2023 AMC 12A 第 17 题

先试着解答 2023 AMC 12A 第 17 题,然后核对你的答案与精心整理的解答,解答来自 LIVE by Po-Shen Loh。你也可以参加完整限时模拟考试、查看全部 2023 AMC 12A 解答,或核对答案

所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

17.

青蛙 Flora 从数轴上的 00 出发,向右进行一系列跳跃。每次跳跃中,不受之前跳跃影响,Flora 以 12m\dfrac{1}{2^m} 的概率跳跃一个正整数距离 mm。Flora 最终会落在 1010 上的概率是多少?

Flora the frog starts at 00 on the number line and makes a sequence of jumps to the right. In any one jump, independent of previous jumps, Flora leaps a positive integer distance mm with probability 12m.\dfrac{1}{2^m}. What is the probability that Flora will eventually land at 10?10?

5512\dfrac{5}{512}

451024\dfrac{45}{1024}

1271024\dfrac{127}{1024}

5111024\dfrac{511}{1024}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

答案:E
知识点:递推概率递推
难度评级:1910
解答:

ana_n 为 Flora 曾经恰好落在 nn 上的概率,其中 a0=1a_0=1。按第一次跳跃分类, an=k=1n12kank. a_n=\sum_{k=1}^{n}\dfrac{1}{2^k}\,a_{n-k}.

n=1n=1n1n-1,并且由归纳可得,对所有 n1n\ge 1 都有 an=12a_n=\tfrac12:每个新项都是若干个先前值的加权和,而这些先前值都等于 。 an=12na0+k=1n112k12=12n+12(112n1)=12. \begin{aligned} a_n&=\frac{1}{2^n}a_0 +\sum_{k=1}^{n-1}\frac{1}{2^k}\cdot\frac12\\ &=\frac{1}{2^n} +\frac12\left(1-\frac{1}{2^{n-1}}\right)\\ &=\frac12. \end{aligned}

因此落在 1010 上的概率是 12\dfrac12

所以正确答案是 E

Let ana_n be the probability that Flora ever lands exactly on n,n, with a0=1.a_0=1. Conditioning on the first jump, an=k=1n12kank. a_n=\sum_{k=1}^{n}\dfrac{1}{2^k}\,a_{n-k}.

We prove by induction that an=12a_n=\tfrac12 for every n1.n\ge 1. The case n=1n=1 is immediate. If the claim holds through n1,n-1, then an=12na0+k=1n112k12=12n+12(112n1)=12. \begin{aligned} a_n&=\frac{1}{2^n}a_0 +\sum_{k=1}^{n-1}\frac{1}{2^k}\cdot\frac12\\ &=\frac{1}{2^n} +\frac12\left(1-\frac{1}{2^{n-1}}\right)\\ &=\frac12. \end{aligned}

Hence the probability of landing on 1010 is 12.\dfrac12.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

← 第 16 题#16
完整试卷

其他年份的第 17 题