2020 AMC 12A 第 21 题

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21.

有多少个正整数 nn 满足:nn55 的倍数,并且 5!5!nn 的最小公倍数等于 10!10!nn 的最大公因数的 55 倍?

How many positive integers nn are there such that nn is a multiple of 5,5, and the least common multiple of 5!5! and nn equals 55 times the greatest common divisor of 10!10! and n?n?

1212

2424

3636

4848

7272

答案:D
知识点:最小公倍数最大公约数质因数分解
难度评级:2080
解答:

n=2a3b5c7dn = 2^a 3^b 5^c 7^d \cdots。由于 5!=23355! = 2^3 \cdot 3 \cdot 5 不含其他质数,nn 只能含有 2,3,5,72, 3, 5, 7。在等式 lcm(5!,n)=5gcd(10!,n)\operatorname{lcm}(5!, n) = 5 \cdot \gcd(10!, n) 中逐个匹配质因数的指数。

对于 22max(3,a)=min(8,a)\max(3, a) = \min(8, a), 所以 3a83 \le a \le 866 个值。对于 33max(1,b)=min(4,b)\max(1, b) = \min(4, b), 所以 1b41 \le b \le 444 个值。

对于 55max(1,c)=1+min(2,c)\max(1, c) = 1 + \min(2, c),且 c1c \ge 1, 这迫使 c=3c = 311 个值。对于 77max(0,d)=min(1,d)\max(0, d) = \min(1, d), 所以 d=0d = 01122 个值。

总数为 6412=486 \cdot 4 \cdot 1 \cdot 2 = 48

因此,正确答案是 D

Write n=2a3b5c7d.n = 2^a 3^b 5^c 7^d \cdots. Since 5!=23355! = 2^3 \cdot 3 \cdot 5 has no other primes, nn can only involve 2,3,5,7.2, 3, 5, 7. Matching exponents in lcm(5!,n)=5gcd(10!,n):\operatorname{lcm}(5!, n) = 5 \cdot \gcd(10!, n):

For 2:2: max(3,a)=min(8,a),\max(3, a) = \min(8, a), so 3a83 \le a \le 8 gives 66 values. For 3:3: max(1,b)=min(4,b),\max(1, b) = \min(4, b), so 1b41 \le b \le 4 gives 44 values.

For 5:5: max(1,c)=1+min(2,c)\max(1, c) = 1 + \min(2, c) with c1,c \ge 1, which forces c=3,c = 3, giving 11 value. For 7:7: max(0,d)=min(1,d),\max(0, d) = \min(1, d), so d=0d = 0 or 1,1, giving 22 values.

The total is 6412=48.6 \cdot 4 \cdot 1 \cdot 2 = 48.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

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