2014 AMC 12A 第 21 题

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21.

对每个实数 xx,令 x\lfloor x\rfloor 表示不超过 xx 的最大整数,并定义 所有满足 1x<20141\le x\lt2014f(x)1f(x)\le1xx 组成若干互不相交区间的并。这些区间长度之和是多少? f(x)=x(2014xx1).f(x)=\lfloor x\rfloor\left(2014^{\,x-\lfloor x\rfloor}-1\right).

For every real number x,x, let x\lfloor x\rfloor denote the greatest integer not exceeding x,x, and let f(x)=x(2014xx1).f(x)=\lfloor x\rfloor\left(2014^{\,x-\lfloor x\rfloor}-1\right). The set of all numbers xx such that 1x<20141\le x\lt2014 and f(x)1f(x)\le1 is a union of disjoint intervals. What is the sum of the lengths of those intervals?

11

log2015log2014\dfrac{\log2015}{\log2014}

log2014log2013\dfrac{\log2014}{\log2013}

20142013\dfrac{2014}{2013}

20141/20142014^{1/2014}

答案:A
知识点:取整函数对数裂项相消
难度评级:2170
解答:

x=n+rx=n+r,其中 nn 为整数且 1n20131\le n\le20130r<10\le r\lt1。于是 f(x)=n(2014r1)f(x)=n\left(2014^{\,r}-1\right),而 f(x)1f(x)\le1 等价于 2014r1+1n2014^{\,r}\le1+\dfrac1n,也就是 0rlog2014n+1n0\le r\le\log_{2014}\dfrac{n+1}{n}

因此每个 nn 对应的长度为 log2014n+1n\log_{2014}\dfrac{n+1}{n}n=12013log2014n+1n=log2014 ⁣(213220142013)=log20142014=1. \begin{gathered} \sum_{n=1}^{2013}\log_{2014}\dfrac{n+1}{n}\\ =\log_{2014}\!\left(\dfrac21\cdot\dfrac32\cdots\dfrac{2014}{2013}\right)\\ =\log_{2014}2014=1. \end{gathered}

因此区间长度之和为上述结果。所以正确答案是 A

Write x=n+rx=n+r with integer nn (1n20131\le n\le2013) and 0r<1.0\le r\lt1. Then f(x)=n(2014r1),f(x)=n\left(2014^{\,r}-1\right), and f(x)1f(x)\le1 becomes 2014r1+1n,2014^{\,r}\le1+\dfrac1n, i.e. 0rlog2014n+1n.0\le r\le\log_{2014}\dfrac{n+1}{n}.

Each nn contributes an interval of length log2014n+1n,\log_{2014}\dfrac{n+1}{n}, so the total is n=12013log2014n+1n=log2014 ⁣(213220142013)=log20142014=1. \begin{gathered} \sum_{n=1}^{2013}\log_{2014}\dfrac{n+1}{n}\\ =\log_{2014}\!\left(\dfrac21\cdot\dfrac32\cdots\dfrac{2014}{2013}\right)\\ =\log_{2014}2014=1. \end{gathered}

Thus, the correct answer is A.

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