2019 AMC 12B 第 21 题
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21.
有多少个实系数二次多项式满足:根的集合等于系数的集合?(说明:若多项式为 ,,根为 和 ,则要求 。)
How many quadratic polynomials with real coefficients are there such that the set of roots equals the set of coefficients? (For clarification: If the polynomial is and the roots are and then the requirement is that )
无穷多个
infinitely many
小提示:
因为 至多只有两个值,所以至少两个系数相等
Since has at most two values, at least two coefficients are equal
大提示:
由韦达定理, 且 ;逐一处理哪些系数相等的情况
By Vieta, and work through each equal-coefficient case
解答:
如果三个系数都等于同一个值 ,多项式就是 ,其根不等于 。因此系数集合和根集合都有两个不同的值,所以恰有两个系数相同。由韦达定理, 且 。
先设 且 。根为 ,所以韦达定理给出 且 。因而 ,得到 和 。
如果 且 ,同一个乘积方程给出 ,而和的方程只留下 。这给出 。
最后,如果 且 ,乘积方程给出 ,所以 。和的方程变为 。这个严格递增的三次函数有唯一实根 ,因此恰好再得到一个多项式 。所以共有 个多项式。
所以 B 是正确答案。
If all three coefficients had one value the polynomial would be whose roots do not equal Thus the coefficient and root sets both have two distinct values, so exactly two coefficients coincide. By Vieta’s formulas, and
First suppose and The roots are so Vieta gives and Hence producing and
If and the same product equation gives while the sum equation leaves only This gives
Finally, if and the product equation gives so The sum equation becomes This strictly increasing cubic has one real root producing exactly one more polynomial, Therefore there are polynomials.
Thus, B is the correct answer.
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