2008 AMC 12A 第 17 题

先试着解答 2008 AMC 12A 第 17 题,然后核对你的答案与精心整理的解答,解答来自 LIVE by Po-Shen Loh。你也可以参加完整限时模拟考试、查看全部 2008 AMC 12A 解答,或核对答案。

所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

17.

整数数列 a1a_1,a2a_2,…\ldots 按如下规则确定:若 an−1a_{n-1} 为偶数,则 an=an−12a_n = \frac{a_{n-1}}{2};若 an−1a_{n-1} 为奇数,则 an=3an−1+1a_n = 3a_{n-1} + 1。有多少个正整数 a1≤2008a_1 \le 2008 满足 a1a_1 小于 a2a_2,a3a_3 和 a4a_4 中的每一个?
Let a1,a_1, a2,a_2, …\ldots be a sequence of integers determined by the rule an=an−12a_n = \frac{a_{n-1}}{2} if an−1a_{n-1} is even and an=3an−1+1a_n = 3a_{n-1} + 1 if an−1a_{n-1} is odd. For how many positive integers a1≤2008a_1 \le 2008 is it true that a1a_1 is less than each of a2,a_2, a3,a_3, and a4?a_4?
250250
251251
501501
502502
10041004
答案:D
知识点:递推模运算分类讨论
小提示:
若 a1a_1 为偶数,则 a2<a1a_2 \lt a_1,所以 a1a_1 必须是奇数。
If a1a_1 is even then a2<a1,a_2 \lt a_1, so a1a_1 must be odd
大提示:
在奇数情形中,按 a1≡1a_1 \equiv 1 或 a1≡3(mod4)a_1 \equiv 3 \pmod 4 分类。
Split the odd case according to whether a1≡1a_1 \equiv 1 or a1≡3(mod4)a_1 \equiv 3 \pmod 4
解答:
若 a1a_1 为偶数,则 a2=a12<a1a_2 = \frac{a_1}{2} \lt a_1,条件失败。
若 a1≡1(mod4)a_1 \equiv 1 \pmod 4,则 a2=3a1+1a_2 = 3a_1 + 1 是 44 的倍数,a3=3a1+12a_3 = \frac{3a_1 + 1}{2},且 a4=3a1+14≤a1a_4 = \frac{3a_1 + 1}{4} \le a_1,条件也失败。
若 a1≡3(mod4)a_1 \equiv 3 \pmod 4,则 a2a_2 为偶数但不是 44 的倍数,所以 a3=3a1+12>a1a_3 = \frac{3a_1 + 1}{2} \gt a_1,且 a3a_3 为奇数,a4=3a3+1>a3>a1a_4 = 3a_3 + 1 \gt a_3 \gt a_1。此时条件成立。
满足条件的 a1≤2008a_1 \le 2008 且 a1≡3(mod4)a_1 \equiv 3 \pmod 4 的数恰有 20084=502\tfrac{2008}{4} = 502 个。
所以正确答案是 D。
If a1a_1 is even, then a2=a12<a1,a_2 = \frac{a_1}{2} \lt a_1, so the condition fails.
If a1≡1(mod4),a_1 \equiv 1 \pmod 4, then a2=3a1+1a_2 = 3a_1 + 1 is a multiple of 4,4, so a3=3a1+12a_3 = \frac{3a_1 + 1}{2} and a4=3a1+14≤a1,a_4 = \frac{3a_1 + 1}{4} \le a_1, and again the condition fails.
If a1≡3(mod4),a_1 \equiv 3 \pmod 4, then a2a_2 is even but not a multiple of 4,4, so a3=3a1+12>a1,a_3 = \frac{3a_1 + 1}{2} \gt a_1, and a3a_3 is odd, giving a4=3a3+1>a3>a1.a_4 = 3a_3 + 1 \gt a_3 \gt a_1. The condition holds.
Exactly 20084=502\tfrac{2008}{4} = 502 values of a1≤2008a_1 \le 2008 satisfy a1≡3(mod4).a_1 \equiv 3 \pmod 4.
Thus, D is the correct answer.
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