2020 AMC 12A 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

Carlos 拿走了一个完整馅饼的 70%70\%。Maria 拿走了剩余部分的三分之一。整个馅饼还剩下多少?

Carlos took 70%70\% of a whole pie. Maria took one third of the remainder. What portion of the whole pie was left?

10%10\%

15%15\%

20%20\%

30%30\%

35%35\%

知识点:百分数分数
难度评级:840
小提示:

Carlos 拿走后,馅饼还剩 30%30\%

After Carlos takes his share, 30%30\% of the pie remains

大提示:

Maria 拿走这个 30%30\%13\tfrac13,所以剩余部分的 23\tfrac23 留下

Maria removes 13\tfrac13 of that 30%30\%, so 23\tfrac23 of the remainder is left

解答:

Carlos 拿走 70%70\% 后,剩余部分为 30%30\%

Maria 拿走其中三分之一,即 1330%=10%\tfrac13 \cdot 30\% = 10\%,所以还剩 30%10%=20%30\% - 10\% = 20\%

因此,正确答案是 C

After Carlos takes 70%,70\%, the remaining portion is 30%.30\%.

Maria takes one third of this, namely 1330%=10%,\tfrac13 \cdot 30\% = 10\%, leaving 30%10%=20%.30\% - 10\% = 20\%.

Thus, C is the correct answer.

2.

缩写 AMC 显示在下面的矩形网格中,网格线间距为 11 个单位。组成缩写 AMC 的所有线段长度之和是多少个单位?

The acronym AMC is shown in the rectangular grid below with grid lines spaced 11 unit apart. In units, what is the sum of the lengths of the line segments that form the acronym AMC?

1717

15+2215 + 2\sqrt{2}

13+4213 + 4\sqrt{2}

11+6211 + 6\sqrt{2}

2121

难度评级:1020
小提示:

横跨向右一个单位、向上一个单位的线段长度为 2\sqrt{2}

A segment spanning one unit right and one unit up has length 2\sqrt{2}

大提示:

分别合计水平和竖直线段的长度,再合计斜线段的长度

Total the horizontal and vertical pieces separately from the diagonal pieces

解答:

把每个字母拆成线段。字母 AA 包含一条长为 222\sqrt{2} 的斜线、一条长为 22 的竖线,以及一条长为 11 的横线。

字母 MM 有两条长为 22 的竖线和两条各长 2\sqrt{2} 的斜线。字母 CC 由三条长为 22 的边组成。

直线段的总长为 2+1+2+2+2+2+2=132 + 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 13,斜线段的总长为 22+2+2=422\sqrt2 + \sqrt2 + \sqrt2 = 4\sqrt2

总和为 13+4213 + 4\sqrt2

因此,正确答案是 C

Split each letter into its segments. The AA is a diagonal of length 22,2\sqrt{2}, a vertical of length 2,2, and a crossbar of length 1.1.

The MM has two verticals of length 22 and two diagonals of length 2\sqrt{2} each. The CC is three sides of length 2.2.

The straight pieces total 2+1+2+2+2+2+2=13,2 + 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 13, and the diagonal pieces total 22+2+2=42.2\sqrt2 + \sqrt2 + \sqrt2 = 4\sqrt2.

The sum is 13+42.13 + 4\sqrt2.

Thus, C is the correct answer.

3.

一名司机以每小时 6060 英里的速度行驶 22 小时,在此期间她的汽车每加仑汽油可行驶 3030 英里。她每英里获得 $0.50\$0.50 报酬,唯一开销是每加仑 $2.00\$2.00 的汽油。扣除这项开销后,她每小时的净报酬是多少美元?

A driver travels for 22 hours at 6060 miles per hour, during which her car gets 3030 miles per gallon of gasoline. She is paid $0.50\$0.50 per mile, and her only expense is gasoline at $2.00\$2.00 per gallon. What is her net rate of pay, in dollars per hour, after this expense?

2020

2222

2424

2525

2626

知识点:速率单位换算
难度评级:1130
小提示:

22 小时内她行驶 120120 英里;求出这段距离的报酬和汽油费用

In 22 hours she drives 120120 miles; find her pay and her gasoline cost for that distance

大提示:

用净收入除以 22 小时,得到每小时的报酬

Divide the net earnings by the 22 hours to get the rate per hour

解答:

22 小时内她行驶 120120 英里,收入为 120$0.50=$60120 \cdot \$0.50 = \$60

她用掉 120÷30=4120 \div 30 = 4 加仑汽油,花费 4$2.00=$84 \cdot \$2.00 = \$8

净收入为 $60$8=$52\$60 - \$8 = \$52,因此每小时为 $52÷2=$26\$52 \div 2 = \$26

因此,正确答案是 E

In 22 hours she drives 120120 miles, earning 120$0.50=$60.120 \cdot \$0.50 = \$60.

She uses 120÷30=4120 \div 30 = 4 gallons, costing 4$2.00=$8.4 \cdot \$2.00 = \$8.

Her net earnings are $60$8=$52,\$60 - \$8 = \$52, so her rate is $52÷2=$26\$52 \div 2 = \$26 per hour.

Thus, E is the correct answer.

4.

有多少个 44 位正整数,也就是从 1000100099999999(含端点)的整数,只含偶数数字且能被 55 整除?

How many 44-digit positive integers (that is, integers between 10001000 and 9999,9999, inclusive) having only even digits are divisible by 5?5?

8080

100100

125125

200200

500500

难度评级:1200
小提示:

能被 55 整除的数末位是 0055,但末位还必须是偶数

A number divisible by 55 ends in 00 or 5,5, but the last digit must also be even

大提示:

分别数每一位的选择数:首位不能是 00

Count the choices for each digit: the leading digit cannot be 00

解答:

要能被 55 整除,末位必须是 0055,又因为所有数字都要是偶数,所以末位只能是 00

首位是非零偶数:2,4,6,82, 4, 6, 8,共有 44 种选择。中间两位各可以是任意偶数 0,2,4,6,80, 2, 4, 6, 8,各有 55 种选择。

总数为 4551=1004 \cdot 5 \cdot 5 \cdot 1 = 100

因此,正确答案是 B

To be divisible by 55 the last digit is 00 or 5,5, and to be even it must be 0.0. So the units digit is fixed.

The leading digit is a nonzero even digit: 2,4,6,82, 4, 6, 8 give 44 choices. Each of the two middle digits is any even digit 0,2,4,6,8,0, 2, 4, 6, 8, giving 55 choices each.

The total is 4551=100.4 \cdot 5 \cdot 5 \cdot 1 = 100.

Thus, B is the correct answer.

5.

10-101414(含端点)的 2525 个整数可以排列成一个 5555 的方阵,使得每一行的和、每一列的和以及两条主对角线上的数之和都相同。这个共同的和是多少?

The 2525 integers from 10-10 to 14,14, inclusive, can be arranged to form a 55-by-55 square in which the sum of the numbers in each row, the sum of the numbers in each column, and the sum of the numbers along each of the main diagonals are all the same. What is the value of this common sum?

22

55

1010

2525

5050

知识点:幻方等差数列
难度评级:1130
小提示:

所有 2525 个数的总和被平均分到 55 行中

The total of all 2525 numbers is split equally among the 55 rows

大提示:

求从 10-101414 的等差数列和,然后除以 55

Sum the arithmetic series from 10-10 to 14,14, then divide by 55

解答:

2525 个整数的和为 (10+14)252=50\dfrac{(-10 + 14) \cdot 25}{2} = 50

五行的和都相同,并且合起来就是总和,所以每行的和为 50÷5=1050 \div 5 = 10

因此,正确答案是 C

The sum of the 2525 integers is (10+14)252=50.\dfrac{(-10 + 14) \cdot 25}{2} = 50.

The five rows each have the same sum and together account for the total, so each row sums to 50÷5=10.50 \div 5 = 10.

Thus, C is the correct answer.

6.

在下图所示的平面图形中,有 33 个单位正方形已被涂色。至少还需要涂色多少个额外的单位正方形,才能使所得图形有两条对称轴?

In the plane figure shown below, 33 of the unit squares have been shaded. What is the least number of additional unit squares that must be shaded so that the resulting figure has two lines of symmetry?

44

55

66

77

88

知识点:对称性
难度评级:1270
小提示:

两条对称轴必须是这个矩形的中央竖直线和中央水平线

The two symmetry lines must be the central vertical and central horizontal lines of the rectangle

大提示:

每个已涂色的正方形都会迫使它关于两条轴的反射位置也被涂色

Each shaded square forces its reflections across both lines to be shaded too

解答:

要同时具有这两种对称性,对称轴必须是 5544 网格的竖直和水平中心线。每个已涂色正方形都会迫使它关于每条轴反射得到的正方形也被涂色。

顶部的正方形不在中心线上,所以它的反射组共有 44 个正方形,需要再涂 33 个。中间的正方形在中央列上,所以它的反射组共有 22 个正方形,需要再涂 11 个。右下的正方形同样有一个大小为 44 的反射组,需要再涂 33 个。

至少还需涂色的正方形数为 3+1+3=73 + 1 + 3 = 7

因此,正确答案是 D

For both symmetries, the lines must be the vertical and horizontal center lines of the 55-by-44 grid. Every shaded square then forces the squares obtained by reflecting it across each line.

The top square lies off-center, so its reflection group has 44 squares, requiring 33 more. The middle square sits on the central column, so its group has 22 squares, requiring 11 more. The bottom-right square again has a group of 4,4, requiring 33 more.

The least number of additional squares is 3+1+3=7.3 + 1 + 3 = 7.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

7.

七个体积分别为 118827276464125125216216343343 立方单位的立方体竖直堆叠成一座塔,其中立方体的体积从下到上递减。除了最底下的立方体外,每个立方体的底面都完全落在它下方立方体的顶面上。这座塔的总表面积(包括底面)是多少平方单位?

Seven cubes, whose volumes are 1,1, 8,8, 27,27, 64,64, 125,125, 216,216, and 343343 cubic units, are stacked vertically to form a tower in which the volumes of the cubes decrease from bottom to top. Except for the bottom cube, the bottom face of each cube lies completely on top of the cube below it. What is the total surface area of the tower (including the bottom) in square units?

644644

658658

664664

720720

749749

难度评级:1340
小提示:

这些立方体的边长为 1,2,,71, 2, \ldots, 7;分别处理四个竖直侧面和水平面

The cubes have side lengths 1,2,,7;1, 2, \ldots, 7; handle the four vertical faces and the horizontal faces separately

大提示:

从正上方看,所有朝上的水平面积等于底面的 7×77 \times 7;从正下方看也一样

Looking straight down, all upward-facing horizontal area equals the base’s 7×7;7 \times 7; the same holds looking up

解答:

这些立方体的边长为 1,2,,71, 2, \ldots, 7。边长为 kk 的立方体的四个侧面贡献 4k24k^2,所以竖直侧面的总面积为 4(12+22++72)4(1^2 + 2^2 + \cdots + 7^2) =4140=560= 4 \cdot 140 = 560

从正上方看,每一块朝上的水平面都无重叠地投影到底部的 7×77 \times 7 正方形上,面积为 4949。从下方看同理,再得到 4949

总表面积为 560+49+49=658560 + 49 + 49 = 658

因此,正确答案是 B

The side lengths are 1,2,,7.1, 2, \ldots, 7. The four side faces of cube kk contribute 4k2,4k^2, so the vertical faces total 4(12+22++72)4(1^2 + 2^2 + \cdots + 7^2) =4140=560.= 4 \cdot 140 = 560.

Viewed from directly above, every upward-facing horizontal patch projects onto the 7×77 \times 7 base without overlap, giving 49.49. Viewed from below, the same is true, giving another 49.49.

The total surface area is 560+49+49=658.560 + 49 + 49 = 658.

Thus, B is the correct answer.

8.

下列 40404040 个数的中位数是多少?

112233\ldots20202020121^2222^2323^2\ldots202022020^2

What is the median of the following list of 40404040 numbers?

1,1, 2,2, 3,3, ,\ldots, 2020,2020, 12,1^2, 22,2^2, 32,3^2, ,\ldots, 202022020^2

1974.51974.5

1975.51975.5

1976.51976.5

1977.51977.5

1978.51978.5

难度评级:1440
小提示:

40404040 个数时,中位数是第 20202020 小和第 20212021 小的数的平均

With 40404040 numbers the median averages the 20202020th and 20212021st smallest

大提示:

不超过 20202020 的平方数来自 121^244244^2;数一数列表中不超过某个整数的项有多少

Squares up to 20202020 come from 121^2 through 442;44^2; count how many list entries are at most a given integer

解答:

中位数是第 20202020 小和第 20212021 小的值的平均。

不超过 20202020 的完全平方数为 12,,4421^2, \ldots, 44^2(因为 442=193644^2 = 1936452=202545^2 = 2025),所以共有 4444 个。

在这个列表中,数值 1976\le 1976 的项包括 19761976 个整数 1,,19761, \ldots, 1976 以及这 4444 个平方数,总数为 1976+44=20201976 + 44 = 2020

因此第 20202020 个值是 19761976,第 20212021 个值是 19771977,中位数为 1976+19772=1976.5\dfrac{1976 + 1977}{2} = 1976.5

因此,正确答案是 C

The median is the average of the 20202020th and 20212021st smallest values.

The perfect squares that are at most 20202020 are 12,,4421^2, \ldots, 44^2 (since 442=193644^2 = 1936 and 452=202545^2 = 2025), so there are 4444 of them.

Among the list, the numbers 1976\le 1976 are the 19761976 integers 1,,19761, \ldots, 1976 together with those 4444 squares, totaling 1976+44=2020.1976 + 44 = 2020.

Thus the 20202020th value is 19761976 and the 20212021st value is 1977,1977, making the median 1976+19772=1976.5.\dfrac{1976 + 1977}{2} = 1976.5.

Thus, C is the correct answer.

9.

方程 tan(2x)=cos(x2)\tan(2x) = \cos\left(\dfrac{x}{2}\right) 在区间 [0,2π][0, 2\pi] 上有多少个解?

How many solutions does the equation tan(2x)=cos(x2)\tan(2x) = \cos\left(\dfrac{x}{2}\right) have on the interval [0,2π]?[0, 2\pi]?

11

22

33

44

55

知识点:三角学
难度评级:1560
小提示:

[0,2π][0, 2\pi] 上,cos(x2)\cos\left(\tfrac{x}{2}\right)11 单调下降到 1-1

On [0,2π],[0, 2\pi], cos(x2)\cos\left(\tfrac{x}{2}\right) decreases steadily from 11 to 1-1

大提示:

tan(2x)\tan(2x) 的周期是 π2\tfrac{\pi}{2};数一数它有多少个分支与这条下降曲线相交

tan(2x)\tan(2x) has period π2;\tfrac{\pi}{2}; count how many of its branches cross that decreasing curve

解答:

[0,2π][0, 2\pi] 上,cos(x2)\cos\left(\tfrac{x}{2}\right) 的图像是一条从 11 单调下降到 1-1 的弧。

函数 tan(2x)\tan(2x) 的周期为 π2\tfrac{\pi}{2},竖直渐近线位于 x=π4,3π4,5π4,7π4x = \tfrac{\pi}{4}, \tfrac{3\pi}{4}, \tfrac{5\pi}{4}, \tfrac{7\pi}{4}。它们将区间分成五个分支。在每个分支上,tan(2x)\tan(2x) 严格递增,而 cos(x2)\cos(\tfrac{x}{2}) 递减,所以每个分支至多有一个交点。

中间三个分支都从 -\infty 变化到 ++\infty,所以各有一个交点。在第一个分支上,tan(0)=0<1=cos(0)\tan(0)=0\lt1=\cos(0),而正切趋于 ++\infty。在最后一个分支上,正切从 -\infty 开始,在终点为 0>1=cosπ0\gt-1=\cos\pi。因此两个外侧分支也各有一个交点,总计 55 个。

所以 E 是正确答案。

On [0,2π],[0, 2\pi], the graph of cos(x2)\cos\left(\tfrac{x}{2}\right) is a single arc decreasing from 11 down to 1.-1.

The function tan(2x)\tan(2x) has period π2\tfrac{\pi}{2} with vertical asymptotes at x=π4,3π4,5π4,7π4.x = \tfrac{\pi}{4}, \tfrac{3\pi}{4}, \tfrac{5\pi}{4}, \tfrac{7\pi}{4}. These split the interval into five branches. On every branch tan(2x)\tan(2x) is strictly increasing, while cos(x2)\cos(\tfrac{x}{2}) is decreasing, so there is at most one intersection per branch.

Each of the three interior branches runs from -\infty to +,+\infty, so each has one intersection. On the first branch, tan(0)=0<1=cos(0)\tan(0)=0\lt1=\cos(0) and the tangent tends to +.+\infty. On the last, the tangent starts at -\infty and ends at 0>1=cosπ.0\gt-1=\cos\pi. Thus the two outer branches also have one intersection each, for 55 total.

Thus, E is the correct answer.

10.

存在唯一的正整数 nn 满足 log2(log16n)=log4(log4n)\log_2(\log_{16} n) = \log_4(\log_4 n)\text{。}

nn 的各位数字之和是多少?

There is a unique positive integer nn such that log2(log16n)=log4(log4n).\log_2(\log_{16} n) = \log_4(\log_4 n).

What is the sum of the digits of n?n?

44

77

88

1111

1313

知识点:对数换元法
难度评级:1500
小提示:

log16n=12log4n\log_{16} n = \tfrac12 \log_4 n,所以令 y=log4ny = \log_4 n

log16n=12log4n,\log_{16} n = \tfrac12 \log_4 n, so let y=log4ny = \log_4 n

大提示:

方程变为 log2(y2)=12log2y\log_2\left(\tfrac{y}{2}\right) = \tfrac12 \log_2 y;平方来解出 yy

The equation becomes log2(y2)=12log2y;\log_2\left(\tfrac{y}{2}\right) = \tfrac12 \log_2 y; square to solve for yy

解答:

因为 log16n=12log4n\log_{16} n = \tfrac12 \log_4 n,令 y=log4ny = \log_4 n。方程变为 log2(y2)=log4y=12log2y\log_2\left(\tfrac{y}{2}\right) = \log_4 y = \tfrac12 \log_2 y

两边乘以 22 得到 log2(y2)2=log2y\log_2\left(\tfrac{y}{2}\right)^2 = \log_2 y,所以 (y2)2=y\left(\tfrac{y}{2}\right)^2 = y,从而 y=4y = 4

因此 log4n=4\log_4 n = 4,所以 n=44=256n = 4^4 = 256,各位数字之和为 2+5+6=132 + 5 + 6 = 13

因此,正确答案是 E

Since log16n=12log4n,\log_{16} n = \tfrac12 \log_4 n, set y=log4n.y = \log_4 n. The equation becomes log2(y2)=log4y=12log2y.\log_2\left(\tfrac{y}{2}\right) = \log_4 y = \tfrac12 \log_2 y.

Multiplying by 22 gives log2(y2)2=log2y,\log_2\left(\tfrac{y}{2}\right)^2 = \log_2 y, so (y2)2=y,\left(\tfrac{y}{2}\right)^2 = y, which yields y=4.y = 4.

Then log4n=4,\log_4 n = 4, so n=44=256,n = 4^4 = 256, and the digit sum is 2+5+6=13.2 + 5 + 6 = 13.

Thus, E is the correct answer.

11.

一只青蛙坐在点 (1,2)(1, 2) 处,开始一系列跳跃。每次跳跃都平行于一条坐标轴,长度为 11,且每次跳跃的方向(上、下、右、左)都独立随机选择。当青蛙到达顶点为 (0,0)(0, 0)(0,4)(0, 4)(4,4)(4, 4)(4,0)(4, 0) 的正方形的一条边时,跳跃序列结束。跳跃序列在该正方形的竖直边上结束的概率是多少?

A frog sitting at the point (1,2)(1, 2) begins a sequence of jumps, where each jump is parallel to one of the coordinate axes and has length 1,1, and the direction of each jump (up, down, right, or left) is chosen independently at random. The sequence ends when the frog reaches a side of the square with vertices (0,0),(0, 0), (0,4),(0, 4), (4,4),(4, 4), and (4,0).(4, 0). What is the probability that the sequence of jumps ends on a vertical side of the square?

12\dfrac{1}{2}

58\dfrac{5}{8}

23\dfrac{2}{3}

34\dfrac{3}{4}

78\dfrac{7}{8}

难度评级:1630
小提示:

P(x,y)P(x, y) 为在竖直边上结束的概率;它等于四个相邻点处 PP 值的平均

Let P(x,y)P(x, y) be the probability of ending on a vertical side; it equals the average of PP at the four neighbors

大提示:

利用对称性:P(2,2)=12P(2, 2) = \tfrac12,而内部点可化为一个小方程组

Use symmetry: P(2,2)=12,P(2, 2) = \tfrac12, and the interior points reduce to a small system of equations

解答:

P(x,y)P(x, y) 为在竖直边上结束的概率。在竖直边上 P=1P = 1,在水平边上 P=0P = 0,在内部点处 PP 是四个相邻点概率的平均。

由左右对称性,P(2,2)=12P(2, 2) = \tfrac12。令 a=P(1,2)a = P(1, 2)b=P(1,1)=P(1,3)b = P(1, 1) = P(1, 3),且 c=P(2,1)=P(2,3)c = P(2, 1) = P(2, 3)。则

a=14(1+12+2b)a = \tfrac14\left(1 + \tfrac12 + 2b\right)  b=14(1+c+a)\;b = \tfrac14(1 + c + a),且 c=14(2b+12)c = \tfrac14\left(2b + \tfrac12\right)

代入可得 b=12b = \tfrac12,因此 a=38+12b=58a = \tfrac38 + \tfrac12 b = \tfrac58

因此,正确答案是 B

Let P(x,y)P(x, y) be the probability of ending on a vertical side. On a vertical side P=1,P = 1, on a horizontal side P=0,P = 0, and at an interior point PP is the average of its four neighbors.

By left-right symmetry P(2,2)=12.P(2, 2) = \tfrac12. Let a=P(1,2),a = P(1, 2), b=P(1,1)=P(1,3),b = P(1, 1) = P(1, 3), and c=P(2,1)=P(2,3).c = P(2, 1) = P(2, 3). Then

a=14(1+12+2b),a = \tfrac14\left(1 + \tfrac12 + 2b\right),   b=14(1+c+a),\;b = \tfrac14(1 + c + a), and c=14(2b+12).c = \tfrac14\left(2b + \tfrac12\right).

Substituting gives b=12,b = \tfrac12, hence a=38+12b=58.a = \tfrac38 + \tfrac12 b = \tfrac58.

Thus, B is the correct answer.

12.

坐标平面中的直线 \ell 方程为 3x5y+40=03x - 5y + 40 = 0。将这条直线绕点 (20,20)(20, 20) 逆时针旋转 4545^\circ,得到直线 kk。直线 kkxx 轴截距的 xx 坐标是多少?

Line \ell in the coordinate plane has the equation 3x5y+40=0.3x - 5y + 40 = 0. This line is rotated 4545^\circ counterclockwise about the point (20,20)(20, 20) to obtain line k.k. What is the xx-coordinate of the xx-intercept of line k?k?

1010

1515

2020

2525

3030

难度评级:1630
小提示:

(20,20)(20, 20)\ell 上,所以也在 kk 上;求新的斜率

The point (20,20)(20, 20) lies on ,\ell, so it also lies on k;k; find the new slope

大提示:

斜率 mm 旋转 4545^\circ 后变为 m+11m\dfrac{m + 1}{1 - m}

Rotating a slope mm by 4545^\circ gives m+11m\dfrac{m + 1}{1 - m}

解答:

注意 (20,20)(20, 20) 满足 3x5y+40=03x - 5y + 40 = 0,所以它在 \ell 上,旋转后仍在 kk 上。\ell 的斜率为 35\tfrac{3}{5}

旋转 4545^\circ 后的斜率为 35+1135=8525=4\dfrac{\tfrac35 + 1}{1 - \tfrac35} = \dfrac{\tfrac85}{\tfrac25} = 4

直线 kky20=4(x20)y - 20 = 4(x - 20)。令 y=0y = 0 得到 20=4(x20)-20 = 4(x - 20),所以 x20=5x - 20 = -5,即 x=15x = 15

因此,正确答案是 B

Note (20,20)(20, 20) satisfies 3x5y+40=0,3x - 5y + 40 = 0, so it is on \ell and remains on k.k. The slope of \ell is 35.\tfrac{3}{5}.

Rotating by 4545^\circ gives slope 35+1135=8525=4.\dfrac{\tfrac35 + 1}{1 - \tfrac35} = \dfrac{\tfrac85}{\tfrac25} = 4.

Line kk is y20=4(x20).y - 20 = 4(x - 20). Setting y=0y = 0 gives 20=4(x20),-20 = 4(x - 20), so x20=5x - 20 = -5 and x=15.x = 15.

Thus, B is the correct answer.

13.

存在都大于 11 的整数 aabbcc,使得对所有 N>1N \gt 1 都有 NNNcba=N2536\sqrt[a]{N \sqrt[b]{N \sqrt[c]{N}}} = \sqrt[36]{N^{25}}\text{。}bb 是多少?

There are integers a,a, b,b, and c,c, each greater than 1,1, such that NNNcba=N2536\sqrt[a]{N \sqrt[b]{N \sqrt[c]{N}}} = \sqrt[36]{N^{25}} for all N>1.N \gt 1. What is b?b?

22

33

44

55

66

知识点:根式指数
难度评级:1590
小提示:

将左边写成 NN 的幂,指数为 1a+1ab+1abc\dfrac{1}{a} + \dfrac{1}{ab} + \dfrac{1}{abc}

Write the left side as NN to the power 1a+1ab+1abc\dfrac{1}{a} + \dfrac{1}{ab} + \dfrac{1}{abc}

大提示:

令这个指数等于 2536\dfrac{25}{36},并从 a=2a = 2 开始逐层确定嵌套变量

Set that exponent equal to 2536\dfrac{25}{36} and peel off one nested variable at a time starting with a=2a = 2

解答:

左边等于 NN1a+1ab+1abc\dfrac{1}{a} + \dfrac{1}{ab} + \dfrac{1}{abc} 次幂,而这个指数必须等于 2536\dfrac{25}{36}

因为 b,c2b,c\ge2,这个指数至多为 74a\dfrac{7}{4a}。如果 a3a\ge3,它至多为 712<2536\dfrac{7}{12}\lt\dfrac{25}{36},所以 a=2a=2。方程变为 12b+12bc=736\dfrac{1}{2b}+\dfrac{1}{2bc}=\dfrac{7}{36}

清除分母得到 c(7b18)=18c(7b-18)=18。令 d=7b18d=7b-18,则 dd1818 的正因数。在 1,2,3,6,9,181,2,3,6,9,18 中,只有 d=3d=3 能使 b=d+187b=\dfrac{d+18}{7} 为整数。因此 b=3b=3c=6c=6

所以 B 是正确答案。

The left side equals NN raised to the exponent 1a+1ab+1abc,\dfrac{1}{a} + \dfrac{1}{ab} + \dfrac{1}{abc}, which must equal 2536.\dfrac{25}{36}.

Because b,c2,b,c\ge2, this exponent is at most 74a.\dfrac{7}{4a}. If a3,a\ge3, it is at most 712<2536,\dfrac{7}{12}\lt\dfrac{25}{36}, so a=2.a=2. The equation becomes 12b+12bc=736.\dfrac{1}{2b}+\dfrac{1}{2bc}=\dfrac{7}{36}.

Clearing denominators gives c(7b18)=18.c(7b-18)=18. Set d=7b18,d=7b-18, so dd is a positive divisor of 18.18. Among 1,2,3,6,9,18,1,2,3,6,9,18, only d=3d=3 makes b=d+187b=\dfrac{d+18}{7} an integer. Hence b=3b=3 and c=6.c=6.

Thus, B is the correct answer.

14.

正八边形 ABCDEFGHABCDEFGH 的面积为 nn。设四边形 ACEGACEG 的面积为 mmmn\dfrac{m}{n} 是多少?

Regular octagon ABCDEFGHABCDEFGH has area n.n. Let mm be the area of quadrilateral ACEG.ACEG. What is mn?\dfrac{m}{n}?

24\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{4}

22\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}

34\dfrac{3}{4}

325\dfrac{3\sqrt{2}}{5}

223\dfrac{2\sqrt{2}}{3}

难度评级:1690
小提示:

ACEGACEG 是内接于八边形的正方形

ACEGACEG is a square inscribed in the octagon

大提示:

对称放置八边形并计算两个面积;四个角上的三角形组成了差额

Place the octagon symmetrically and compute both areas; the four corner triangles make up the difference

解答:

四个顶点 A,C,E,GA, C, E, G 构成一个正方形,因为它们是正八边形中每隔一个顶点取出的点。

取外接圆半径为一,八边形面积为 222\sqrt2,而正方形 ACEGACEG 的对角线等于该圆的直径,因此面积为 22

比值为 222=12=22\dfrac{2}{2\sqrt2} = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt2} = \dfrac{\sqrt2}{2}

因此,正确答案是 B

The four vertices A,C,E,GA, C, E, G form a square, since they are every other vertex of the regular octagon.

Taking a unit circumradius, the octagon’s area is 222\sqrt2 and the square ACEGACEG has diagonal equal to the circle’s diameter, giving area 2.2.

The ratio is 222=12=22.\dfrac{2}{2\sqrt2} = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt2} = \dfrac{\sqrt2}{2}.

Thus, B is the correct answer.

15.

在复平面中,设 AA 为方程 z38=0z^3 - 8 = 0 的解集,设 BB 为方程 z38z28z+64=0z^3 - 8z^2 - 8z + 64 = 0 的解集。AA 中一点与 BB 中一点之间的最大距离是多少?

In the complex plane, let AA be the set of solutions to z38=0z^3 - 8 = 0 and let BB be the set of solutions to z38z28z+64=0.z^3 - 8z^2 - 8z + 64 = 0. What is the greatest distance between a point of AA and a point of B?B?

232\sqrt{3}

66

99

2212\sqrt{21}

9+39 + \sqrt{3}

难度评级:1690
小提示:

AA88 的三个立方根;第二个三次式可用分组法分解

AA is the three cube roots of 8;8; factor the second cubic by grouping

大提示:

最大距离来自 88 的一个非实立方根与第二个方程中最远的实根

The largest distance pairs a nonreal cube root of 88 with the farthest real root of the second equation

解答:

集合 AA88 的三个立方根组成:221+i3-1 + i\sqrt31i3-1 - i\sqrt3

分组因式分解,z38z28z+64z^3 - 8z^2 - 8z + 64 =z2(z8)8(z8)= z^2(z - 8) - 8(z - 8) =(z8)(z28)= (z - 8)(z^2 - 8),所以 B={8,22,22}B = \{8, 2\sqrt2, -2\sqrt2\},全都是实数。

最大距离是从 1±i3-1 \pm i\sqrt388 的距离:(8(1))2+(3)2\sqrt{(8 - (-1))^2 + (\sqrt3)^2} =81+3= \sqrt{81 + 3} =84=221= \sqrt{84} = 2\sqrt{21}

因此,正确答案是 D

The set AA consists of the cube roots of 8:8: 2,2, 1+i3,-1 + i\sqrt3, and 1i3.-1 - i\sqrt3.

Factoring by grouping, z38z28z+64z^3 - 8z^2 - 8z + 64 =z2(z8)8(z8)= z^2(z - 8) - 8(z - 8) =(z8)(z28),= (z - 8)(z^2 - 8), so B={8,22,22},B = \{8, 2\sqrt2, -2\sqrt2\}, all real.

The greatest distance is from 1±i3-1 \pm i\sqrt3 to 8:8: (8(1))2+(3)2\sqrt{(8 - (-1))^2 + (\sqrt3)^2} =81+3= \sqrt{81 + 3} =84=221.= \sqrt{84} = 2\sqrt{21}.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

16.

在坐标平面中,从顶点为 (0,0)(0, 0)(2020,0)(2020, 0)(2020,2020)(2020, 2020)(0,2020)(0, 2020) 的正方形内随机选取一点。该点在某个格点的 dd 个单位以内的概率为 12\tfrac12。(若点 (x,y)(x, y)xxyy 都是整数,则称它为格点。)dd 四舍五入到十分位是多少?

A point is chosen at random within the square in the coordinate plane whose vertices are (0,0),(0, 0), (2020,0),(2020, 0), (2020,2020),(2020, 2020), and (0,2020).(0, 2020). The probability that the point is within dd units of a lattice point is 12.\tfrac12. (A point (x,y)(x, y) is a lattice point if xx and yy are both integers.) What is dd to the nearest tenth?

0.30.3

0.40.4

0.50.5

0.60.6

0.70.7

难度评级:1730
小提示:

由周期性,只需关注一个四个顶点都是格点的单位正方形

By periodicity, focus on a single unit square with a lattice point at each corner

大提示:

一个单位格子中的四个四分之一圆盘组成一个半径为 dd 的完整圆盘;令其面积为 12\tfrac12

The four quarter-disks in one unit cell form one full disk of radius d;d; set its area to 12\tfrac12

解答:

由周期性,只需考虑一个四个角都是格点的单位格子。距离某个角不超过 dd 的区域由四个半径为 dd 的四分之一圆盘组成,合成一个面积为 πd2\pi d^2 的完整圆盘。所得的值将小于 12\tfrac12,所以这些四分之一圆盘互不重叠。

πd2=12\pi d^2 = \tfrac12 得到 d=12π0.399d = \sqrt{\dfrac{1}{2\pi}} \approx 0.399

四舍五入到十分位,d=0.4d = 0.4

因此,正确答案是 B

By periodicity it suffices to consider one unit cell with a lattice point at each corner. The region within dd of a corner consists of four quarter-disks of radius d,d, forming one full disk of area πd2.\pi d^2. The resulting value will be less than 12,\tfrac12, so these quarter-disks do not overlap.

Setting πd2=12\pi d^2 = \tfrac12 gives d=12π0.399.d = \sqrt{\dfrac{1}{2\pi}} \approx 0.399.

To the nearest tenth, d=0.4.d = 0.4.

Thus, B is the correct answer.

17.

一个四边形的顶点都在 y=lnxy = \ln x 的图像上,且这些顶点的 xx 坐标是连续的正整数。该四边形的面积为 ln9190\ln\dfrac{91}{90}。最左边顶点的 xx 坐标是多少?

The vertices of a quadrilateral lie on the graph of y=lnx,y = \ln x, and the xx-coordinates of these vertices are consecutive positive integers. The area of the quadrilateral is ln9190.\ln\dfrac{91}{90}. What is the xx-coordinate of the leftmost vertex?

66

77

1010

1212

1313

难度评级:1860
小提示:

xx 坐标为 n,n+1,n+2,n+3n, n+1, n+2, n+3,并使用鞋带公式

Let the xx-coordinates be n,n+1,n+2,n+3n, n+1, n+2, n+3 and apply the shoelace formula

大提示:

面积化简为 ln(n+1)(n+2)n(n+3)\ln\dfrac{(n+1)(n+2)}{n(n+3)};令它等于 ln9190\ln\dfrac{91}{90}

The area simplifies to ln(n+1)(n+2)n(n+3);\ln\dfrac{(n+1)(n+2)}{n(n+3)}; set it equal to ln9190\ln\dfrac{91}{90}

解答:

设四个顶点的 xx 坐标为 n,n+1,n+2,n+3n, n+1, n+2, n+3,对应的 yy 坐标为对这些数取 ln\ln 所得的值。用鞋带公式并化简,面积为 ln(n+1)(n+2)n(n+3)\ln\dfrac{(n+1)(n+2)}{n(n+3)}

(n+1)(n+2)n(n+3)=9190\dfrac{(n+1)(n+2)}{n(n+3)} = \dfrac{91}{90},得到 1+2n2+3n=91901 + \dfrac{2}{n^2 + 3n} = \dfrac{91}{90},所以 n2+3n=180n^2 + 3n = 180

因此 (n12)(n+15)=0(n - 12)(n + 15) = 0,所以 n=12n = 12

因此,正确答案是 D

Let the vertices have xx-coordinates n,n+1,n+2,n+3n, n+1, n+2, n+3 with yy-coordinates ln\ln of those values. Applying the shoelace formula and simplifying, the area is ln(n+1)(n+2)n(n+3).\ln\dfrac{(n+1)(n+2)}{n(n+3)}.

Setting (n+1)(n+2)n(n+3)=9190\dfrac{(n+1)(n+2)}{n(n+3)} = \dfrac{91}{90} gives 1+2n2+3n=9190,1 + \dfrac{2}{n^2 + 3n} = \dfrac{91}{90}, so n2+3n=180.n^2 + 3n = 180.

Then (n12)(n+15)=0,(n - 12)(n + 15) = 0, so n=12.n = 12.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

18.

四边形 ABCDABCD 满足 ABC=ACD=90\angle ABC = \angle ACD = 90^\circAC=20AC = 20,且 CD=30CD = 30。对角线 ACACBDBD 交于点 EE,且 AE=5AE = 5。四边形 ABCDABCD 的面积是多少?

Quadrilateral ABCDABCD satisfies ABC=ACD=90,\angle ABC = \angle ACD = 90^\circ, AC=20,AC = 20, and CD=30.CD = 30. Diagonals ACAC and BDBD intersect at point E,E, and AE=5.AE = 5. What is the area of quadrilateral ABCD?ABCD?

330330

340340

350350

360360

370370

难度评级:1800
小提示:

A=(0,0)A = (0,0)C=(20,0)C = (20, 0),且 D=(20,30)D = (20, 30),则 E=(5,0)E = (5, 0)

Place A=(0,0),A = (0,0), C=(20,0),C = (20, 0), and D=(20,30),D = (20, 30), so E=(5,0)E = (5, 0)

大提示:

因为 ABC=90\angle ABC = 90^\circ,点 BB 在以 ACAC 为直径的圆上;它也在直线 DEDE

Since ABC=90,\angle ABC = 90^\circ, BB lies on the circle with diameter AC;AC; it also lies on line DEDE

解答:

A=(0,0)A = (0,0)C=(20,0)C = (20, 0)。因为 ACD=90\angle ACD = 90^\circ,所以 D=(20,30)D = (20, 30);又因 AE=5AE = 5,所以 E=(5,0)E = (5, 0)

因为 ABC=90\angle ABC = 90^\circ,点 BB 在以 (10,0)(10, 0) 为圆心、半径为 1010 的圆上。直线 DEDE 上的点可写为 (5+t,2t)(5 + t,\, 2t);代入圆方程得到 t22t15=0t^2 - 2t - 15 = 0,所以 t=5t = 5t=3t = -3

为使 EE 位于 BBDD 之间,取 t=3t = -3,得到 B=(2,6)B = (2, -6),它到直线 ACAC 的距离为 66

于是 [ACD]=122030=300[ACD] = \tfrac12 \cdot 20 \cdot 30 = 300,且 [ABC]=12206=60[ABC] = \tfrac12 \cdot 20 \cdot 6 = 60,总面积为 360360

因此,正确答案是 D

Place A=(0,0)A = (0,0) and C=(20,0).C = (20, 0). Since ACD=90,\angle ACD = 90^\circ, D=(20,30),D = (20, 30), and E=(5,0)E = (5, 0) because AE=5.AE = 5.

Since ABC=90,\angle ABC = 90^\circ, BB lies on the circle of radius 1010 centered at (10,0).(10, 0). Line DEDE is (5+t,2t);(5 + t,\, 2t); substituting gives t22t15=0,t^2 - 2t - 15 = 0, so t=5t = 5 or t=3.t = -3.

For EE to lie between BB and D,D, take t=3,t = -3, giving B=(2,6),B = (2, -6), a distance 66 below line AC.AC.

Then [ACD]=122030=300[ACD] = \tfrac12 \cdot 20 \cdot 30 = 300 and [ABC]=12206=60,[ABC] = \tfrac12 \cdot 20 \cdot 6 = 60, so the total area is 360.360.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

19.

存在唯一的严格递增非负整数序列 a1<a2<<aka_1 \lt a_2 \lt \cdots \lt a_k,使得 2289+1217+1=2a1+2a2++2ak\frac{2^{289} + 1}{2^{17} + 1} = 2^{a_1} + 2^{a_2} + \cdots + 2^{a_k}\text{。} kk 是多少?

There exists a unique strictly increasing sequence of nonnegative integers a1<a2<<aka_1 \lt a_2 \lt \cdots \lt a_k such that 2289+1217+1=2a1+2a2++2ak.\frac{2^{289} + 1}{2^{17} + 1} = 2^{a_1} + 2^{a_2} + \cdots + 2^{a_k}. What is k?k?

117117

136136

137137

273273

306306

难度评级:1990
小提示:

x=217x = 2^{17};则商为 x17+1x+1=x16x15++1\dfrac{x^{17} + 1}{x + 1} = x^{16} - x^{15} + \cdots + 1

Write x=217;x = 2^{17}; then the quotient is x17+1x+1=x16x15++1\dfrac{x^{17} + 1}{x + 1} = x^{16} - x^{15} + \cdots + 1

大提示:

将交替项成对分组为 xm+1xm=217m(2171)x^{m+1} - x^m = 2^{17m}(2^{17} - 1),每一组在二进制表示中是一段 1717 个一

Group the alternating terms into pairs xm+1xm=217m(2171),x^{m+1} - x^m = 2^{17m}(2^{17} - 1), each a block of 1717 ones in binary

解答:

x=217x = 2^{17},则 2289+1217+1\dfrac{2^{289} + 1}{2^{17} + 1} =x17+1x+1= \dfrac{x^{17} + 1}{x + 1} =x16x15+x+1= x^{16} - x^{15} + \cdots - x + 11717 个幂 x0,x1,,x16x^0, x^1, \ldots, x^{16} 的交替和。

把每个被减去的幂与它上方刚好被加上的幂配对:xm+1xmx^{m+1} - x^m =217m(2171)= 2^{17m}(2^{17} - 1) =217m+217m+1= 2^{17m} + 2^{17m+1} ++217m+16+ \cdots + 2^{17m+16},这是一段 1717 个连续的 22 的幂。

这样的配对有 88 组,另有剩下的 +20+2^0。这些块占据的指数范围互不重叠,所以幂的总数为 817+1=1378 \cdot 17 + 1 = 137

因此,正确答案是 C

Let x=217.x = 2^{17}. Then 2289+1217+1\dfrac{2^{289} + 1}{2^{17} + 1} =x17+1x+1= \dfrac{x^{17} + 1}{x + 1} =x16x15+x+1,= x^{16} - x^{15} + \cdots - x + 1, an alternating sum of the 1717 powers x0,x1,,x16.x^0, x^1, \ldots, x^{16}.

Pair each subtracted power with the added power just above it: xm+1xmx^{m+1} - x^m =217m(2171)= 2^{17m}(2^{17} - 1) =217m+217m+1= 2^{17m} + 2^{17m+1} ++217m+16,+ \cdots + 2^{17m+16}, a block of 1717 consecutive powers of 2.2.

There are 88 such pairs, together with the leftover +20.+2^0. The blocks occupy disjoint ranges, so the total number of powers is 817+1=137.8 \cdot 17 + 1 = 137.

Thus, C is the correct answer.

20.

TT 是坐标平面中顶点为 (0,0)(0, 0)(4,0)(4, 0)(0,3)(0, 3) 的三角形。考虑平面上的以下五个等距变换(刚性变换):绕原点逆时针旋转 9090^\circ180180^\circ270270^\circ,关于 xx 轴反射,以及关于 yy 轴反射。在这五种变换中任选三个组成的 125125 个序列(不要求互不相同)中,有多少个会把 TT 送回原来的位置?(例如,先旋转 180180^\circ,再关于 xx 轴反射,再关于 yy 轴反射,会把 TT 送回原来的位置;但先旋转 9090^\circ,再关于 xx 轴反射,再次关于 xx 轴反射,则不会把 TT 送回原来的位置。)

Let TT be the triangle in the coordinate plane with vertices (0,0),(0, 0), (4,0),(4, 0), and (0,3).(0, 3). Consider the following five isometries (rigid transformations) of the plane: rotations of 90,90^\circ, 180,180^\circ, and 270270^\circ counterclockwise around the origin, reflection across the xx-axis, and reflection across the yy-axis. How many of the 125125 sequences of three of these transformations (not necessarily distinct) will return TT to its original position? (For example, a 180180^\circ rotation, followed by a reflection across the xx-axis, followed by a reflection across the yy-axis will return TT to its original position, but a 9090^\circ rotation, followed by a reflection across the xx-axis, followed by another reflection across the xx-axis will not return TT to its original position.)

1212

1515

1717

2020

2525

知识点:变换分类讨论
难度评级:1910
小提示:

因为 TT 是不等边三角形,唯一固定 TT 的等距变换是恒等变换,所以这三个变换的复合必须是恒等变换

Since TT is scalene, the only isometry fixing TT is the identity, so the three must compose to the identity

大提示:

前两个变换确定第三个变换;当且仅当前两个的复合仍是这五个映射之一时,第三个变换是允许的

The third transformation is forced by the first two; it is allowed exactly when the product of the first two is again one of the five maps

解答:

因为 TT 是不等边直角三角形,唯一将 TT 映到自身的等距变换是恒等变换,所以一个序列可行,当且仅当三个变换的复合是恒等变换。

rr 表示旋转 9090^\circ,令 ss 表示关于 xx 轴的反射。五个允许的映射是 r,r2,r3,s,r2sr,r^2,r^3,s,r^2s;缺少的非恒等映射是两个对角线反射 rs,r3srs,r^3s。在有序三元组中,第三个映射由前两个唯一决定;它被允许,当且仅当前两个的乘积是这五个映射之一。

恰有 55 个有序对的乘积是恒等变换:每个第一个映射都与它的逆映射配对。得到对角线反射需要一个旋转和一个轴反射;rrr3r^3 可以在左侧或右侧与 ssr2sr^2s 配对,共有 222=82\cdot2\cdot2=8 对。剩余 2558=1225-5-8=12 个有序对给出有效序列。

所以 A 是正确答案。

Because TT is a scalene right triangle, the only isometry carrying TT to itself is the identity, so a sequence works exactly when the three transformations compose to the identity.

Let rr be the 9090^\circ rotation and ss reflection across the xx-axis. The five allowed maps are r,r2,r3,s,r2s;r,r^2,r^3,s,r^2s; the missing nonidentity maps are the diagonal reflections rs,r3s.rs,r^3s. In an ordered triple, the third map is forced by the first two and is allowed precisely when their product is one of the five.

Exactly 55 ordered pairs have product identity: each first map is paired with its inverse. A diagonal reflection requires one rotation and one axis reflection; rr or r3r^3 may be paired on either side with ss or r2s,r^2s, giving 222=82\cdot2\cdot2=8 pairs. The remaining 2558=1225-5-8=12 ordered pairs give valid sequences.

Thus, A is the correct answer.

21.

有多少个正整数 nn 满足:nn55 的倍数,并且 5!5!nn 的最小公倍数等于 10!10!nn 的最大公因数的 55 倍?

How many positive integers nn are there such that nn is a multiple of 5,5, and the least common multiple of 5!5! and nn equals 55 times the greatest common divisor of 10!10! and n?n?

1212

2424

3636

4848

7272

难度评级:2080
小提示:

5!=23355! = 2^3 \cdot 3 \cdot 510!=283452710! = 2^8 \cdot 3^4 \cdot 5^2 \cdot 7;比较每个质数的指数

5!=23355! = 2^3 \cdot 3 \cdot 5 and 10!=2834527;10! = 2^8 \cdot 3^4 \cdot 5^2 \cdot 7; compare exponents of each prime

大提示:

将最大公因数乘以 55 会使 55 的指数增加一;求出 nn 中每个质数指数的允许值

Multiplying the gcd by 55 raises the power of 55 by one; work out the allowed exponent of each prime in nn

解答:

n=2a3b5c7dn = 2^a 3^b 5^c 7^d \cdots。由于 5!=23355! = 2^3 \cdot 3 \cdot 5 不含其他质数,nn 只能含有 2,3,5,72, 3, 5, 7。在等式 lcm(5!,n)=5gcd(10!,n)\operatorname{lcm}(5!, n) = 5 \cdot \gcd(10!, n) 中逐个匹配质因数的指数。

对于 22max(3,a)=min(8,a)\max(3, a) = \min(8, a),所以 3a83 \le a \le 866 个值。对于 33max(1,b)=min(4,b)\max(1, b) = \min(4, b),所以 1b41 \le b \le 444 个值。

对于 55max(1,c)=1+min(2,c)\max(1, c) = 1 + \min(2, c),且 c1c \ge 1,这迫使 c=3c = 311 个值。对于 77max(0,d)=min(1,d)\max(0, d) = \min(1, d),所以 d=0d = 01122 个值。

总数为 6412=486 \cdot 4 \cdot 1 \cdot 2 = 48

因此,正确答案是 D

Write n=2a3b5c7d.n = 2^a 3^b 5^c 7^d \cdots. Since 5!=23355! = 2^3 \cdot 3 \cdot 5 has no other primes, nn can only involve 2,3,5,7.2, 3, 5, 7. Matching exponents in lcm(5!,n)=5gcd(10!,n):\operatorname{lcm}(5!, n) = 5 \cdot \gcd(10!, n):

For 2:2: max(3,a)=min(8,a),\max(3, a) = \min(8, a), so 3a83 \le a \le 8 gives 66 values. For 3:3: max(1,b)=min(4,b),\max(1, b) = \min(4, b), so 1b41 \le b \le 4 gives 44 values.

For 5:5: max(1,c)=1+min(2,c)\max(1, c) = 1 + \min(2, c) with c1,c \ge 1, which forces c=3,c = 3, giving 11 value. For 7:7: max(0,d)=min(1,d),\max(0, d) = \min(1, d), so d=0d = 0 or 1,1, giving 22 values.

The total is 6412=48.6 \cdot 4 \cdot 1 \cdot 2 = 48.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

22.

(an)(a_n)(bn)(b_n) 为实数序列,使得对所有整数 n0n \ge 0 都有 (2+i)n=an+bni(2 + i)^n = a_n + b_n i\text{,}其中 i=1i = \sqrt{-1}。求 n=0anbn7n\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{a_n b_n}{7^n}\text{?}

Let (an)(a_n) and (bn)(b_n) be the sequences of real numbers such that (2+i)n=an+bni(2 + i)^n = a_n + b_n i for all integers n0,n \ge 0, where i=1.i = \sqrt{-1}. What is n=0anbn7n?\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{a_n b_n}{7^n}?

38\dfrac{3}{8}

716\dfrac{7}{16}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

916\dfrac{9}{16}

47\dfrac{4}{7}

知识点:复数求和
难度评级:2110
小提示:

anbna_n b_n =12Im((an+bni)2)= \tfrac12 \operatorname{Im}\big((a_n + b_n i)^2\big) =12Im((2+i)2n)= \tfrac12 \operatorname{Im}\big((2 + i)^{2n}\big)

大提示:

因为 (2+i)2=3+4i(2 + i)^2 = 3 + 4i,该和变成公比为 3+4i7\dfrac{3 + 4i}{7} 的等比级数

Since (2+i)2=3+4i,(2 + i)^2 = 3 + 4i, the sum becomes a geometric series with ratio 3+4i7\dfrac{3 + 4i}{7}

解答:

因为 (an+bni)2=an2bn2+2anbni(a_n + b_n i)^2 = a_n^2 - b_n^2 + 2 a_n b_n i,所以 anbna_n b_n =12Im((2+i)2n)= \tfrac12 \operatorname{Im}\big((2 + i)^{2n}\big) =12Im((3+4i)n)= \tfrac12 \operatorname{Im}\big((3 + 4i)^n\big)

因此所求和为 12Imn=0(3+4i7)n\tfrac12 \operatorname{Im} \displaystyle\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \left(\frac{3 + 4i}{7}\right)^n =12Im ⁣(113+4i7)= \tfrac12 \operatorname{Im}\!\left(\frac{1}{1 - \frac{3 + 4i}{7}}\right)

它等于 12Im ⁣(744i)\tfrac12 \operatorname{Im}\!\left(\dfrac{7}{4 - 4i}\right) =12Im ⁣(7(4+4i)32)= \tfrac12 \operatorname{Im}\!\left(\dfrac{7(4 + 4i)}{32}\right) =122832= \tfrac12 \cdot \dfrac{28}{32} =716= \dfrac{7}{16}

因此,正确答案是 B

Since (an+bni)2=an2bn2+2anbni,(a_n + b_n i)^2 = a_n^2 - b_n^2 + 2 a_n b_n i, we have anbna_n b_n =12Im((2+i)2n)= \tfrac12 \operatorname{Im}\big((2 + i)^{2n}\big) =12Im((3+4i)n).= \tfrac12 \operatorname{Im}\big((3 + 4i)^n\big).

Therefore the sum is 12Imn=0(3+4i7)n\tfrac12 \operatorname{Im} \displaystyle\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \left(\frac{3 + 4i}{7}\right)^n =12Im ⁣(113+4i7).= \tfrac12 \operatorname{Im}\!\left(\frac{1}{1 - \frac{3 + 4i}{7}}\right).

This equals 12Im ⁣(744i)\tfrac12 \operatorname{Im}\!\left(\dfrac{7}{4 - 4i}\right) =12Im ⁣(7(4+4i)32)= \tfrac12 \operatorname{Im}\!\left(\dfrac{7(4 + 4i)}{32}\right) =122832= \tfrac12 \cdot \dfrac{28}{32} =716.= \dfrac{7}{16}.

Thus, B is the correct answer.

23.

Jason 掷三枚公平的标准六面骰。然后他查看掷出的点数,并选择一个骰子子集(可以为空,也可以是全部三枚)重新掷。重新掷后,当且仅当三枚骰子朝上点数之和恰好为 77 时,他获胜。Jason 总是采取最优策略来最大化获胜概率。他选择恰好重新掷两枚骰子的概率是多少?

Jason rolls three fair standard six-sided dice. Then he looks at the rolls and chooses a subset of the dice (possibly empty, possibly all three dice) to reroll. After rerolling, he wins if and only if the sum of the numbers face up on the three dice is exactly 7.7. Jason always plays to optimize his chances of winning. What is the probability that he chooses to reroll exactly two of the dice?

736\dfrac{7}{36}

524\dfrac{5}{24}

29\dfrac{2}{9}

1772\dfrac{17}{72}

14\dfrac{1}{4}

难度评级:2270
小提示:

比较重新掷一枚骰子(保留两枚和至多为 66 的骰子)与重新掷两枚骰子(保留一枚较小的骰子)的获胜概率

Compare the win chance from rerolling one die (keep two summing to at most 66) with rerolling two (keep one small die)

大提示:

当没有两枚骰子的和不超过 66,但最小骰子又足够小以优于重掷全部三枚时,恰好重掷两枚是最优

Rerolling exactly two is best when no two dice sum to 66 or less, yet the smallest die is small enough to beat rerolling all three

解答:

重掷一枚骰子、保留点数和为 ss 的两枚骰子时,如果 s6s \le 6,获胜概率为 16\tfrac16,否则为 00。重掷两枚骰子、保留点数为 vv 的一枚骰子时,获胜概率等于两枚骰子点数和为 7v7 - v 的方式数除以 3636;当 vv 最小时,这个概率最大。对 v=1,2,3v=1,2,3,这些概率分别是 536,436,336\tfrac5{36},\tfrac4{36},\tfrac3{36},都大于重掷全部骰子的概率 15216=572\tfrac{15}{216}=\tfrac{5}{72};对 v4v\ge4,重掷全部骰子更好。

恰好重掷两枚骰子严格最优,当且仅当最小的两枚骰子点数和至少为 77(所以重掷一枚不能达到 77),同时最小骰子的点数是 1,21, 2,或 33(所以保留它优于重掷全部三枚)。

将结果排序为 uvwu\le v\le w。当 u=1u=1 时,只有 (1,6,6)(1,6,6) 一种,排列数为 33。当 u=2u=2 时,(2,5,5),(2,5,6),(2,6,6)(2,5,5),(2,5,6),(2,6,6) 的排列数之和为 3+6+3=123+6+3=12。当 u=3u=3 时,从 {4,5,6}\{4,5,6\} 中可重复地选 v,wv,w,六个三元组的排列数之和为 3+6+6+3+6+3=273+6+6+3+6+3=27。因此在 216216 个有序结果中,有 3+12+27=423+12+27=42 个满足条件,概率为 42216=736\dfrac{42}{216} = \dfrac{7}{36}

所以 A 是正确答案。

Rerolling one die, keeping two dice that sum to s,s, wins with probability 16\tfrac16 when s6s \le 6 and 00 otherwise. Rerolling two dice, keeping a die of value v,v, wins with probability equal to the number of ways two dice sum to 7v,7 - v, over 36;36; this is largest when vv is smallest. For v=1,2,3,v=1,2,3, these probabilities are 536,436,336,\tfrac5{36},\tfrac4{36},\tfrac3{36}, all greater than the reroll-all probability 15216=572;\tfrac{15}{216}=\tfrac{5}{72}; for v4,v\ge4, rerolling all is better.

Rerolling exactly two dice is strictly best precisely when the two smallest dice sum to at least 77 (so rerolling one cannot reach 77) while the smallest die is 1,2,1, 2, or 33 (so keeping it beats rerolling all three).

Sort the roll as uvw.u\le v\le w. If u=1,u=1, the only possibility is (1,6,6),(1,6,6), with 33 orderings. If u=2,u=2, the possibilities (2,5,5),(2,5,6),(2,6,6)(2,5,5),(2,5,6),(2,6,6) have 3+6+3=123+6+3=12 orderings. If u=3,u=3, choose v,wv,w with repetition from {4,5,6};\{4,5,6\}; the six resulting triples have 3+6+6+3+6+3=273+6+6+3+6+3=27 orderings. Thus there are 3+12+27=423+12+27=42 qualifying ordered rolls out of 216,216, a probability of 42216=736.\dfrac{42}{216} = \dfrac{7}{36}.

Thus, A is the correct answer.

24.

假设 ABC\triangle ABC 是边长为 ss 的等边三角形,并且具有如下性质:三角形内部存在唯一一点 PP,使得 AP=1AP = 1BP=3BP = \sqrt{3},且 CP=2CP = 2ss 是多少?

Suppose that ABC\triangle ABC is an equilateral triangle of side length s,s, with the property that there is a unique point PP inside the triangle such that AP=1,AP = 1, BP=3,BP = \sqrt{3}, and CP=2.CP = 2. What is s?s?

1+21 + \sqrt{2}

7\sqrt{7}

83\dfrac{8}{3}

5+5\sqrt{5 + \sqrt{5}}

222\sqrt{2}

难度评级:2270
小提示:

对于等边三角形内一点到三个顶点的距离 p,q,rp, q, r 以及边长 ss,四个值满足 3(p4+q4+r4+s4)3(p^4 + q^4 + r^4 + s^4) =(p2+q2+r2+s2)2= (p^2 + q^2 + r^2 + s^2)^2

For a point at distances p,q,rp, q, r from the vertices of an equilateral triangle of side s,s, the four values satisfy 3(p4+q4+r4+s4)3(p^4 + q^4 + r^4 + s^4) =(p2+q2+r2+s2)2= (p^2 + q^2 + r^2 + s^2)^2

大提示:

代入 p2=1p^2 = 1q2=3q^2 = 3r2=4r^2 = 4,并解所得关于 s2s^2 的二次方程

Substitute p2=1,p^2 = 1, q2=3,q^2 = 3, r2=4r^2 = 4 and solve the resulting quadratic in s2s^2

解答:

等边三角形内一点到三个顶点的距离为 p,q,rp, q, r,边长为 ss 时,满足 3(p4+q4+r4+s4)3(p^4 + q^4 + r^4 + s^4) =(p2+q2+r2+s2)2= (p^2 + q^2 + r^2 + s^2)^2

p2=1p^2 = 1q2=3q^2 = 3r2=4r^2 = 4,并设 S=s2S = s^2 得到 3(26+S2)=(8+S)23(26 + S^2) = (8 + S)^2,所以 S28S+7=0S^2 - 8S + 7 = 0,从而 S=1S = 1S=7S = 7

边长为 11 的三角形不可能包含一个到某顶点距离为 22 的点,所以 S=7S = 7,于是 s=7s = \sqrt{7}

因此,正确答案是 B

A point at distances p,q,rp, q, r from the vertices of an equilateral triangle of side ss satisfies 3(p4+q4+r4+s4)3(p^4 + q^4 + r^4 + s^4) =(p2+q2+r2+s2)2.= (p^2 + q^2 + r^2 + s^2)^2.

With p2=1,p^2 = 1, q2=3,q^2 = 3, r2=4,r^2 = 4, letting S=s2S = s^2 gives 3(26+S2)=(8+S)2,3(26 + S^2) = (8 + S)^2, so S28S+7=0S^2 - 8S + 7 = 0 and S=1S = 1 or S=7.S = 7.

A triangle of side 11 cannot contain a point at distance 22 from a vertex, so S=7S = 7 and s=7.s = \sqrt{7}.

Thus, B is the correct answer.

25.

a=pqa = \dfrac{p}{q},其中 ppqq 是互质的正整数,具有如下性质:所有满足 x{x}=ax2\lfloor x \rfloor \cdot \{x\} = a \cdot x^2 的实数 xx 的和为 420420,其中 x\lfloor x \rfloor 表示不超过 xx 的最大整数,{x}=xx\{x\} = x - \lfloor x \rfloor 表示 xx 的小数部分。p+qp + q 是多少?

The number a=pq,a = \dfrac{p}{q}, where pp and qq are relatively prime positive integers, has the property that the sum of all real numbers xx satisfying x{x}=ax2\lfloor x \rfloor \cdot \{x\} = a \cdot x^2 is 420,420, where x\lfloor x \rfloor denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to xx and {x}=xx\{x\} = x - \lfloor x \rfloor denotes the fractional part of x.x. What is p+q?p + q?

245245

593593

929929

13311331

13321332

难度评级:2520
小提示:

x[n,n+1)x \in [n, n+1) 上,写 x=n\lfloor x \rfloor = n{x}=xn\{x\} = x - n 将方程化为二次方程 ax2nx+n2=0a x^2 - n x + n^2 = 0

On x[n,n+1)x \in [n, n+1) write x=n\lfloor x \rfloor = n and {x}=xn,\{x\} = x - n, turning the equation into a quadratic ax2nx+n2=0a x^2 - n x + n^2 = 0

大提示:

把除以 nn 之后的两个根参数化为 1+1u1+\dfrac1u1+u1+u;再确定哪些正整数 nn 会使某个根落在 [n,n+1)[n,n+1)

Parameterize the two roots after dividing by nn as 1+1u1+\dfrac1u and 1+u;1+u; determine which positive integers nn put a root in [n,n+1)[n,n+1)

解答:

没有负数解,而 x=0x=0 总是一个解。对 n1n\ge1x[n,n+1)x\in[n,n+1),令 y=xny=\frac{x}{n}。方程变为 ay2y+1=0ay^2-y+1=0。它的根必须为实数,所以 0<a140\lt a\le\tfrac14

若两个根为 αβ\alpha\le\beta,它们的和与积都等于 1a\frac{1}{a},所以 (α1)(β1)=1(\alpha-1)(\beta-1)=1。写成 α=1+1u,β=1+u \alpha=1+\dfrac1u,\qquad \beta=1+u 其中 u1u\ge1。此时 a=u(u+1)2a=\dfrac{u}{(u+1)^2}。根 x=nαx=n\alpha 位于 [n,n+1)[n,n+1) 中,当且仅当 n<un\lt u,而对正整数 nnnβn\beta 永远不在该区间中。

所要求的正总和保证 u>1u\gt1。令 NN 为小于 uu 的最大正整数,则 N<uN+1N\lt u\le N+1。所有解的和为 u+1uN(N+1)2=420 \dfrac{u+1}{u}\cdot\dfrac{N(N+1)}2=420\text{。}因为 u+1u\dfrac{u+1}{u}uu 递减,上述不等式给出 N(N+2)2420<(N+1)22 \dfrac{N(N+2)}2\le420\lt\dfrac{(N+1)^2}{2}\text{,}从而迫使 N=28N=28

代入得到 406u+1u=420406\cdot\dfrac{u+1}{u}=420,所以 u=29u=29。因此 a=29302=29900a=\dfrac{29}{30^2}=\dfrac{29}{900}。确实,正数解是 x=30n29x=\dfrac{30n}{29},其中 1n281\le n\le28,它们的和为 420420。所以 p+q=29+900=929p+q=29+900=929

所以 C 是正确答案。

There are no negative solutions, while x=0x=0 is always a solution. For n1n\ge1 and x[n,n+1),x\in[n,n+1), put y=xn.y=\frac{x}{n}. The equation becomes ay2y+1=0.ay^2-y+1=0. Its roots must be real, so 0<a14.0\lt a\le\tfrac14.

If the two roots are αβ,\alpha\le\beta, their sum and product are both 1a,\frac{1}{a}, so (α1)(β1)=1.(\alpha-1)(\beta-1)=1. Write α=1+1u,β=1+u \alpha=1+\dfrac1u,\qquad \beta=1+u with u1.u\ge1. Then a=u(u+1)2.a=\dfrac{u}{(u+1)^2}. The root x=nαx=n\alpha lies in [n,n+1)[n,n+1) exactly when n<u,n\lt u, while nβn\beta never lies there for a positive integer n.n.

The required positive total ensures u>1.u\gt1. Let NN be the largest positive integer less than u,u, so N<uN+1.N\lt u\le N+1. The sum of all solutions is therefore u+1uN(N+1)2=420. \dfrac{u+1}{u}\cdot\dfrac{N(N+1)}2=420. Because u+1u\dfrac{u+1}{u} decreases with u,u, these inequalities imply N(N+2)2420<(N+1)22, \dfrac{N(N+2)}2\le420\lt\dfrac{(N+1)^2}{2}, which forces N=28.N=28.

Substitution gives 406u+1u=420,406\cdot\dfrac{u+1}{u}=420, so u=29.u=29. Hence a=29302=29900.a=\dfrac{29}{30^2}=\dfrac{29}{900}. Indeed the positive solutions are x=30n29x=\dfrac{30n}{29} for 1n28,1\le n\le28, and their sum is 420.420. Therefore p+q=29+900=929.p+q=29+900=929.

Thus, C is the correct answer.