2014 AMC 12A 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

下列式子的值是多少?10(12+15+110)110 \cdot \left(\dfrac{1}{2} + \dfrac{1}{5} + \dfrac{1}{10}\right)^{-1}

What is 10(12+15+110)1?10 \cdot \left(\dfrac{1}{2} + \dfrac{1}{5} + \dfrac{1}{10}\right)^{-1}?

33

88

252\dfrac{25}{2}

1703\dfrac{170}{3}

170170

知识点:分数指数
难度评级:870
小提示:

先把括号内的三个分数相加。

Add the three fractions inside the parentheses first

大提示:

12+15+110=810\dfrac12+\dfrac15+\dfrac{1}{10}=\dfrac{8}{10},然后取倒数并乘以 1010

12+15+110=810\dfrac12+\dfrac15+\dfrac{1}{10}=\dfrac{8}{10}, then take the reciprocal and multiply by 1010

解答:

括号内的和为 12+15+110=5+2+110=45\dfrac12+\dfrac15+\dfrac{1}{10}=\dfrac{5+2+1}{10}=\dfrac{4}{5}

它的倒数是 54\dfrac54,所以原式等于 1054=25210\cdot\dfrac54=\dfrac{25}{2}

所以正确答案是 C

The sum inside the parentheses is 12+15+110=5+2+110=45.\dfrac12+\dfrac15+\dfrac{1}{10}=\dfrac{5+2+1}{10}=\dfrac{4}{5}.

Its reciprocal is 54,\dfrac54, so the expression equals 1054=252.10\cdot\dfrac54=\dfrac{25}{2}.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

2.

在剧院,儿童票半价。55 张成人票和 44 张儿童票共 $24.50\$24.5088 张成人票和 66 张儿童票要花多少钱?

At the theater children get in for half price. The price for 55 adult tickets and 44 child tickets is $24.50.\$24.50. How much would 88 adult tickets and 66 child tickets cost?

$35\$35

$38.50\$38.50

$40\$40

$42\$42

$42.50\$42.50

知识点:比与比例
难度评级:1020
小提示:

儿童票是成人票的一半,所以把所有票都换算成成人票。

A child ticket costs half an adult ticket, so measure everything in adult tickets

大提示:

5+124=75+\tfrac12\cdot4=7 张成人票花 $24.50\$24.50;再求 8+126=118+\tfrac12\cdot6=11 张成人票的费用。

5+124=75+\tfrac12\cdot4=7 adult tickets cost $24.50\$24.50; find the cost of 8+126=118+\tfrac12\cdot6=11 adult tickets

解答:

儿童票半价,所以 55 张成人票和 44 张儿童票相当于 5+124=75+\tfrac12\cdot4=7 张成人票,因此一张成人票价格为 24.507=$3.50\dfrac{24.50}{7}=\$3.50

第二次购买相当于 8+126=118+\tfrac12\cdot6=11 张成人票,费用为 113.50=$38.5011\cdot 3.50=\$38.50

所以正确答案是 B

Since a child ticket is half an adult ticket, 55 adult and 44 child tickets equal 5+124=75+\tfrac12\cdot4=7 adult tickets, so one adult ticket costs 24.507=$3.50.\dfrac{24.50}{7}=\$3.50.

The second purchase equals 8+126=118+\tfrac12\cdot6=11 adult tickets, costing 113.50=$38.50.11\cdot 3.50=\$38.50.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

3.

Ralph 沿 Jane 街走,依次经过四栋房子,每栋房子颜色不同。他先经过橙色房子,再经过红色房子;并且先经过蓝色房子,再经过黄色房子。蓝色房子不与黄色房子相邻。彩色房子的排列顺序有多少种可能?

Walking down Jane Street, Ralph passed four houses in a row, each painted a different color. He passed the orange house before the red house, and he passed the blue house before the yellow house. The blue house was not next to the yellow house. How many orderings of the colored houses are possible?

22

33

44

55

66

难度评级:1200
小提示:

按橙色房子先出现还是蓝色房子先出现分类。

Split into cases by whether the orange house or the blue house comes first

大提示:

因为蓝色和黄色不能相邻,所以它们之间至少隔一栋房子。

Because blue and yellow cannot be adjacent, at least one house must separate them

解答:

若橙色先出现,则蓝色和黄色不能相邻,迫使顺序为橙、蓝、红、黄。

若蓝色先出现,则黄色可以在第三或第四个位置(不能在第二个位置以避免相邻),得到蓝、橙、黄、红和蓝、橙、红、黄。

这就是全部 33 种有效顺序。

所以正确答案是 B

If orange comes first, then blue and yellow cannot be adjacent, forcing the order orange, blue, red, yellow.

If blue comes first, yellow can be in the third or fourth position (never second, to avoid adjacency), giving blue, orange, yellow, red and blue, orange, red, yellow.

These are the only 33 valid orderings.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

4.

假设 aa 头奶牛在 cc 天内产 bb 加仑牛奶。按这个速率,dd 头奶牛在 ee 天内会产多少加仑牛奶?

Suppose that aa cows give bb gallons of milk in cc days. At this rate, how many gallons of milk will dd cows give in ee days?

bdeac\dfrac{bde}{ac}

acbde\dfrac{ac}{bde}

abdec\dfrac{abde}{c}

bcdea\dfrac{bcde}{a}

abcde\dfrac{abc}{de}

知识点:速率比与比例
难度评级:1200
小提示:

先求一头奶牛一天产多少牛奶。

Find how much milk one cow gives in one day

大提示:

一头奶牛每天产 bac\dfrac{b}{ac} 加仑;再乘以 dd 头奶牛和 ee 天。

One cow gives bac\dfrac{b}{ac} gallons per day; scale by dd cows and ee days

解答:

产奶速率为每头奶牛每天 bac\dfrac{b}{ac} 加仑。

所以 dd 头奶牛在 ee 天内产 bacde=bdeac\dfrac{b}{ac}\cdot d\cdot e=\dfrac{bde}{ac} 加仑。

所以正确答案是 A

The rate is bac\dfrac{b}{ac} gallons per cow per day.

So dd cows over ee days produce bacde=bdeac\dfrac{b}{ac}\cdot d\cdot e=\dfrac{bde}{ac} gallons.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

5.

一次代数小测中,10%10\% 的学生得 7070 分,35%35\%8080 分,30%30\%9090 分,其余得 100100 分。本次小测成绩的平均数与中位数之差是多少?

On an algebra quiz, 10%10\% of the students scored 7070 points, 35%35\% scored 8080 points, 30%30\% scored 9090 points, and the rest scored 100100 points. What is the difference between the mean and the median of the students’ scores on this quiz?

11

22

33

44

55

难度评级:1270
小提示:

中位数是把所有人成绩排序后处在中间的分数。

The median is the score of the middle student after ordering everyone

大提示:

计算加权平均 0.10(70)+0.35(80)0.10(70)+0.35(80) +0.30(90)+0.25(100)+0.30(90)+0.25(100),再与中位数比较。

Compute the weighted mean 0.10(70)+0.35(80)0.10(70)+0.35(80) +0.30(90)+0.25(100)+0.30(90)+0.25(100) and compare it to the median

解答:

其余 25%25\% 的学生得 100100 分。由于 45%45\% 的学生得分不超过 8080,而 75%75\% 的学生得分不超过 9090,所以中位数是 9090

平均数为 0.10(70)+0.35(80)+0.30(90)+0.25(100)=7+28+27+25=87 \begin{aligned} &0.10(70)+0.35(80)\\ &\quad{}+0.30(90)+0.25(100)\\ &\quad{}=7+28+27+25=87 \end{aligned}\text{。}

两者之差为 9087=390-87=3

所以正确答案是 C

The remaining 25%25\% scored 100.100. Since 45%45\% scored at most 8080 and 75%75\% scored at most 90,90, the median is 90.90.

The mean is 0.10(70)+0.35(80)+0.30(90)+0.25(100)=7+28+27+25=87. \begin{aligned} &0.10(70)+0.35(80)\\ &\quad{}+0.30(90)+0.25(100)\\ &\quad{}=7+28+27+25=87. \end{aligned}

The difference is 9087=3.90-87=3.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

6.

一个两位数与把它的数字倒序得到的数之差,是这两个数任一者数字和的 55 倍。这个两位数与其倒序数之和是多少?

The difference between a two-digit number and the number obtained by reversing its digits is 55 times the sum of the digits of either number. What is the sum of the two-digit number and its reverse?

4444

5555

7777

9999

110110

知识点:位值数字
难度评级:1270
小提示:

把这个数写成 10a+b10a+b,倒序数写成 10b+a10b+a

Write the number as 10a+b10a+b and its reverse as 10b+a10b+a

大提示:

差为 9(ab)9(a-b),令它等于 5(a+b)5(a+b)2a=7b2a=7b

The difference is 9(ab)9(a-b), and setting it equal to 5(a+b)5(a+b) gives 2a=7b2a=7b

解答:

设较大的数为 10a+b10a+b,则 (10a+b)(10b+a)=9(ab)=5(a+b) \begin{aligned} &(10a+b)-(10b+a)=9(a-b)\\ &\quad{}=5(a+b)\text{,} \end{aligned} 化简得 2a=7b2a=7b

满足条件的非零数字只有 a=7a=7b=2b=2,所以这个数是 7272,倒序数是 2727

两数之和为 72+27=9972+27=99

所以正确答案是 D

Let the larger number be 10a+b.10a+b. Then (10a+b)(10b+a)=9(ab)=5(a+b), \begin{aligned} &(10a+b)-(10b+a)=9(a-b)\\ &\quad{}=5(a+b), \end{aligned} which simplifies to 2a=7b.2a=7b.

The only nonzero digits satisfying this are a=7a=7 and b=2,b=2, so the number is 7272 and its reverse is 27.27.

Their sum is 72+27=99.72+27=99.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

7.

一个等比数列的前三项为 3\sqrt{3}33\sqrt[3]{3}36\sqrt[6]{3}。第四项是什么?

The first three terms of a geometric progression are 3,\sqrt{3}, 33,\sqrt[3]{3}, and 36.\sqrt[6]{3}. What is the fourth term?

11

37\sqrt[7]{3}

38\sqrt[8]{3}

39\sqrt[9]{3}

310\sqrt[10]{3}

知识点:等比数列指数
难度评级:1340
小提示:

把每一项写成 33 的幂:3123^{\frac{1}{2}}3133^{\frac{1}{3}}3163^{\frac{1}{6}}

Rewrite each term as a power of 33: 312,3^{\frac{1}{2}}, 313,3^{\frac{1}{3}}, 3163^{\frac{1}{6}}

大提示:

公比为 31312=3163^{\frac{1}{3}-\frac{1}{2}}=3^{-\frac{1}{6}};用第三项乘以它。

The common ratio is 31312=3163^{\frac{1}{3}-\frac{1}{2}}=3^{-\frac{1}{6}}; multiply the third term by it

解答:

把各项写成 33 的幂,前三项为 3123^{\frac{1}{2}}3133^{\frac{1}{3}}3163^{\frac{1}{6}}。公比是 313312=316\dfrac{3^{\frac{1}{3}}}{3^{\frac{1}{2}}}=3^{-\frac{1}{6}}

第四项为 316316=30=13^{\frac{1}{6}}\cdot3^{-\frac{1}{6}}=3^{0}=1

所以正确答案是 A

Writing the terms as powers of 3,3, they are 312,3^{\frac{1}{2}}, 313,3^{\frac{1}{3}}, 316.3^{\frac{1}{6}}. The common ratio is 313312=316.\dfrac{3^{\frac{1}{3}}}{3^{\frac{1}{2}}}=3^{-\frac{1}{6}}.

The fourth term is 316316=30=1.3^{\frac{1}{6}}\cdot3^{-\frac{1}{6}}=3^{0}=1.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

8.

一位顾客打算购买一件电器,有三张优惠券,但只能使用其中一张:

优惠券 11:标价优惠 10%10\%,但标价须至少为 $50\$50

优惠券 22:标价减 $20\$20,但标价须至少为 $100\$100

优惠券 33:标价超过 $100\$100 的部分优惠 18%18\%

对下列哪个标价,优惠券 11 的降价幅度会同时大于优惠券 22 和优惠券 33

A customer who intends to purchase an appliance has three coupons, only one of which may be used:

Coupon 1:1: 10%10\% off the listed price if the listed price is at least $50\$50

Coupon 2:2: $20\$20 off the listed price if the listed price is at least $100\$100

Coupon 3:3: 18%18\% off the amount by which the listed price exceeds $100\$100

For which of the following listed prices will coupon 11 offer a greater price reduction than either coupon 22 or coupon 3?3?

$179.95\$179.95

$199.95\$199.95

$219.95\$219.95

$239.95\$239.95

$259.95\$259.95

知识点:不等式百分数
难度评级:1440
小提示:

PP 为标价,把每张优惠券的降价金额写成 PP 的表达式。

Let PP be the listed price and write each coupon’s reduction as an expression in PP

大提示:

优惠券 11P>200P\gt200 时优于优惠券 22,在 P<225P\lt225 时优于优惠券 33

Coupon 11 beats coupon 22 when P>200P\gt200 and beats coupon 33 when P<225P\lt225

解答:

当价格 P>100P\gt100 时,三张优惠券的降价金额分别为 P10\dfrac{P}{10}202018100(P100)\dfrac{18}{100}(P-100)

优惠券 11 优于优惠券 22 需要 P10>20\dfrac{P}{10}\gt20,即 P>200P\gt200。优惠券 11 优于优惠券 33 需要 P10>18100(P100)\dfrac{P}{10}\gt\dfrac{18}{100}(P-100),即 P<225P\lt225

所列价格中,只有 $219.95\$219.95 落在 (200,225)(200,225) 内。

所以正确答案是 C

For a price P>100,P\gt100, the reductions are P10,\dfrac{P}{10}, 20,20, and 18100(P100).\dfrac{18}{100}(P-100).

Coupon 11 beats coupon 22 when P10>20,\dfrac{P}{10}\gt20, that is P>200.P\gt200. Coupon 11 beats coupon 33 when P10>18100(P100),\dfrac{P}{10}\gt\dfrac{18}{100}(P-100), that is P<225.P\lt225.

The only listed price in (200,225)(200,225) is $219.95.\$219.95.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

9.

aa 开始的五个正连续整数的平均数为 bb。从 bb 开始的 55 个连续整数的平均数是多少?

Five positive consecutive integers starting with aa have average b.b. What is the average of 55 consecutive integers that start with b?b?

a+3a+3

a+4a+4

a+5a+5

a+6a+6

a+7a+7

难度评级:1270
小提示:

连续整数的平均数就是中间那个数。

The average of consecutive integers is the middle one

大提示:

第一组给出 b=a+2b=a+2,新平均数为 b+2b+2

From the first set b=a+2b=a+2, and the new average is b+2b+2

解答:

整数 a,a+1,a+2,a+3,a+4a,a+1,a+2,a+3,a+4 的平均数为 a+2a+2,所以 b=a+2b=a+2

bb 开始的五个整数平均数为 b+2=(a+2)+2=a+4b+2=(a+2)+2=a+4

所以正确答案是 B

The integers a,a+1,a+2,a+3,a+4a,a+1,a+2,a+3,a+4 have average a+2,a+2, so b=a+2.b=a+2.

The integers starting at bb have average b+2=(a+2)+2=a+4.b+2=(a+2)+2=a+4.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

10.

在边长为 11 的等边三角形的三条边上,分别以这些边为底作三个全等的等腰三角形。这三个等腰三角形的面积和等于原等边三角形的面积。每个等腰三角形的一条腰长是多少?

Three congruent isosceles triangles are constructed with their bases on the sides of an equilateral triangle of side length 1.1. The sum of the areas of the three isosceles triangles is the same as the area of the equilateral triangle. What is the length of one of the two congruent sides of one of the isosceles triangles?

34\dfrac{\sqrt3}{4}

33\dfrac{\sqrt3}{3}

23\dfrac{2}{3}

22\dfrac{\sqrt2}{2}

32\dfrac{\sqrt3}{2}

难度评级:1560
小提示:

每个等腰三角形底边为 11;设它的高为 hh

Each isosceles triangle has base 11; let its height be hh

大提示:

三个面积为 12h\tfrac12 h 的三角形总面积为 34\tfrac{\sqrt3}{4};先求 hh,再用勾股定理。

Three triangles of area 12h\tfrac12 h sum to 34\tfrac{\sqrt3}{4}; solve for hh, then use the Pythagorean theorem

解答:

等边三角形的面积为 34\dfrac{\sqrt3}{4}。每个等腰三角形的底边为 11,设其高为 hh,则 312h=343\cdot\dfrac12 h=\dfrac{\sqrt3}{4},所以 h=36h=\dfrac{\sqrt3}{6}

一条腰是从顶点到一个底边端点的斜边,因此其长度为 (12)2+(36)2=14+112=13=33 \begin{gathered} \sqrt{\left(\dfrac12\right)^2+\left(\dfrac{\sqrt3}{6}\right)^2}\\ =\sqrt{\dfrac14+\dfrac{1}{12}}\\ =\sqrt{\dfrac13}=\dfrac{\sqrt3}{3} \end{gathered}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

The equilateral triangle has area 34.\dfrac{\sqrt3}{4}. Each isosceles triangle has base 11 and height h,h, so 312h=34,3\cdot\dfrac12 h=\dfrac{\sqrt3}{4}, giving h=36.h=\dfrac{\sqrt3}{6}.

A congruent side is the hypotenuse from the apex to a base endpoint: (12)2+(36)2=14+112=13=33. \begin{gathered} \sqrt{\left(\dfrac12\right)^2+\left(\dfrac{\sqrt3}{6}\right)^2}\\ =\sqrt{\dfrac14+\dfrac{1}{12}}\\ =\sqrt{\dfrac13}=\dfrac{\sqrt3}{3}. \end{gathered}

Thus, the correct answer is B.

11.

David 从家开车去机场赶飞机。他第一小时开了 3535 英里,但发现如果继续保持这个速度会迟到 11 小时。于是他在剩余路程中把速度提高了 1515 英里每小时,结果提前 3030 分钟到达。机场离他家多少英里?

David drives from his home to the airport to catch a flight. He drives 3535 miles in the first hour, but realizes that he will be 11 hour late if he continues at this speed. He increases his speed by 1515 miles per hour for the rest of the way to the airport and arrives 3030 minutes early. How many miles is the airport from his home?

140140

175175

210210

245245

280280

难度评级:1440
小提示:

设第一小时后离航班还有 tt 小时,并把剩余距离用两种方式表示。

Let tt be the time still needed after the first hour, and write the remaining distance two ways

大提示:

剩余距离 dd 满足 d=35(t+1)d=35(t+1)d=50(t12)d=50\left(t-\tfrac12\right)

The leftover distance dd satisfies d=35(t+1)d=35(t+1) and d=50(t12)d=50\left(t-\tfrac12\right)

解答:

设第一小时后的剩余距离为 dd,距离航班还有 tt 小时。若继续以 3535 英里每小时行驶,他会迟到一小时,所以 d=35(t+1)d=35(t+1)。改以 5050 英里每小时行驶,他会提前半小时,所以 d=50(t12)d=50\left(t-\tfrac12\right)

令两式相等,得到 35t+35=50t2535t+35=50t-25,所以 t=4t=4,且 d=175d=175

总路程为 175+35=210175+35=210 英里。

所以正确答案是 C

Let dd be the remaining distance after one hour and tt the remaining time until the flight. At 3535 mph he would be an hour late, so d=35(t+1).d=35(t+1). At 5050 mph he is half an hour early, so d=50(t12).d=50\left(t-\tfrac12\right).

Setting these equal gives 35t+35=50t25,35t+35=50t-25, so t=4t=4 and d=175.d=175.

The total distance is 175+35=210175+35=210 miles.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

12.

两个圆交于点 AABB。小弧 ABAB 在其中一个圆上为 3030^\circ,在另一个圆上为 6060^\circ。大圆面积与小圆面积之比是多少?

Two circles intersect at points AA and B.B. The minor arcs ABAB measure 3030^\circ on one circle and 6060^\circ on the other circle. What is the ratio of the area of the larger circle to the area of the smaller circle?

22

1+31+\sqrt3

33

2+32+\sqrt3

44

难度评级:1630
小提示:

公共弦 ABAB 在一个圆中等于 2Rsin152R\sin15^\circ,在另一个圆中等于 2rsin302r\sin30^\circ

The common chord ABAB equals 2Rsin152R\sin15^\circ in one circle and 2rsin302r\sin30^\circ in the other

大提示:

面积比为 (Rr)2=14sin215\left(\dfrac{R}{r}\right)^2=\dfrac{1}{4\sin^2 15^\circ},且 4sin215=234\sin^2 15^\circ=2-\sqrt3

The area ratio is (Rr)2=14sin215\left(\dfrac{R}{r}\right)^2=\dfrac{1}{4\sin^2 15^\circ}, and 4sin215=234\sin^2 15^\circ=2-\sqrt3

解答:

设对应 3030^\circ 弧的圆半径为 RR,对应 6060^\circ 弧的圆半径为 rr。公共弦的长度满足 2Rsin15=2rsin302R\sin15^\circ=2r\sin30^\circ,所以 Rr=sin30sin15\dfrac{R}{r}=\dfrac{\sin30^\circ}{\sin15^\circ}

较小的圆心角对应较大的半径,因此 R>rR\gt r。所求面积比为 (Rr)2=14sin215=12(1cos30)=123=2+3 \begin{gathered} \left(\dfrac{R}{r}\right)^2\\ =\dfrac{1}{4\sin^2 15^\circ}\\ =\dfrac{1}{2(1-\cos30^\circ)}\\ =\dfrac{1}{2-\sqrt3}=2+\sqrt3 \end{gathered}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

Let the circles have radii RR (with the 3030^\circ arc) and rr (with the 6060^\circ arc). The common chord has length 2Rsin15=2rsin30,2R\sin15^\circ=2r\sin30^\circ, so Rr=sin30sin15.\dfrac{R}{r}=\dfrac{\sin30^\circ}{\sin15^\circ}.

The smaller central angle gives the larger radius, so R>r.R\gt r. The area ratio is (Rr)2=14sin215=12(1cos30)=123=2+3. \begin{gathered} \left(\dfrac{R}{r}\right)^2\\ =\dfrac{1}{4\sin^2 15^\circ}\\ =\dfrac{1}{2(1-\cos30^\circ)}\\ =\dfrac{1}{2-\sqrt3}=2+\sqrt3. \end{gathered}

Thus, the correct answer is D.

13.

一家精致的住宿加早餐旅馆有 55 个房间,每个房间都有独特的颜色主题装饰。某天 55 位朋友来过夜,当晚没有其他客人。这些朋友可以按任何组合住房,但每个房间最多住 22 人。店主有多少种方式把客人分配到房间?

A fancy bed and breakfast inn has 55 rooms, each with a distinctive color-coded decor. One day 55 friends arrive to spend the night. There are no other guests that night. The friends can room in any combination they wish, but with no more than 22 friends per room. In how many ways can the innkeeper assign the guests to the rooms?

21002100

22202220

30003000

31203120

31253125

难度评级:1660
小提示:

按房间入住人数分类:全是单人、一对同住、或两对同住。

Split into cases by the room occupancies: all singles, one pair, or two pairs

大提示:

每种情况按“分组方式数”乘以“把这些组放进不同房间的方式数”来数。

Count each case as (ways to form the groups) times (ways to place the groups into distinct rooms)

解答:

全是单人:55 位朋友分到 55 个房间有 5!=1205!=120 种。

一对同住:选这对有 (52)=10\binom52=10 种,再把 44 个组放进房间有 5432=1205\cdot4\cdot3\cdot2=120 种,共 10120=120010\cdot120=1200 种。

两对同住:选出单独住的人有 55 种,剩余四人分成两对有 33 种,因此共有 1515 种分组方式。再把这 33 组安排进房间,有 543=605\cdot4\cdot3=60 种方式,共 1560=90015\cdot60=900 种。

总数为 120+1200+900=2220120+1200+900=2220

所以正确答案是 B

All singles: assign 55 friends to 55 rooms in 5!=1205!=120 ways.

One pair: choose the pair in (52)=10\binom52=10 ways, then place the 44 groups into rooms in 5432=1205\cdot4\cdot3\cdot2=120 ways, giving 10120=1200.10\cdot120=1200.

Two pairs: choose the solo friend in 55 ways and split the rest into two pairs in 33 ways (1515 groupings), then place the 33 groups into rooms in 543=605\cdot4\cdot3=60 ways, giving 1560=900.15\cdot60=900.

The total is 120+1200+900=2220.120+1200+900=2220.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

14.

a<b<ca\lt b\lt c 为三个整数,使得 aabbcc 成等差数列,而 aaccbb 成等比数列。cc 的最小可能值是多少?

Let a<b<ca\lt b\lt c be three integers such that a,a, b,b, cc is an arithmetic progression and a,a, c,c, bb is a geometric progression. What is the smallest possible value for c?c?

2-2

11

22

44

66

难度评级:1630
小提示:

设公差为 dd,则 b=a+db=a+dc=a+2dc=a+2d

Let the common difference be dd: b=a+db=a+d and c=a+2dc=a+2d

大提示:

因为 a,c,ba,c,b 成等比数列,c2=abc^2=ab;这会化简为 3a+4d=03a+4d=0

Since a,c,ba,c,b is geometric, c2=abc^2=ab; this simplifies to 3a+4d=03a+4d=0

解答:

d=ba>0d=b-a\gt0,则 b=a+db=a+dc=a+2dc=a+2d。因为 a,c,ba,c,b 成等比数列, ca=bc    (a+2d)2=a(a+d) \begin{gathered} \dfrac{c}{a}=\dfrac{b}{c}\\ \implies(a+2d)^2=a(a+d)\text{,} \end{gathered} 化简得 3ad+4d2=03ad+4d^2=0,所以 3a+4d=03a+4d=0

于是 a=4ka=-4kd=3kd=3k,其中 kk 为正整数,因此 c=a+2d=2kc=a+2d=2k。最小值为 c=2c=2,此时 a=4a=-4b=1b=-1c=2c=2

所以正确答案是 C

Let d=ba>0,d=b-a\gt0, so b=a+db=a+d and c=a+2d.c=a+2d. Since a,c,ba,c,b is geometric, ca=bc    (a+2d)2=a(a+d), \begin{gathered} \dfrac{c}{a}=\dfrac{b}{c}\\ \implies(a+2d)^2=a(a+d), \end{gathered} which simplifies to 3ad+4d2=0,3ad+4d^2=0, so 3a+4d=0.3a+4d=0.

Then a=4ka=-4k and d=3kd=3k for a positive integer k,k, giving c=a+2d=2k.c=a+2d=2k. The smallest value is c=2c=2 (with a=4,a=-4, b=1,b=-1, c=2c=2).

Thus, the correct answer is C.

15.

五位回文数是形如 abcbaabcba 的正整数,其中 aa 不为零。设 SS 为所有五位回文数之和。SS 的各位数字之和是多少?

A five-digit palindrome is a positive integer with respective digits abcba,abcba, where aa is not zero. Let SS be the sum of all five-digit palindromes. What is the sum of the digits of S?S?

99

1818

2727

3636

4545

难度评级:1660
小提示:

回文数 abcba\overline{abcba} 等于 10001a+1010b+100c10001a+1010b+100c

A palindrome abcba\overline{abcba} equals 10001a+1010b+100c10001a+1010b+100c

大提示:

每个 aa 出现在 101010\cdot10 个回文数中,每个 bb 出现在 9109\cdot10 个回文数中,每个 cc 也出现在 9109\cdot10 个回文数中;再结合数字和 4545

Each aa appears in 101010\cdot10 palindromes, each bb in 9109\cdot10, each cc in 9109\cdot10; combine with the digit sum 4545

解答:

abcba=10001a+1010b+100c\overline{abcba}=10001a+1010b+100c。对所有回文数求和时,每个 a{1,,9}a\in\{1,\dots,9\}1010=10010\cdot10=100b,cb,c 搭配;每个 bbcc 的值与另外两位有 910=909\cdot10=90 种搭配。

利用 a=b=c=45\sum a=\sum b=\sum c=45S=45(10001100+101090+10090)=451,100,000=49,500,000 \begin{gathered} \scriptsize S=45\big(10001\cdot100+1010\cdot90+100\cdot90\big)\\ =45\cdot1{,}100{,}000\\ =49{,}500{,}000 \end{gathered}\text{。}

SS 的各位数字之和为 4+9+5=184+9+5=18

所以正确答案是 B

Write abcba=10001a+1010b+100c.\overline{abcba}=10001a+1010b+100c. Summing over all palindromes, each value of a{1,,9}a\in\{1,\dots,9\} occurs with 1010=10010\cdot10=100 choices of b,c,b,c, and each value of bb or cc occurs with 910=909\cdot10=90 choices of the other two digits.

Using a=b=c=45,\sum a=\sum b=\sum c=45, S=45(10001100+101090+10090)=451,100,000=49,500,000. \begin{gathered} \scriptsize S=45\big(10001\cdot100+1010\cdot90+100\cdot90\big)\\ =45\cdot1{,}100{,}000\\ =49{,}500{,}000. \end{gathered}

The sum of the digits of SS is 4+9+5=18.4+9+5=18.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

16.

在乘积 (8)(8888)(8)(888\ldots8) 中,第二个因数有 kk 位数字。该乘积是一个各位数字之和为 10001000 的整数。kk 是多少?

The product (8)(8888),(8)(888\ldots8), where the second factor has kk digits, is an integer whose digits have a sum of 1000.1000. What is k?k?

901901

911911

919919

991991

999999

难度评级:1660
小提示:

先算几个小例子:88=648\cdot8=64888=7048\cdot88=7048888=71048\cdot888=7104

Multiply small cases: 88=64,8\cdot8=64, 888=704,8\cdot88=704, 8888=71048\cdot888=7104

大提示:

乘积为 711k2047\underbrace{1\cdots1}_{k-2}04,其数字和为 11+(k2)11+(k-2)

The product is 711k204,7\underbrace{1\cdots1}_{k-2}04, whose digit sum is 11+(k2)11+(k-2)

解答:

按位乘法并处理进位可得 8888k=711k2048\cdot\underbrace{88\ldots8}_{k}=7\underbrace{1\ldots1}_{k-2}04,其中有 k2k-2 个数字一。

各位数字之和为 7+(k2)+0+4=k+97+(k-2)+0+4=k+9。令 k+9=1000k+9=1000,得到 k=991k=991

所以正确答案是 D

By carrying out the multiplication, 8888k=711k204,8\cdot\underbrace{88\ldots8}_{k}=7\underbrace{1\ldots1}_{k-2}04, which has k2k-2 ones.

The digit sum is 7+(k2)+0+4=k+9.7+(k-2)+0+4=k+9. Setting k+9=1000k+9=1000 gives k=991.k=991.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

17.

一个 4×4×h4\times4\times h 的长方体盒子内装有一个半径为 22 的球和八个半径为 11 的小球。每个小球都与盒子的三个面相切,大球与每个小球相切。hh 是多少?

A 4×4×h4\times4\times h rectangular box contains a sphere of radius 22 and eight smaller spheres of radius 1.1. The smaller spheres are each tangent to three sides of the box, and the larger sphere is tangent to each of the smaller spheres. What is h?h?

2+272+2\sqrt7

3+253+2\sqrt5

4+274+2\sqrt7

454\sqrt5

474\sqrt7

难度评级:1800
小提示:

上方四个小球的球心形成边长为 22 的正方形,大球球心在其正下方的盒子轴线上。

The four top small-sphere centers form a square of side 22, directly below the big sphere’s center

大提示:

球心距为 33(半径和),水平偏移为 2\sqrt2,所以竖直差为 3222=7\sqrt{3^2-\sqrt2^2}=\sqrt7;再加上上下各 11

With center distance 33 (sum of radii) and horizontal offset 2\sqrt2, the vertical gap is 3222=7\sqrt{3^2-\sqrt2^2}=\sqrt7; then add 11 at the top and bottom

解答:

把盒子的一个角放在原点。每个小球位于一个角落,其球心到相邻三个面各相距 11。上方四个小球的球心构成边长为 22 的正方形,正方形中心在盒子的中轴线上,一个顶点到中心的距离为 2\sqrt2

大球球心在中轴线上,到每个上方小球球心的距离为 2+1=32+1=3,因此两者的竖直距离为 3222=7\sqrt{3^2-\sqrt2^2}=\sqrt7

大球球心的高度是 h2\dfrac h2,上方小球球心的高度是 h1h-1,所以 (h1)h2=7(h-1)-\dfrac h2=\sqrt7。由此 h2=1+7\dfrac h2=1+\sqrt7,并得到 h=2+27h=2+2\sqrt7

所以正确答案是 A

Place the box with a corner at the origin. Each small sphere sits in a corner with center 11 unit from three faces. The four top small-sphere centers form a square of side 2,2, whose center lies on the box axis; a corner of that square is 2\sqrt2 from the center.

The big sphere’s center is on the axis, at distance 2+1=32+1=3 from each top small center. The vertical gap between them is 3222=7.\sqrt{3^2-\sqrt2^2}=\sqrt7.

The big center is at height h2\dfrac h2 and the top small centers at height h1,h-1, so (h1)h2=7,(h-1)-\dfrac h2=\sqrt7, giving h2=1+7\dfrac h2=1+\sqrt7 and h=2+27.h=2+2\sqrt7.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

18.

函数 f(x)=log12(log4(log14(log16(log116x))))\tiny f(x)=\log_{\frac{1}{2}}\!\left(\log_4\!\left(\log_{\frac{1}{4}}\!\left(\log_{16}\!\left(\log_{\frac{1}{16}}x\right)\right)\right)\right) 的定义域是一个长度为 mn\dfrac{m}{n} 的区间,其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。m+nm+n 是多少?

The domain of the function f(x)=log12(log4(log14(log16(log116x))))\tiny f(x)=\log_{\frac{1}{2}}\!\left(\log_4\!\left(\log_{\frac{1}{4}}\!\left(\log_{16}\!\left(\log_{\frac{1}{16}}x\right)\right)\right)\right) is an interval of length mn,\dfrac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. What is m+n?m+n?

1919

3131

271271

319319

511511

知识点:对数不等式
难度评级:1910
小提示:

从外向内逐层剥离对数,并要求每一层的真数为正。

Peel the logarithms from the outside in, requiring each argument to be positive

大提示:

记住底数小于 11 会反转不等号;每得到一个真数为正的条件就先化简它,再处理下一层内部的对数。

Remember that bases below 11 reverse inequalities; translate each successive positivity condition before moving to the next inner logarithm

解答:

从外向内看,ff 有定义当且仅当 log4 ⁣(log14 ⁣(log16 ⁣(log116x)))\log_4\!\left(\log_{\frac{1}{4}}\!\left(\log_{16}\!\left(\log_{\frac{1}{16}}x\right)\right)\right) >0\gt0,这等价于 log14 ⁣(log16 ⁣(log116x))>1\log_{\frac{1}{4}}\!\left(\log_{16}\!\left(\log_{\frac{1}{16}}x\right)\right)\gt1

因为底数 14<1\tfrac14\lt1,这意味着 0<log16 ⁣(log116x)<140\lt\log_{16}\!\left(\log_{\frac{1}{16}}x\right)\lt\tfrac14,于是 1<log116x<1614=21\lt\log_{\frac{1}{16}}x\lt16^{\frac{1}{4}}=2

又因为 116<1\tfrac{1}{16}\lt1,不等号反向,得到 (116)2<x<(116)1\left(\tfrac{1}{16}\right)^2\lt x\lt\left(\tfrac{1}{16}\right)^1,即 1256<x<116\tfrac{1}{256}\lt x\lt\tfrac{1}{16}。区间长度为 1161256=15256\tfrac{1}{16}-\tfrac{1}{256}=\tfrac{15}{256},所以 m+n=15+256=271m+n=15+256=271

所以正确答案是 C

Working from the outside, ff is defined exactly when log4 ⁣(log14 ⁣(log16 ⁣(log116x)))\log_4\!\left(\log_{\frac{1}{4}}\!\left(\log_{16}\!\left(\log_{\frac{1}{16}}x\right)\right)\right) >0,\gt0, which is equivalent to log14 ⁣(log16 ⁣(log116x))>1.\log_{\frac{1}{4}}\!\left(\log_{16}\!\left(\log_{\frac{1}{16}}x\right)\right)\gt1.

Since the base 14<1,\tfrac14\lt1, this means 0<log16 ⁣(log116x)<14,0\lt\log_{16}\!\left(\log_{\frac{1}{16}}x\right)\lt\tfrac14, hence 1<log116x<1614=2.1\lt\log_{\frac{1}{16}}x\lt16^{\frac{1}{4}}=2.

As 116<1,\tfrac{1}{16}\lt1, this reverses to (116)2<x<(116)1,\left(\tfrac{1}{16}\right)^2\lt x\lt\left(\tfrac{1}{16}\right)^1, i.e. 1256<x<116.\tfrac{1}{256}\lt x\lt\tfrac{1}{16}. The length is 1161256=15256,\tfrac{1}{16}-\tfrac{1}{256}=\tfrac{15}{256}, so m+n=15+256=271.m+n=15+256=271.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

19.

恰有 NN 个不同的有理数 kk 满足 k<200|k|\lt200,使方程 5x2+kx+12=05x^2+kx+12=0 至少有一个整数解 xxNN 是多少?

There are exactly NN distinct rational numbers kk such that k<200|k|\lt200 and 5x2+kx+12=05x^2+kx+12=0 has at least one integer solution for x.x. What is N?N?

66

1212

2424

4848

7878

难度评级:1990
小提示:

xx 是整数根,则解出 k=5x2+12xk=-\dfrac{5x^2+12}{x} =(5x+12x)=-\left(5x+\dfrac{12}{x}\right)

If xx is an integer root, solve for k=5x2+12xk=-\dfrac{5x^2+12}{x} =(5x+12x)=-\left(5x+\dfrac{12}{x}\right)

大提示:

要求 k=5x+12x<200|k|=5|x|+\dfrac{12}{|x|}\lt200,并检查所得 kk 值互不相同。

Require k=5x+12x<200|k|=5|x|+\dfrac{12}{|x|}\lt200, and check the resulting values of kk are all distinct

解答:

若整数 xx 是根,则 k=(5x+12x)k=-\left(5x+\dfrac{12}{x}\right),所以 x0x\ne0。对 x2x\ge2k=5x+12x|k|=5|x|+\dfrac{12}{|x|} 递增;x=39|x|=39k195.3<200|k|\approx195.3\lt200x=40|x|=40k>200|k|\gt200

因此 xx 可取 ±1,±2,,±39\pm1,\pm2,\dots,\pm39,共 7878 个值。若两个不同整数 aba\ne b 给出相同的 kk 则会使 5a+12a=5b+12b5a+\tfrac{12}{a}=5b+\tfrac{12}{b},从而推出 5ab=125ab=12。这没有整数解,所以所有 7878kk 互不相同。

所以正确答案是 E

If an integer xx is a root, then k=(5x+12x),k=-\left(5x+\dfrac{12}{x}\right), so x0.x\ne0. For x2,x\ge2, k=5x+12x|k|=5|x|+\dfrac{12}{|x|} increases, and x=39|x|=39 gives k195.3<200,|k|\approx195.3\lt200, while x=40|x|=40 gives k>200.|k|\gt200.

Thus xx ranges over ±1,±2,,±39,\pm1,\pm2,\dots,\pm39, which is 7878 values. If two integers aba\ne b gave the same k,k, then 5a+12a=5b+12b5a+\tfrac{12}{a}=5b+\tfrac{12}{b} forces 5ab=12,5ab=12, which has no integer solutions, so all 7878 values of kk are distinct.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

20.

BAC\triangle BAC 中,BAC=40\angle BAC=40^\circAB=10AB=10AC=6AC=6。点 DDEE 分别在 AB\overline{AB}AC\overline{AC} 上。BE+DE+CDBE+DE+CD 的最小可能值是多少?

In BAC,\triangle BAC, BAC=40,\angle BAC=40^\circ, AB=10,AB=10, and AC=6.AC=6. Points DD and EE lie on AB\overline{AB} and AC,\overline{AC}, respectively. What is the minimum possible value of BE+DE+CD?BE+DE+CD?

63+36\sqrt3+3

272\dfrac{27}{2}

838\sqrt3

1414

33+93\sqrt3+9

难度评级:2110
小提示:

BB 关于直线 ACAC 反射到 BB',将 CC 关于直线 ABAB 反射到 CC'

Reflect BB over line ACAC to BB' and CC over line ABAB to CC'

大提示:

路径变为 BE+ED+DCB'E+ED+DC',直线段 BCB'C' 最短;再用 BAC=120\angle B'AC'=120^\circ 和余弦定理。

The path becomes BE+ED+DCB'E+ED+DC', minimized as the straight segment BCB'C'; use the Law of Cosines with BAC=120\angle B'AC'=120^\circ

解答:

BB 关于直线 ACAC 反射到 BB',将 CC 关于直线 ABAB 反射到 CC'。于是 BE=BEBE=B'ECD=CDCD=C'D,从而 BE+DE+CDBE+DE+CD =BE+ED+DC=B'E+ED+DC',这是从 BB'CC' 的一条折线路径。

当这条路径成为直线段 BCB'C' 时长度最小。此时 AB=AB=10AB'=AB=10AC=AC=6AC'=AC=6,并且 BAC=340=120\angle B'AC'=3\cdot40^\circ=120^\circ

由余弦定理, BC2=102+622106cos120=136+60=196 \begin{gathered} B'C'^2=10^2+6^2\\ {}-2\cdot10\cdot6\cos120^\circ\\ =136+60\\ =196\text{,} \end{gathered} 所以 BC=14B'C'=14

所以正确答案是 D

Reflect BB across line ACAC to get B,B', and reflect CC across line ABAB to get C.C'. Then BE=BEBE=B'E and CD=CD,CD=C'D, so BE+DE+CDBE+DE+CD =BE+ED+DC,=B'E+ED+DC', a broken path from BB' to C.C'.

This is minimized when the path is the straight segment BC.B'C'. We have AB=AB=10,AB'=AB=10, AC=AC=6,AC'=AC=6, and BAC=340=120.\angle B'AC'=3\cdot40^\circ=120^\circ.

By the Law of Cosines, BC2=102+622106cos120=136+60=196, \begin{gathered} B'C'^2=10^2+6^2\\ {}-2\cdot10\cdot6\cos120^\circ\\ =136+60\\ =196, \end{gathered} so BC=14.B'C'=14.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

21.

对每个实数 xx,令 x\lfloor x\rfloor 表示不超过 xx 的最大整数,并定义 f(x)=x(2014xx1)f(x)=\lfloor x\rfloor\left(2014^{\,x-\lfloor x\rfloor}-1\right)\text{。} 所有满足 1x<20141\le x\lt2014f(x)1f(x)\le1xx 组成若干互不相交区间的并。这些区间长度之和是多少?

For every real number x,x, let x\lfloor x\rfloor denote the greatest integer not exceeding x,x, and let f(x)=x(2014xx1).f(x)=\lfloor x\rfloor\left(2014^{\,x-\lfloor x\rfloor}-1\right). The set of all numbers xx such that 1x<20141\le x\lt2014 and f(x)1f(x)\le1 is a union of disjoint intervals. What is the sum of the lengths of those intervals?

11

log2015log2014\dfrac{\log2015}{\log2014}

log2014log2013\dfrac{\log2014}{\log2013}

20142013\dfrac{2014}{2013}

2014120142014^{\frac{1}{2014}}

难度评级:2170
小提示:

x=n+rx=n+r,其中 n=xn=\lfloor x\rfloor0r<10\le r\lt1,于是 f(x)=n(2014r1)f(x)=n\left(2014^{\,r}-1\right)

Write x=n+rx=n+r with n=xn=\lfloor x\rfloor and 0r<1,0\le r\lt1, so f(x)=n(2014r1)f(x)=n\left(2014^{\,r}-1\right)

大提示:

条件 f(x)1f(x)\le1 给出 0rlog2014n+1n0\le r\le\log_{2014}\dfrac{n+1}{n};把这些长度相加并裂项化简。

The condition f(x)1f(x)\le1 gives 0rlog2014n+1n0\le r\le\log_{2014}\dfrac{n+1}{n}; sum these lengths and telescope

解答:

x=n+rx=n+r,其中 nn 为整数且 1n20131\le n\le20130r<10\le r\lt1。于是 f(x)=n(2014r1)f(x)=n\left(2014^{\,r}-1\right),而 f(x)1f(x)\le1 等价于 2014r1+1n2014^{\,r}\le1+\dfrac1n,也就是 0rlog2014n+1n0\le r\le\log_{2014}\dfrac{n+1}{n}

因此每个 nn 对应的区间长度为 log2014n+1n\log_{2014}\dfrac{n+1}{n},所以总长度为 n=12013log2014n+1n=log2014 ⁣(213220142013)=log20142014=1 \begin{gathered} \sum_{n=1}^{2013}\log_{2014}\dfrac{n+1}{n}\\ =\log_{2014}\!\left(\dfrac21\cdot\dfrac32\cdots\dfrac{2014}{2013}\right)\\ =\log_{2014}2014=1 \end{gathered}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 A

Write x=n+rx=n+r with integer nn (1n20131\le n\le2013) and 0r<1.0\le r\lt1. Then f(x)=n(2014r1),f(x)=n\left(2014^{\,r}-1\right), and f(x)1f(x)\le1 becomes 2014r1+1n,2014^{\,r}\le1+\dfrac1n, i.e. 0rlog2014n+1n.0\le r\le\log_{2014}\dfrac{n+1}{n}.

Each nn contributes an interval of length log2014n+1n,\log_{2014}\dfrac{n+1}{n}, so the total is n=12013log2014n+1n=log2014 ⁣(213220142013)=log20142014=1. \begin{gathered} \sum_{n=1}^{2013}\log_{2014}\dfrac{n+1}{n}\\ =\log_{2014}\!\left(\dfrac21\cdot\dfrac32\cdots\dfrac{2014}{2013}\right)\\ =\log_{2014}2014=1. \end{gathered}

Thus, the correct answer is A.

22.

58675^{867} 介于 220132^{2013}220142^{2014} 之间。有多少对整数 (m,n)(m,n) 满足 1m20121\le m\le20125n<2m<2m+2<5n+15^n\lt2^m\lt2^{m+2}\lt5^{n+1}\text{?}

The number 58675^{867} is between 220132^{2013} and 22014.2^{2014}. How many pairs of integers (m,n)(m,n) are there such that 1m20121\le m\le2012 and 5n<2m<2m+2<5n+1?5^n\lt2^m\lt2^{m+2}\lt5^{n+1}?

278278

279279

280280

281281

282282

知识点:指数方程组
难度评级:2270
小提示:

在相邻的 5n5^n5n+15^{n+1} 之间,可能有两个或三个 22 的幂。

Between consecutive powers 5n5^n and 5n+15^{n+1} there are either two or three powers of 22

大提示:

题目要求区间内有三个这样的幂;若 d,td,t 分别表示含两个和三个二的幂的区间数,则 d+t=867d+t=867,且 2d+3t=20132d+3t=2013

The inequality asks for three such powers; if d,td,t count the two-power and three-power gaps, then d+t=867d+t=867 and 2d+3t=20132d+3t=2013

解答:

因为 22<5<232^2\lt5\lt2^3,每个区间 (5n,5n+1)(5^n,5^{n+1}) 内含有两个或三个 22 的幂。不等式链 5n<2m<2m+2<5n+15^n\lt2^m\lt2^{m+2}\lt5^{n+1} 恰好在该区间含有三个连续的 22 的幂时成立,而且此时 mm 唯一。

ddtt 分别为 0n8660\le n\le866 时区间 (5n,5n+1)(5^n,5^{n+1}) 内含两个和三个 22 的幂的区间数。由于 22013<5867<220142^{2013}\lt5^{867}\lt2^{2014},这些区间内共有 2013201322 的幂,因此 d+t=867d+t=867,且 2d+3t=20132d+3t=2013

解得 t=20132867=279t=2013-2\cdot867=279

所以正确答案是 B

Because 22<5<23,2^2\lt5\lt2^3, each interval (5n,5n+1)(5^n,5^{n+1}) contains either two or three powers of 2.2. The chain 5n<2m<2m+2<5n+15^n\lt2^m\lt2^{m+2}\lt5^{n+1} holds exactly when the interval contains three consecutive powers of 2,2, and then there is a unique such m.m.

Let dd and tt be the numbers of intervals (5n,5n+1)(5^n,5^{n+1}) for 0n8660\le n\le866 containing two and three powers of 2,2, respectively. Since 22013<5867<220142^{2013}\lt5^{867}\lt2^{2014} there are 20132013 powers of 22 in total, giving d+t=867d+t=867 and 2d+3t=2013.2d+3t=2013.

Solving, t=20132867=279.t=2013-2\cdot867=279.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

23.

分数 1992=0.bn1bn2b2b1b0\dfrac{1}{99^2}=0.\overline{b_{n-1}b_{n-2}\ldots b_2b_1b_0}\text{,} 其中 nn 是循环小数节的长度。求 b0+b1++bn1b_0+b_1+\cdots+b_{n-1}

The fraction 1992=0.bn1bn2b2b1b0,\dfrac{1}{99^2}=0.\overline{b_{n-1}b_{n-2}\ldots b_2b_1b_0}, where nn is the length of the period of the repeating decimal expansion. What is the sum b0+b1++bn1?b_0+b_1+\cdots+b_{n-1}?

874874

883883

887887

891891

892892

难度评级:2380
小提示:

因为 1992=19801\dfrac{1}{99^2}=\dfrac{1}{9801},循环节满足 10n1=9801bn1b010^n-1=9801\cdot\overline{b_{n-1}\ldots b_0}

Since 1992=19801\dfrac{1}{99^2}=\dfrac{1}{9801}, the repeating block satisfies 10n1=9801bn1b010^n-1=9801\cdot\overline{b_{n-1}\ldots b_0}

大提示:

把循环小数按 100100 进制每两位一组分块,并利用 (1001)2(100-1)^{-2} 的展开;跟踪进位,直到第一个 100100 进制数字再次出现。

Group the repeating decimal into base-100100 digits and use (1001)2;(100-1)^{-2}; follow the carries until the first base-100100 digit repeats

解答:

把循环节按每两位一组读取(即用 100100 进制),19801=1992\dfrac{1}{9801}=\dfrac{1}{99^2} 的展开是 00,01,02,00,01,02,\ldots,因为 1(1001)2=k1k100k\dfrac{1}{(100-1)^2}=\sum_{k\ge1}k\cdot100^{-k}。令 aja_j 为循环节的第 jj100100 进制数字。将循环节乘以 99299^2,首先得到 a0=99a_0=99。随后的进位给出 a1=97a_1=97,此后不再进位,并依次得到 aj=98ja_j=98-j,其中 1j981\le j\le98。下一个数字又是 9999,所以循环节是 00,01,02,,96,97,9900,01,02,\ldots,96,97,99,其中缺少 9898

如果从 00009999 的所有数块都出现,数字和将是 (0+1++9)20=900(0+1+\cdots+9)\cdot20=900。去掉缺少的 9898 要减去 9+89+8,得到 90098=883900-9-8=883

因此,正确答案是 B

Reading the block in pairs of digits (base 100100), 19801=1992\dfrac{1}{9801}=\dfrac{1}{99^2} expands as 00,01,02,,00,01,02,\ldots, since 1(1001)2=k1k100k.\dfrac{1}{(100-1)^2}=\sum_{k\ge1}k\cdot100^{-k}. Let aja_j be the jjth base-100100 digit of the repeating block. Multiplying the block by 99299^2 shows first that a0=99.a_0=99. The resulting carry gives a1=97,a_1=97, after which there is no carry and successively aj=98ja_j=98-j for 1j98.1\le j\le98. The next digit is again 99,99, so the period is 00,01,02,,96,97,99,00,01,02,\ldots,96,97,99, with 9898 omitted.

If the blocks 0000 through 9999 all appeared, the digit sum would be (0+1++9)20=900.(0+1+\cdots+9)\cdot20=900. Removing the missing 9898 subtracts 9+8,9+8, giving 90098=883.900-9-8=883.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

24.

f0(x)=x+x100f_0(x)=x+|x-100| x+100-|x+100|,并对 n1n\ge1,定义 fn(x)=fn1(x)1f_n(x)=|f_{n-1}(x)|-1。有多少个 xx 值满足 f100(x)=0f_{100}(x)=0

Let f0(x)=x+x100f_0(x)=x+|x-100| x+100,-|x+100|, and for n1,n\ge1, let fn(x)=fn1(x)1.f_n(x)=|f_{n-1}(x)|-1. For how many values of xx is f100(x)=0?f_{100}(x)=0?

299299

300300

301301

302302

303303

难度评级:2520
小提示:

f0(x)=±kf_0(x)=\pm k,其中 kk 为非负整数,则 fk(x)=0f_k(x)=0,之后数值按 0,1,0,1,0,-1,0,-1,\ldots 循环。

If f0(x)=±kf_0(x)=\pm k for a nonnegative integer k,k, then fk(x)=0f_k(x)=0 and afterward the values cycle 0,1,0,1,0,-1,0,-1,\ldots

大提示:

所以 f100(x)=0f_{100}(x)=0 需要 f0(x)=2kf_0(x)=2k,其中 50k50-50\le k\le50;画出 f0f_0 并数它与每条 y=2ky=2k 的交点。

So f100(x)=0f_{100}(x)=0 needs f0(x)=2kf_0(x)=2k with 50k50-50\le k\le50; graph f0f_0 and count intersections with each line y=2ky=2k

解答:

fn1(x)=±kf_{n-1}(x)=\pm k,则 fn(x)=k1f_n(x)=k-1。因此,如果 f0(x)=±kf_0(x)=\pm k,其中 kk 是非负整数,那么 fk(x)=0f_k(x)=0,此后的值按 0,1,0,0,-1,0,\ldots 交替出现。所以,f100(x)=0f_{100}(x)=0 当且仅当对某个整数 50k50-50\le k\le50,有 f0(x)=2kf_0(x)=2k

函数 f0(x)=x+x100f_0(x)=x+|x-100| x+100-|x+100|x<100x\lt-100 时等于 x+200x+200,在 100x<100-100\le x\lt100 时等于 x-x,在 x100x\ge100 时等于 x200x-200。它的图像是分段直线,转折点为 (100,100)(-100,100)(100,100)(100,-100)

49k49-49\le k\le49 时,直线 y=2ky=2k 与图像有三个交点;当 k=±50k=\pm50 时,各有两个交点。交点总数为 993+22=30199\cdot3+2\cdot2=301

所以正确答案是 C

If fn1(x)=±k,f_{n-1}(x)=\pm k, then fn(x)=k1.f_n(x)=k-1. So if f0(x)=±kf_0(x)=\pm k for a nonnegative integer k,k, then fk(x)=0,f_k(x)=0, after which the sequence alternates 0,1,0,0,-1,0,\ldots Thus f100(x)=0f_{100}(x)=0 exactly when f0(x)=2kf_0(x)=2k for some integer 50k50.-50\le k\le50.

Now f0(x)=x+x100f_0(x)=x+|x-100| x+100-|x+100| equals x+200x+200 for x<100,x\lt-100, x-x for 100x<100,-100\le x\lt100, and x200x-200 for x100.x\ge100. Its graph is piecewise linear with turning points (100,100)(-100,100) and (100,100).(100,-100).

A line y=2ky=2k meets this graph three times for 49k49-49\le k\le49 and twice for k=±50.k=\pm50. The total is 993+22=301.99\cdot3+2\cdot2=301.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

25.

抛物线 PP 的焦点为 (0,0)(0,0),并经过点 (4,3)(4,3)(4,3)(-4,-3)。有多少个满足 (x,y)P(x,y)\in P、坐标均为整数且 4x+3y1000|4x+3y|\le1000 的点?

The parabola PP has focus (0,0)(0,0) and goes through the points (4,3)(4,3) and (4,3).(-4,-3). For how many points (x,y)P(x,y)\in P with integer coordinates is it true that 4x+3y1000?|4x+3y|\le1000?

3838

4040

4242

4444

4646

难度评级:2650
小提示:

(0,0)(0,0)(4,3)(4,3)(4,3)(-4,-3) 的中点,所以这条弦是通径,准线与它平行

(0,0)(0,0) is the midpoint of (4,3)(4,3) and (4,3),(-4,-3), so this chord is the latus rectum and the directrix is parallel to it

大提示:

准线为 4y3x+25=04y-3x+25=0;参数化格点后,把 4x+3y|4x+3y| 化为 50u+251000|50u+25|\le1000

The directrix is 4y3x+25=04y-3x+25=0; parametrize the lattice points and reduce 4x+3y|4x+3y| to 50u+251000|50u+25|\le1000

解答:

因为 (0,0)(0,0)A=(4,3)A=(4,3)B=(4,3)B=(-4,-3) 的中点,所以线段 ABAB 是通径。准线与 ABAB 平行,并位于焦点另一侧、相距 55,其方程为 4y3x+25=04y-3x+25=0

令点到焦点和准线的距离相等,得到 (4x+3y)2(4x+3y)^2 =25(25+2(4y3x))=25\big(25+2(4y-3x)\big)。令 4x+3y=5s4x+3y=5s,可推出 ss55 的倍数;再令 s=5ts=5t,可推出 tt 为奇数。写成 t=2u+1t=2u+1 后,所有整数点可表示为 x=6u2+2u+4,y=8u2+14u+3 \begin{aligned} x&=-6u^2+2u+4,\\ y&=8u^2+14u+3 \end{aligned}\text{。}

于是 4x+3y=50u+251000|4x+3y|=|50u+25|\le1000 等价于 2u+139|2u+1|\le39,即 20u19-20\le u\le19。因此共有 4040 个整数坐标点。

所以正确答案是 B

Since (0,0)(0,0) is the midpoint of A=(4,3)A=(4,3) and B=(4,3),B=(-4,-3), the segment ABAB is the latus rectum, so the directrix is parallel to ABAB at distance 55 on the far side, namely 4y3x+25=0.4y-3x+25=0.

Equating distances to focus and directrix gives (4x+3y)2(4x+3y)^2 =25(25+2(4y3x)).=25\big(25+2(4y-3x)\big). Writing 4x+3y=5s4x+3y=5s forces ss to be a multiple of 5,5, and s=5ts=5t forces tt odd; with t=2u+1t=2u+1 the integer points are x=6u2+2u+4,y=8u2+14u+3. \begin{aligned} x&=-6u^2+2u+4,\\ y&=8u^2+14u+3. \end{aligned}

Then 4x+3y=50u+251000|4x+3y|=|50u+25|\le1000 iff 2u+139,|2u+1|\le39, i.e. 20u19.-20\le u\le19. That gives 4040 lattice points.

Thus, the correct answer is B.