinx)2023(\cos x+i\sin x)^{2023},并用 tan2023x=ImRe\tan 2023x=\dfrac{\operatorname{Im}}{\operatorname{Re}}

Expand (cosx+isinx)2023(\cos x+i\sin x)^{2023} and use tan2023x=ImRe\tan 2023x=\dfrac{\operatorname{Im}}{\operatorname{Re}}

大提示:

除以 cos2023x\cos^{2023}x 后,tan2023x\tan^{2023}x 的最高次系数为 (1)202312(20232023)(-1)^{\frac{2023-1}{2}}\binom{2023}{2023}

Dividing by cos2023x,\cos^{2023}x, the top coefficient of tan2023x\tan^{2023}x is (1)202312(20232023)(-1)^{\frac{2023-1}{2}}\binom{2023}{2023}

解答:

由 De Moivre 公式,(cosx+isinx)2023(\cos x+i\sin x)^{2023} =cos2023x+isin2023x=\cos 2023x+i\sin 2023x。展开左边并取虚部与实部之比,再把分子、分母同除以 cos2023x\cos^{2023}x,即可把 tan2023x\tan 2023x 写成题中关于 tanx\tan x 的有理函数。

系数 a2023a_{2023} 是分子中 tan2023x\tan^{2023}x 的系数,来自 k=2023k=2023 项:a2023=(1)202312(20232023)=(1)1011=1 \begin{gathered} a_{2023}=(-1)^{\frac{2023-1}{2}}\binom{2023}{2023}\\ {}=(-1)^{1011}\\ {}=-1 \end{gathered}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

By De Moivre, (cosx+isinx)2023(\cos x+i\sin x)^{2023} =cos2023x+isin2023x.=\cos 2023x+i\sin 2023x. Expanding the left side and taking the ratio of imaginary to real parts gives tan2023x\tan 2023x as the stated rational function of tanx\tan x after dividing numerator and denominator by cos2023x.\cos^{2023}x.

The coefficient a2023a_{2023} is the coefficient of tan2023x\tan^{2023}x in the numerator, which comes from the k=2023k=2023 term: a2023=(1)202312(20232023)=(1)1011=1. \begin{gathered} a_{2023}=(-1)^{\frac{2023-1}{2}}\binom{2023}{2023}\\ {}=(-1)^{1011}\\ {}=-1. \end{gathered}

Thus, the correct answer is C.