2008 AMC 12A 真题

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1.

一家面包店老板在上午 8 ⁣: ⁣308\!:\!30 打开甜甜圈机器。到上午 11 ⁣: ⁣1011\!:\!10,机器完成了当天工作的三分之一。甜甜圈机器将在什么时间完成这项工作?

A bakery owner turns on his doughnut machine at 8 ⁣: ⁣308\!:\!30 am. At 11 ⁣: ⁣1011\!:\!10 am the machine has completed one third of the day’s job. At what time will the doughnut machine complete the job?

下午 1 ⁣: ⁣501\!:\!50

1 ⁣: ⁣501\!:\!50 pm

下午 3 ⁣: ⁣003\!:\!00

3 ⁣: ⁣003\!:\!00 pm

下午 3 ⁣: ⁣303\!:\!30

3 ⁣: ⁣303\!:\!30 pm

下午 4 ⁣: ⁣304\!:\!30

4 ⁣: ⁣304\!:\!30 pm

下午 5 ⁣: ⁣505\!:\!50

5 ⁣: ⁣505\!:\!50 pm

答案:D
知识点:比与比例日期与时间
难度评级:800
小提示:

先求完成前三分之一工作用了多长时间。

Find how long it took to finish the first third of the job

大提示:

全部工作所需时间是前三分之一所需时间的三倍。

The whole job takes three times as long as that first third

解答:

从上午 8 ⁣: ⁣308\!:\!3011 ⁣: ⁣1011\!:\!1022 小时 4040 分,也就是 160160 分钟,完成了三分之一。

整项工作需要 3160=4803 \cdot 160 = 480 分钟,即 88 小时。从 8 ⁣: ⁣308\!:\!30 再过 88 小时,得到 4 ⁣: ⁣304\!:\!30

所以正确答案是 D

From 8 ⁣: ⁣308\!:\!30 am to 11 ⁣: ⁣1011\!:\!10 am is 22 hours 4040 minutes, or 160160 minutes, to complete one third of the job.

The whole job then takes 3160=4803 \cdot 160 = 480 minutes, or 88 hours. Adding 88 hours to 8 ⁣: ⁣308\!:\!30 am gives 4 ⁣: ⁣304\!:\!30 pm.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

2.

下式的倒数是多少:12+23\dfrac{1}{2} + \dfrac{2}{3}\text{?}

What is the reciprocal of 12+23?\dfrac{1}{2} + \dfrac{2}{3}?

67\dfrac{6}{7}

76\dfrac{7}{6}

53\dfrac{5}{3}

33

72\dfrac{7}{2}

答案:A
知识点:分数
难度评级:910
小提示:

先通分相加。

Add the two fractions using a common denominator

大提示:

取倒数就是交换分子和分母。

The reciprocal swaps the numerator and denominator

解答:

先通分相加,得到 12+23=36+46=76 \dfrac{1}{2} + \dfrac{2}{3} = \dfrac{3}{6} + \dfrac{4}{6} = \dfrac{7}{6}\text{。}

76\dfrac{7}{6} 的倒数是 67\dfrac{6}{7}

所以正确答案是 A

Using a common denominator, 12+23=36+46=76. \dfrac{1}{2} + \dfrac{2}{3} = \dfrac{3}{6} + \dfrac{4}{6} = \dfrac{7}{6}.

The reciprocal of 76\dfrac{7}{6} is 67.\dfrac{6}{7}.

Thus, A is the correct answer.

3.

假设 1010 根香蕉的 23\tfrac{2}{3}88 个橙子价值相同。那么 55 根香蕉的 12\tfrac{1}{2} 与多少个橙子价值相同?

Suppose that 23\tfrac{2}{3} of 1010 bananas are worth as much as 88 oranges. How many oranges are worth as much as 12\tfrac{1}{2} of 55 bananas?

22

52\dfrac{5}{2}

33

72\dfrac{7}{2}

44

答案:C
知识点:比与比例
难度评级:1100
小提示:

先求一根香蕉相当于多少个橙子。

First find how many oranges a single banana is worth

大提示:

1010 根香蕉的 23\tfrac{2}{3}203\tfrac{20}{3} 根香蕉,相当于 88 个橙子。

23\tfrac{2}{3} of 1010 bananas is 203\tfrac{20}{3} bananas, and these equal 88 oranges

解答:

因为 1010 根香蕉的 23\tfrac{2}{3}203\tfrac{20}{3} 根,价值 88 个橙子,所以一根香蕉价值 8÷203=2420=65 8 \div \dfrac{20}{3} = \dfrac{24}{20} = \dfrac{6}{5} 个橙子。

于是 55 根香蕉的 12\tfrac{1}{2}52\tfrac{5}{2} 根香蕉,价值 5265=3 \dfrac{5}{2} \cdot \dfrac{6}{5} = 3 个橙子。

所以正确答案是 C

Since 23\tfrac{2}{3} of 1010 bananas is 203\tfrac{20}{3} bananas, worth 88 oranges, one banana is worth 8÷203=2420=65 8 \div \dfrac{20}{3} = \dfrac{24}{20} = \dfrac{6}{5} oranges.

Then 12\tfrac{1}{2} of 55 bananas is 52\tfrac{5}{2} bananas, worth 5265=3 \dfrac{5}{2} \cdot \dfrac{6}{5} = 3 oranges.

Thus, C is the correct answer.

4.

下列哪一个等于乘积:8412816124n+44n20082004 \begin{aligned} &\dfrac{8}{4} \cdot \dfrac{12}{8} \cdot \dfrac{16}{12} \\ &\quad \cdots \dfrac{4n + 4}{4n} \cdots \dfrac{2008}{2004} \end{aligned}\text{?}

Which of the following is equal to the product 8412816124n+44n20082004? \begin{aligned} &\dfrac{8}{4} \cdot \dfrac{12}{8} \cdot \dfrac{16}{12} \\ &\quad \cdots \dfrac{4n + 4}{4n} \cdots \dfrac{2008}{2004}? \end{aligned}

251251

502502

10041004

20082008

40164016

答案:B
知识点:裂项相消
难度评级:1180
小提示:

每个分母都会和前一个分数的分子约掉。

Each denominator cancels with the numerator of the previous fraction

大提示:

最后只剩最后一个分子和第一个分母。

Only the last numerator and the first denominator survive

解答:

除第一个分母外,每个分母都与前一个分数的分子相消,所以乘积化为 20084=502 \dfrac{2008}{4} = 502\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

Every denominator except the first cancels with the numerator of the preceding fraction, so the product collapses to 20084=502. \dfrac{2008}{4} = 502.

Thus, B is the correct answer.

5.

假设 2x3x6\dfrac{2x}{3} - \dfrac{x}{6} 是整数。下列关于 xx 的说法哪一个一定正确?

Suppose that 2x3x6\dfrac{2x}{3} - \dfrac{x}{6} is an integer. Which of the following statements must be true about x?x?

它是负数。

It is negative.

它是偶数,但不一定是 33 的倍数。

It is even, but not necessarily a multiple of 3.3.

它是 33 的倍数,但不一定是偶数。

It is a multiple of 3,3, but not necessarily even.

它是 66 的倍数,但不一定是 1212 的倍数。

It is a multiple of 6,6, but not necessarily a multiple of 12.12.

它是 1212 的倍数。

It is a multiple of 12.12.

答案:B
难度评级:1100
小提示:

把两个分数通分合并。

Combine the two fractions over a common denominator

大提示:

化简为 x2\dfrac{x}{2},再判断它在什么整除条件下是整数。

Simplify to x2,\dfrac{x}{2}, then decide what divisibility condition makes this an integer

解答:

通分合并可得 2x3x6=4xx6=x2 \dfrac{2x}{3} - \dfrac{x}{6} = \dfrac{4x - x}{6} = \dfrac{x}{2}\text{。}

该式为整数当且仅当 xx 是偶数。例如 x=4x = 4 是偶数但不是 33 的倍数,这就排除了其余每一个说法。

所以正确答案是 B

Combining the fractions, 2x3x6=4xx6=x2. \dfrac{2x}{3} - \dfrac{x}{6} = \dfrac{4x - x}{6} = \dfrac{x}{2}.

This is an integer exactly when xx is even. The example x=4x = 4 is even but not a multiple of 3,3, which rules out every other statement.

Thus, B is the correct answer.

6.

Heather 比较两家商店中一台新电脑的价格。A 店先按标价打 15%15\% 折扣,再返还 $90\$90;B 店对同一标价打 25%25\% 折扣,没有返还。Heather 在 A 店购买比在 B 店购买节省 $15\$15。电脑标价是多少美元?

Heather compares the price of a new computer at two different stores. Store A offers 15%15\% off the sticker price followed by a $90\$90 rebate, and store B offers 25%25\% off the same sticker price with no rebate. Heather saves $15\$15 by buying the computer at store A instead of store B. What is the sticker price of the computer, in dollars?

750750

900900

10001000

10501050

15001500

答案:A
难度评级:1270
小提示:

用标价 xx 表示两家商店的最终价格。

Write each store’s price in terms of the sticker price xx

大提示:

A 店价格比 B 店低 1515 美元。

Store A’s price is 1515 dollars less than store B’s price

解答:

设标价为 xx 美元。A 店价格为 0.85x900.85x - 90,B 店价格为 0.75x0.75x

因为 A 店便宜 1515 美元,所以 0.85x90=0.75x15 0.85x - 90 = 0.75x - 15\text{,} 从而 0.10x=750.10x = 75x=750x = 750

所以正确答案是 A

Let xx be the sticker price in dollars. Store A charges 0.85x900.85x - 90 dollars, and store B charges 0.75x0.75x dollars.

Since store A is 1515 dollars cheaper, 0.85x90=0.75x15, 0.85x - 90 = 0.75x - 15, so 0.10x=750.10x = 75 and x=750.x = 750.

Thus, A is the correct answer.

7.

Steve 和 LeRoy 在离岸 11 英里的地方钓鱼时,船漏水了,水以每分钟 1010 加仑的恒定速度进入船内。若船中进水超过 3030 加仑,船就会沉。Steve 以每小时 44 英里的恒定速度划向岸边,同时 LeRoy 把水舀出船。为了在船不沉的情况下到岸,LeRoy 最慢需要以每分钟多少加仑的速度舀水?

While Steve and LeRoy are fishing 11 mile from shore, their boat springs a leak, and water comes in at a constant rate of 1010 gallons per minute. The boat will sink if it takes in more than 3030 gallons of water. Steve starts rowing toward the shore at a constant rate of 44 miles per hour while LeRoy bails water out of the boat. What is the slowest rate, in gallons per minute, at which LeRoy can bail if they are to reach the shore without sinking?

22

44

66

88

1010

答案:D
知识点:速率单位换算
难度评级:1310
小提示:

先求到岸需要多少分钟。

Find how many minutes the trip to shore takes

大提示:

水会进入 1515 分钟,而船内最多只能剩 3030 加仑。

Water enters for 1515 minutes, and at most 3030 gallons may remain in the boat

解答:

以每小时 44 英里划 11 英里,需要 14\tfrac{1}{4} 小时,即 1515 分钟。这段时间进入 1510=15015 \cdot 10 = 150 加仑水。

船内最多剩 3030 加仑,所以 LeRoy 必须舀出 15030=120150 - 30 = 120 加仑,用时 1515 分钟,速率为 12015=8 \dfrac{120}{15} = 8 加仑每分钟。

所以正确答案是 D

Rowing 11 mile at 44 miles per hour takes 14\tfrac{1}{4} hour, or 1515 minutes. In that time 1510=15015 \cdot 10 = 150 gallons of water enter the boat.

Since at most 3030 gallons may remain, LeRoy must bail 15030=120150 - 30 = 120 gallons in 1515 minutes, a rate of 12015=8 \dfrac{120}{15} = 8 gallons per minute.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

8.

一个立方体的表面积是体积为 11 的立方体表面积的两倍。这个立方体的体积是多少?

What is the volume of a cube whose surface area is twice that of a cube with volume 1?1?

2\sqrt{2}

22

222\sqrt{2}

44

88

答案:C
难度评级:1380
小提示:

体积为 11 的立方体表面积为 66

A cube with volume 11 has surface area 66

大提示:

若较大立方体边长为 ss,则 6s2=126s^2 = 12

If the larger cube has side s,s, then 6s2=126s^2 = 12

解答:

体积为 11 的立方体边长为 11,表面积为 66。所求立方体表面积为 1212。若边长为 ss,则 6s2=126s^2 = 12,所以 s=2s = \sqrt{2}

其体积为 (2)3=22 (\sqrt{2})^3 = 2\sqrt{2}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

The cube with volume 11 has side 11 and surface area 6.6. The larger cube has surface area 12,12, so if its side is s,s, then 6s2=12,6s^2 = 12, giving s=2.s = \sqrt{2}.

Its volume is (2)3=22. (\sqrt{2})^3 = 2\sqrt{2}.

Thus, C is the correct answer.

9.

较老的电视屏幕宽高比为 4:34:3。也就是说,宽与高之比为 4:34:3。许多电影的宽高比不是 4:34:3,所以有时会用“信箱式”显示,也就是在屏幕顶部和底部加等高黑条,如图。假设一部电影宽高比为 2:12:1,在一台对角线为 2727 英寸的旧电视上播放。每条黑条的高度是多少英寸?

Older television screens have an aspect ratio of 4:3.4:3. That is, the ratio of the width to the height is 4:3.4:3. The aspect ratio of many movies is not 4:3,4:3, so they are sometimes shown on a television screen by “letterboxing” — darkening strips of equal height at the top and bottom of the screen, as shown. Suppose a movie has an aspect ratio of 2:12:1 and is shown on an older television screen with a 2727-inch diagonal. What is the height, in inches, of each darkened strip?

22

2.252.25

2.52.5

2.72.7

33

答案:D
难度评级:1410
小提示:

屏幕宽、高、对角线成 4:3:54:3:5 的比例。

The screen’s width, height, and diagonal are in ratio 4:3:54:3:5

大提示:

电影画面使用完整宽度,高度等于宽度的一半。

The lit movie region keeps the full width but has height equal to half that width

解答:

屏幕高、宽、对角线成 3:4:53:4:5,所以高度为 3527=16.2\tfrac{3}{5} \cdot 27 = 16.2 英寸,宽度为 4527=21.6\tfrac{4}{5} \cdot 27 = 21.6 英寸。

电影宽高比为 2:12:1,使用完整宽度时高度为 21.62=10.8\tfrac{21.6}{2} = 10.8 英寸。

因此每条黑条的高度为 16.210.82=2.7 \dfrac{16.2 - 10.8}{2} = 2.7 英寸。

所以正确答案是 D

Since the sides and diagonal are in ratio 3:4:5,3:4:5, the height is 3527=16.2\tfrac{3}{5} \cdot 27 = 16.2 inches and the width is 4527=21.6\tfrac{4}{5} \cdot 27 = 21.6 inches.

The movie has aspect ratio 2:1,2:1, so its height is 21.62=10.8\tfrac{21.6}{2} = 10.8 inches.

Each darkened strip therefore has height 16.210.82=2.7 \dfrac{16.2 - 10.8}{2} = 2.7 inches.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

10.

Doug 粉刷一个房间需要 55 小时。Dave 粉刷同一个房间需要 77 小时。Doug 和 Dave 一起粉刷房间,并午休一小时。设 tt 为他们完成工作所需总时间(小时),包括午饭时间。tt 满足下列哪个方程?

Doug can paint a room in 55 hours. Dave can paint the same room in 77 hours. Doug and Dave paint the room together and take a one-hour break for lunch. Let tt be the total time, in hours, required for them to complete the job working together, including lunch. Which of the following equations is satisfied by t?t?

(15+17)(t+1)=1\left(\dfrac{1}{5} + \dfrac{1}{7}\right)(t + 1) = 1

(15+17)t+1=1\left(\dfrac{1}{5} + \dfrac{1}{7}\right)t + 1 = 1

(15+17)t=1\left(\dfrac{1}{5} + \dfrac{1}{7}\right)t = 1

(15+17)(t1)=1\left(\dfrac{1}{5} + \dfrac{1}{7}\right)(t - 1) = 1

(5+7)t=1(5 + 7)t = 1

答案:D
知识点:速率一次方程
难度评级:1380
小提示:

他们一起每小时粉刷 15+17\dfrac{1}{5} + \dfrac{1}{7} 个房间。

Together they paint 15+17\dfrac{1}{5} + \dfrac{1}{7} of the room each hour

大提示:

总时间 tt 中有一小时是午饭,所以实际工作时间为 t1t - 1 小时。

Of the tt hours, one hour is lunch, so they actually work t1t - 1 hours

解答:

Doug 每小时粉刷 15\tfrac{1}{5} 个房间,Dave 每小时粉刷 17\tfrac{1}{7} 个房间,所以合速度为 15+17\tfrac{1}{5} + \tfrac{1}{7} 个房间每小时。

总时间为 tt,其中 11 小时用于午饭,所以实际工作 t1t - 1 小时。完成一个房间给出 (15+17)(t1)=1 \left(\dfrac{1}{5} + \dfrac{1}{7}\right)(t - 1) = 1\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

In one hour Doug paints 15\tfrac{1}{5} of the room and Dave paints 17,\tfrac{1}{7}, so together they paint 15+17\tfrac{1}{5} + \tfrac{1}{7} of the room per hour.

Of the total time t,t, one hour is spent at lunch, so they work for t1t - 1 hours. The fraction painted must equal 1,1, giving (15+17)(t1)=1. \left(\dfrac{1}{5} + \dfrac{1}{7}\right)(t - 1) = 1.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

11.

三个立方体都由图中展开图折成。然后把它们一个叠一个放在桌上,使 1313 个可见数字之和尽可能大。这个和是多少?

Three cubes are each formed from the pattern shown. They are then stacked on a table one on top of another so that the 1313 visible numbers have the greatest possible sum. What is that sum?

154154

159159

164164

167167

189189

答案:C
知识点:正方体最优化
难度评级:1560
小提示:

每个立方体上相对面为 1132322216164488

On each cube the opposite faces are 11 & 32,32, 22 & 16,16, and 44 & 88

大提示:

下面两个立方体各隐藏一对相对面;最上面的立方体只隐藏底面。

The two lower cubes each hide a pair of opposite faces; the top cube hides only its bottom face

解答:

每个立方体六面数字和为 1+2+4+8+16+32=631 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 32 = 63。由展开图,相对面分别是 1132322216164488

下面两个立方体各隐藏一对上下相对面,应隐藏和最小的 4+8=124 + 8 = 12。最上面立方体只隐藏底面,应隐藏 11

最大可见和为 3632121=189241=164 \begin{aligned} &3 \cdot 63 - 2 \cdot 12 - 1 \\ &= 189 - 24 - 1 \\ &= 164 \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

The six faces of each cube sum to 1+2+4+8+16+32=63.1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 32 = 63. From the pattern, the pairs of opposite faces are 11 & 32,32, 22 & 16,16, and 44 & 8.8.

Each of the two lower cubes hides a pair of opposite faces (top and bottom); hiding the pair 4+8=124 + 8 = 12 is best. The top cube hides only its bottom face, so hide the 1.1.

The greatest sum is 3632121=189241=164. \begin{aligned} &3 \cdot 63 - 2 \cdot 12 - 1 \\ &= 189 - 24 - 1 \\ &= 164. \end{aligned}

Thus, C is the correct answer.

12.

函数 ff 的定义域为 [0,2][0, 2],值域为 [0,1][0, 1]。(记号 [a,b][a, b] 表示 {x:axb}\{x : a \le x \le b\}。)那么由下式定义的函数 gg,其定义域和值域分别是什么:g(x)=1f(x+1)g(x) = 1 - f(x + 1)\text{?}

A function ff has domain [0,2][0, 2] and range [0,1].[0, 1]. (The notation [a,b][a, b] denotes {x:axb}.\{x : a \le x \le b\}.) What are the domain and range, respectively, of the function gg defined by g(x)=1f(x+1)?g(x) = 1 - f(x + 1)?

[1,1][-1, 1][1,0][-1, 0]

[1,1],[-1, 1], [1,0][-1, 0]

[1,1][-1, 1][0,1][0, 1]

[1,1],[-1, 1], [0,1][0, 1]

[0,2][0, 2][1,0][-1, 0]

[0,2],[0, 2], [1,0][-1, 0]

[1,3][1, 3][1,0][-1, 0]

[1,3],[1, 3], [1,0][-1, 0]

[1,3][1, 3][0,1][0, 1]

[1,3],[1, 3], [0,1][0, 1]

答案:B
知识点:函数
难度评级:1620
小提示:

f(x+1)f(x + 1) 有定义当且仅当 0x+120 \le x + 1 \le 2

f(x+1)f(x + 1) is defined when 0x+120 \le x + 1 \le 2

大提示:

11 中减去 f(x+1)[0,1]f(x + 1) \in [0, 1] 会把区间反向,但值域仍是 [0,1][0, 1]

Subtracting f(x+1)[0,1]f(x + 1) \in [0, 1] from 11 reverses the interval but keeps it [0,1][0, 1]

解答:

f(x+1)f(x + 1) 有定义需要 0x+120 \le x + 1 \le 2,即 1x1-1 \le x \le 1,所以 gg 的定义域为 [1,1][-1, 1]

f(x+1)f(x + 1) 取遍 [0,1][0, 1] 时,1f(x+1)1 - f(x + 1) 也取遍 [0,1][0, 1],所以 gg 的值域为 [0,1][0, 1]

所以正确答案是 B

The value f(x+1)f(x + 1) is defined when 0x+12,0 \le x + 1 \le 2, that is, 1x1,-1 \le x \le 1, so the domain of gg is [1,1].[-1, 1].

As f(x+1)f(x + 1) ranges over [0,1],[0, 1], the value 1f(x+1)1 - f(x + 1) ranges over [0,1][0, 1] as well, so the range of gg is [0,1].[0, 1].

Thus, B is the correct answer.

13.

AABB 在以 OO 为圆心的圆上,且 AOB=60\angle AOB = 60^\circ。第二个圆内切于第一个圆,并与 OAOAOBOB 都相切。小圆面积与大圆面积之比是多少?

Points AA and BB lie on a circle centered at O,O, and AOB=60.\angle AOB = 60^\circ. A second circle is internally tangent to the first and tangent to both OAOA and OB.OB. What is the ratio of the area of the smaller circle to that of the larger circle?

116\dfrac{1}{16}

19\dfrac{1}{9}

18\dfrac{1}{8}

16\dfrac{1}{6}

14\dfrac{1}{4}

答案:B
难度评级:1620
小提示:

小圆圆心在 AOB\angle AOB 的角平分线上。

The center of the small circle lies on the bisector of AOB\angle AOB

大提示:

OAOA 作半径垂线,会得到一个 3030-6060-9090 三角形,其中 OE=2rOE = 2r

Dropping a radius to OAOA makes a 3030-6060-9090 triangle in which OE=2rOE = 2r

解答:

设小圆和大圆半径分别为 rrRR,小圆圆心为 EE。由对称性,EEAOB\angle AOB 的角平分线上,所以 OEOEOAOA3030^\circ

作半径 EDED 垂直于 OAOA,得到 3030-6060-9090 三角形,所以 OE=2ED=2rOE = 2 \cdot ED = 2r。两圆内切还给出 OE=RrOE = R - r

于是 Rr=2rR - r = 2r,所以 R=3rR = 3rrR=13\tfrac{r}{R} = \tfrac{1}{3}。于是面积之比为 (13)2=19 \left(\dfrac{1}{3}\right)^2 = \dfrac{1}{9}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

Let rr and RR be the radii of the smaller and larger circles, and let EE be the center of the smaller circle. By symmetry EE lies on the bisector of AOB,\angle AOB, so OEOE makes a 3030^\circ angle with OA.OA.

Dropping the radius EDED perpendicular to OAOA gives a 3030-6060-9090 triangle with OE=2ED=2r.OE = 2 \cdot ED = 2r. Since the circles are internally tangent, OE=Rr.OE = R - r.

Then Rr=2r,R - r = 2r, so R=3rR = 3r and rR=13.\tfrac{r}{R} = \tfrac{1}{3}. The ratio of areas is (13)2=19. \left(\dfrac{1}{3}\right)^2 = \dfrac{1}{9}.

Thus, B is the correct answer.

14.

求下面不等式所定义的区域的面积:3x18+2y+73|3x - 18| + |2y + 7| \le 3\text{?}

What is the area of the region defined by the inequality 3x18+2y+73?|3x - 18| + |2y + 7| \le 3?

33

72\dfrac{7}{2}

44

92\dfrac{9}{2}

55

答案:A
难度评级:1660
小提示:

该区域是以 3x18=03x - 18 = 02y+7=02y + 7 = 0 的交点为中心的菱形。

The region is a rhombus centered where 3x18=03x - 18 = 0 and 2y+7=02y + 7 = 0

大提示:

它的水平对角线满足 x[5,7]x \in [5, 7],竖直对角线满足 y[5,2]y \in [-5, -2]

Its horizontal diagonal spans x[5,7]x \in [5, 7] and its vertical diagonal spans y[5,2]y \in [-5, -2]

解答:

该区域是以 (6,72)\left(6, -\tfrac{7}{2}\right) 为中心的菱形。令 2y+7=02y + 7 = 0,得 3x183|3x - 18| \le 3,所以 x[5,7]x \in [5, 7],水平对角线长 22

3x18=03x - 18 = 0,得 2y+73|2y + 7| \le 3,所以 y[5,2]y \in [-5, -2],竖直对角线长 33

菱形面积为对角线乘积的一半,即 1223=3 \dfrac{1}{2} \cdot 2 \cdot 3 = 3\text{。}

所以正确答案是 A

The region is a rhombus centered at (6,72).\left(6, -\tfrac{7}{2}\right). Setting 2y+7=02y + 7 = 0 gives 3x183,|3x - 18| \le 3, so x[5,7],x \in [5, 7], a horizontal diagonal of length 2.2.

Setting 3x18=03x - 18 = 0 gives 2y+73,|2y + 7| \le 3, so y[5,2],y \in [-5, -2], a vertical diagonal of length 3.3.

The area of the rhombus is half the product of its diagonals, 1223=3. \dfrac{1}{2} \cdot 2 \cdot 3 = 3.

Thus, A is the correct answer.

15.

k=20082+22008k = 2008^2 + 2^{2008}k2+2kk^2 + 2^k 的个位数字是多少?

Let k=20082+22008.k = 2008^2 + 2^{2008}. What is the units digit of k2+2k?k^2 + 2^k?

00

22

44

66

88

答案:D
难度评级:1740
小提示:

2n2^n 的个位数字按 2,4,8,62, 4, 8, 6 循环,周期为 44

The units digit of 2n2^n cycles 2,4,8,62, 4, 8, 6 with period 44

大提示:

先求 kk 的个位数字,再注意 kk44 的倍数。

Find the units digit of kk first, then note that kk is a multiple of 44

解答:

200822008^2 的个位数字为 44。因为 2008200844 的倍数,220082^{2008} 的个位数字为 66。所以 kk 的个位数字为 00,从而 k2k^2 的个位数字也为零。

200822008^2220082^{2008} 都是 44 的倍数,故 kk44 的倍数,因此 2k2^k 的个位数字为 66

因此 k2+2kk^2 + 2^k 的个位数字为 0+6=60 + 6 = 6

所以正确答案是 D

The units digit of 200822008^2 is 4.4. Since 20082008 is a multiple of 4,4, the units digit of 220082^{2008} is 6.6. Thus kk has units digit 0,0, and so does k2.k^2.

Both 200822008^2 and 220082^{2008} are multiples of 4,4, so kk is a multiple of 4.4. Therefore the units digit of 2k2^k is 6.6.

The units digit of k2+2kk^2 + 2^k is then 0+6=6.0 + 6 = 6.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

16.

log(a3b7)\log(a^3 b^7)log(a5b12)\log(a^5 b^{12})log(a8b15)\log(a^8 b^{15}) 是一个等差数列的前三项,且该数列第 1212 项为 log(bn)\log(b^n)nn 是多少?

The numbers log(a3b7),\log(a^3 b^7), log(a5b12),\log(a^5 b^{12}), and log(a8b15)\log(a^8 b^{15}) are the first three terms of an arithmetic sequence, and the 1212th term of the sequence is log(bn).\log(b^n). What is n?n?

4040

5656

7676

112112

143143

答案:D
知识点:等差数列对数
难度评级:1800
小提示:

把每一项写成 ploga+qlogbp \log a + q \log b,并令相邻差相等。

Write each term as ploga+qlogbp \log a + q \log b and set the consecutive differences equal

大提示:

相邻差相等迫使 loga=2logb\log a = 2 \log b,从而每项都化为 logb\log b 的倍数。

Equal differences force loga=2logb,\log a = 2 \log b, reducing every term to a multiple of logb\log b

解答:

三项分别为 3loga+7logb3\log a + 7\log b5loga+12logb5\log a + 12\log b8loga+15logb8\log a + 15\log b。令相邻两项之差相等,得 2loga+5logb=3loga+3logb \begin{aligned} &2\log a + 5\log b \\ &= 3\log a + 3\log b \end{aligned}\text{,} 所以 loga=2logb\log a = 2\log b

于是第一项为 (32+7)logb=13logb(3 \cdot 2 + 7)\log b = 13\log b,公差为 (22+5)logb=9logb(2 \cdot 2 + 5)\log b = 9\log b

1212 项为 (13+119)logb=112logb=log(b112) \begin{aligned} (13 + 11 \cdot 9)\log b &= 112\log b \\ &= \log(b^{112}) \end{aligned}\text{,} 所以 n=112n = 112

所以正确答案是 D

The three terms are 3loga+7logb,3\log a + 7\log b, 5loga+12logb,5\log a + 12\log b, and 8loga+15logb.8\log a + 15\log b. Setting the two consecutive differences equal, 2loga+5logb=3loga+3logb, \begin{aligned} &2\log a + 5\log b \\ &= 3\log a + 3\log b, \end{aligned} so loga=2logb.\log a = 2\log b.

The first term is then (32+7)logb=13logb,(3 \cdot 2 + 7)\log b = 13\log b, and the common difference is (22+5)logb=9logb.(2 \cdot 2 + 5)\log b = 9\log b.

The 1212th term is (13+119)logb=112logb=log(b112), \begin{aligned} (13 + 11 \cdot 9)\log b &= 112\log b \\ &= \log(b^{112}), \end{aligned} so n=112.n = 112.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

17.

整数数列 a1a_1a2a_2\ldots 按如下规则确定:若 an1a_{n-1} 为偶数,则 an=an12a_n = \frac{a_{n-1}}{2};若 an1a_{n-1} 为奇数,则 an=3an1+1a_n = 3a_{n-1} + 1。有多少个正整数 a12008a_1 \le 2008 满足 a1a_1 小于 a2a_2a3a_3a4a_4 中的每一个?

Let a1,a_1, a2,a_2, \ldots be a sequence of integers determined by the rule an=an12a_n = \frac{a_{n-1}}{2} if an1a_{n-1} is even and an=3an1+1a_n = 3a_{n-1} + 1 if an1a_{n-1} is odd. For how many positive integers a12008a_1 \le 2008 is it true that a1a_1 is less than each of a2,a_2, a3,a_3, and a4?a_4?

250250

251251

501501

502502

10041004

答案:D
难度评级:1870
小提示:

a1a_1 为偶数,则 a2<a1a_2 \lt a_1,所以 a1a_1 必须是奇数。

If a1a_1 is even then a2<a1,a_2 \lt a_1, so a1a_1 must be odd

大提示:

在奇数情形中,按 a11a_1 \equiv 1a13(mod4)a_1 \equiv 3 \pmod 4 分类。

Split the odd case according to whether a11a_1 \equiv 1 or a13(mod4)a_1 \equiv 3 \pmod 4

解答:

a1a_1 为偶数,则 a2=a12<a1a_2 = \frac{a_1}{2} \lt a_1,条件失败。

a11(mod4)a_1 \equiv 1 \pmod 4,则 a2=3a1+1a_2 = 3a_1 + 144 的倍数,a3=3a1+12a_3 = \frac{3a_1 + 1}{2},且 a4=3a1+14a1a_4 = \frac{3a_1 + 1}{4} \le a_1,条件也失败。

a13(mod4)a_1 \equiv 3 \pmod 4,则 a2a_2 为偶数但不是 44 的倍数,所以 a3=3a1+12>a1a_3 = \frac{3a_1 + 1}{2} \gt a_1,且 a3a_3 为奇数,a4=3a3+1>a3>a1a_4 = 3a_3 + 1 \gt a_3 \gt a_1。此时条件成立。

满足条件的 a12008a_1 \le 2008a13(mod4)a_1 \equiv 3 \pmod 4 的数恰有 20084=502\tfrac{2008}{4} = 502 个。

所以正确答案是 D

If a1a_1 is even, then a2=a12<a1,a_2 = \frac{a_1}{2} \lt a_1, so the condition fails.

If a11(mod4),a_1 \equiv 1 \pmod 4, then a2=3a1+1a_2 = 3a_1 + 1 is a multiple of 4,4, so a3=3a1+12a_3 = \frac{3a_1 + 1}{2} and a4=3a1+14a1,a_4 = \frac{3a_1 + 1}{4} \le a_1, and again the condition fails.

If a13(mod4),a_1 \equiv 3 \pmod 4, then a2a_2 is even but not a multiple of 4,4, so a3=3a1+12>a1,a_3 = \frac{3a_1 + 1}{2} \gt a_1, and a3a_3 is odd, giving a4=3a3+1>a3>a1.a_4 = 3a_3 + 1 \gt a_3 \gt a_1. The condition holds.

Exactly 20084=502\tfrac{2008}{4} = 502 values of a12008a_1 \le 2008 satisfy a13(mod4).a_1 \equiv 3 \pmod 4.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

18.

边长为 556677 的三角形 ABCABC 有一个顶点在正 xx-轴上,一个顶点在正 yy-轴上,一个顶点在正 zz-轴上。设 OO 为原点。四面体 OABCOABC 的体积是多少?

Triangle ABC,ABC, with sides of length 5,5, 6,6, and 7,7, has one vertex on the positive xx-axis, one on the positive yy-axis, and one on the positive zz-axis. Let OO be the origin. What is the volume of tetrahedron OABC?OABC?

85\sqrt{85}

90\sqrt{90}

95\sqrt{95}

1010

105\sqrt{105}

答案:C
难度评级:1910
小提示:

令三个顶点为 (a,0,0)(a, 0, 0)(0,b,0)(0, b, 0)(0,0,c)(0, 0, c),写出三个边长方程。

Let the vertices be (a,0,0),(a, 0, 0), (0,b,0),(0, b, 0), (0,0,c)(0, 0, c) and write the three side-length equations

大提示:

三个方程相加得到 a2+b2+c2a^2 + b^2 + c^2,而体积为 16abc\tfrac{1}{6}abc

Adding the three equations gives a2+b2+c2,a^2 + b^2 + c^2, and the volume is 16abc\tfrac{1}{6}abc

解答:

A=(a,0,0)A = (a, 0, 0)B=(0,b,0)B = (0, b, 0)C=(0,0,c)C = (0, 0, c)。于是 a2+b2=25,b2+c2=36,a2+c2=49 \begin{aligned} a^2 + b^2 &= 25, \\ b^2 + c^2 &= 36, \\ a^2 + c^2 &= 49 \end{aligned}\text{。}

将三个边长方程相加得 a2+b2+c2=55a^2 + b^2 + c^2 = 55,所以 a2=19a^2 = 19b2=6b^2 = 6c2=30c^2 = 30

体积为 16abc=1619630=163420=95 \begin{aligned} \dfrac{1}{6}abc &= \dfrac{1}{6}\sqrt{19 \cdot 6 \cdot 30} \\ &= \dfrac{1}{6}\sqrt{3420} \\ &= \sqrt{95} \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

Let A=(a,0,0),A = (a, 0, 0), B=(0,b,0),B = (0, b, 0), C=(0,0,c).C = (0, 0, c). Assigning the sides, a2+b2=25,b2+c2=36,a2+c2=49. \begin{aligned} a^2 + b^2 &= 25, \\ b^2 + c^2 &= 36, \\ a^2 + c^2 &= 49. \end{aligned}

Adding gives a2+b2+c2=55,a^2 + b^2 + c^2 = 55, so a2=19,a^2 = 19, b2=6,b^2 = 6, and c2=30.c^2 = 30.

The volume is 16abc=1619630=163420=95. \begin{aligned} \dfrac{1}{6}abc &= \dfrac{1}{6}\sqrt{19 \cdot 6 \cdot 30} \\ &= \dfrac{1}{6}\sqrt{3420} \\ &= \sqrt{95}. \end{aligned}

Thus, C is the correct answer.

19.

在展开式 (1+x+x2++x27)(1+x+x2++x14)2 \begin{aligned} &\left(1 + x + x^2 + \cdots + x^{27}\right) \\ &\quad {}\cdot \left(1 + x + x^2 + \cdots + x^{14}\right)^2\text{,} \end{aligned} 中,x28x^{28} 的系数是多少?

In the expansion of (1+x+x2++x27)(1+x+x2++x14)2, \begin{aligned} &\left(1 + x + x^2 + \cdots + x^{27}\right) \\ &\quad {}\cdot \left(1 + x + x^2 + \cdots + x^{14}\right)^2, \end{aligned} what is the coefficient of x28?x^{28}?

195195

196196

224224

378378

405405

答案:C
难度评级:1930
小提示:

一项形如 xa+b+cx^{a+b+c},其中 0a270 \le a \le 270b,c140 \le b, c \le 14

A term has the form xa+b+cx^{a+b+c} with 0a270 \le a \le 27 and 0b,c140 \le b, c \le 14

大提示:

(b,c)(b, c)15215^2 种选择,除了 b=c=0b = c = 0 外,都有唯一有效的 aa

For each of the 15215^2 pairs (b,c),(b, c), there is a unique valid a,a, except when b=c=0b = c = 0

解答:

每项为 xa+b+cx^{a + b + c},其中 0a270 \le a \le 270b,c140 \le b, c \le 14。要得到 x28x^{28},必须有 a=28bca = 28 - b - c

(b,c)(b, c)(14+1)2=225(14 + 1)^2 = 225 种选择。除了 (b,c)=(0,0)(b, c) = (0, 0) 外,所需的 a=28bca = 28 - b - c 都在 [0,27][0, 27] 中。

因此 x28x^{28} 的系数为 2251=224225 - 1 = 224

所以正确答案是 C

Each term is xa+b+cx^{a + b + c} with 0a270 \le a \le 27 and 0b,c14.0 \le b, c \le 14. To get x28x^{28} we need a=28bc.a = 28 - b - c.

There are (14+1)2=225(14 + 1)^2 = 225 choices for (b,c).(b, c). For every choice except (b,c)=(0,0),(b, c) = (0, 0), the required a=28bca = 28 - b - c lies in [0,27],[0, 27], giving a valid term.

The coefficient of x28x^{28} is therefore 2251=224.225 - 1 = 224.

Thus, C is the correct answer.

20.

三角形 ABCABC 中,AC=3AC = 3BC=4BC = 4AB=5AB = 5。点 DDABAB 上,且 CDCD 平分直角。ADC\triangle ADCBCD\triangle BCD 的内切圆半径分别为 rar_arbr_b,求 rarb\frac{r_a}{r_b}

Triangle ABCABC has AC=3,AC = 3, BC=4,BC = 4, and AB=5.AB = 5. Point DD is on AB,AB, and CDCD bisects the right angle. The inscribed circles of ADC\triangle ADC and BCD\triangle BCD have radii rar_a and rb,r_b, respectively. What is rarb?\frac{r_a}{r_b}?

128(102)\dfrac{1}{28}(10 - \sqrt{2})

356(102)\dfrac{3}{56}(10 - \sqrt{2})

114(102)\dfrac{1}{14}(10 - \sqrt{2})

556(102)\dfrac{5}{56}(10 - \sqrt{2})

328(102)\dfrac{3}{28}(10 - \sqrt{2})

答案:E
难度评级:2100
小提示:

由角平分线定理,AD:DB=CA:CB=3:4AD:DB = CA:CB = 3:4

By the Angle Bisector Theorem, AD:DB=CA:CB=3:4AD:DB = CA:CB = 3:4

大提示:

对每个小三角形使用 r=面积sr = \frac{\text{面积}}{s};两个三角形共享底边 CDCD

For each small triangle r=areas;r = \frac{\text{area}}{s}; the two triangles share the base CDCD

解答:

由角平分线定理,AD:DB=CA:CB=3:4AD:DB = CA:CB = 3:4,所以 AD=157AD = \tfrac{15}{7}BD=207BD = \tfrac{20}{7}。两个小三角形 ADC\triangle ADCBCD\triangle BCD 共用底边 CDCD,面积比为 3:43:4,面积分别为 187\tfrac{18}{7}247\tfrac{24}{7}

ABC\triangle ABC 沿 CDCD 分割,该线段与两条直角边都成 4545^\circ,于是 3CD22+4CD22=6 \dfrac{3 \cdot CD}{2\sqrt{2}} + \dfrac{4 \cdot CD}{2\sqrt{2}} = 6\text{,} 所以 CD=1227CD = \tfrac{12\sqrt{2}}{7}

两个三角形的半周长分别为 sa=67(3+2),sb=67(4+2) \begin{aligned} s_a &= \dfrac{6}{7}(3 + \sqrt{2}), \\ s_b &= \dfrac{6}{7}(4 + \sqrt{2}) \end{aligned}\text{。} 利用 r=面积sr = \frac{\text{面积}}{s},可得 rarb=[ADC][BCD]sbsa=344+23+2 \begin{aligned} \dfrac{r_a}{r_b} &= \dfrac{[ADC]}{[BCD]} \cdot \dfrac{s_b}{s_a} \\ &= \dfrac{3}{4} \cdot \dfrac{4 + \sqrt{2}}{3 + \sqrt{2}} \end{aligned}\text{,}

有理化得 4+23+2=1027\dfrac{4 + \sqrt{2}}{3 + \sqrt{2}} = \dfrac{10 - \sqrt{2}}{7},因此 rarb=341027=328(102) \begin{aligned} \dfrac{r_a}{r_b} &= \dfrac{3}{4} \cdot \dfrac{10 - \sqrt{2}}{7} \\ &= \dfrac{3}{28}(10 - \sqrt{2}) \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 E

By the Angle Bisector Theorem, AD:DB=CA:CB=3:4,AD:DB = CA:CB = 3:4, so AD=157AD = \tfrac{15}{7} and BD=207.BD = \tfrac{20}{7}. The areas of ADC\triangle ADC and BCD\triangle BCD share base CD,CD, so they are in ratio 3:4,3:4, namely 187\tfrac{18}{7} and 247.\tfrac{24}{7}.

Splitting ABC\triangle ABC along CD,CD, which meets each leg at 45,45^\circ, gives 3CD22+4CD22=6, \dfrac{3 \cdot CD}{2\sqrt{2}} + \dfrac{4 \cdot CD}{2\sqrt{2}} = 6, so CD=1227.CD = \tfrac{12\sqrt{2}}{7}.

The two semiperimeters are sa=67(3+2),sb=67(4+2). \begin{aligned} s_a &= \dfrac{6}{7}(3 + \sqrt{2}), \\ s_b &= \dfrac{6}{7}(4 + \sqrt{2}). \end{aligned} Using r=areas,r = \frac{\text{area}}{s}, rarb=[ADC][BCD]sbsa=344+23+2, \begin{aligned} \dfrac{r_a}{r_b} &= \dfrac{[ADC]}{[BCD]} \cdot \dfrac{s_b}{s_a} \\ &= \dfrac{3}{4} \cdot \dfrac{4 + \sqrt{2}}{3 + \sqrt{2}}, \end{aligned}

Rationalizing, 4+23+2=1027,\dfrac{4 + \sqrt{2}}{3 + \sqrt{2}} = \dfrac{10 - \sqrt{2}}{7}, so rarb=341027=328(102). \begin{aligned} \dfrac{r_a}{r_b} &= \dfrac{3}{4} \cdot \dfrac{10 - \sqrt{2}}{7} \\ &= \dfrac{3}{28}(10 - \sqrt{2}). \end{aligned}

Thus, E is the correct answer.

21.

排列 (a1,a2,a3,a4,a5)(a_1, a_2, a_3, a_4, a_5)(1,2,3,4,5)(1, 2, 3, 4, 5) 的一个排列。若 a1+a2<a4+a5a_1 + a_2 \lt a_4 + a_5,称它为尾重排列。尾重排列有多少个?

A permutation (a1,a2,a3,a4,a5)(a_1, a_2, a_3, a_4, a_5) of (1,2,3,4,5)(1, 2, 3, 4, 5) is heavy-tailed if a1+a2<a4+a5.a_1 + a_2 \lt a_4 + a_5. What is the number of heavy-tailed permutations?

3636

4040

4444

4848

5252

答案:D
难度评级:2050
小提示:

由对称性,a1+a2<a4+a5a_1 + a_2 \lt a_4 + a_5a1+a2>a4+a5a_1 + a_2 \gt a_4 + a_5 出现次数相同。

By symmetry, a1+a2<a4+a5a_1 + a_2 \lt a_4 + a_5 and a1+a2>a4+a5a_1 + a_2 \gt a_4 + a_5 occur equally often

大提示:

先数平衡排列 a1+a2=a4+a5a_1 + a_2 = a_4 + a_5;此时 a3{1,3,5}a_3 \in \{1, 3, 5\}

Count the balanced permutations a1+a2=a4+a5;a_1 + a_2 = a_4 + a_5; here a3{1,3,5}a_3 \in \{1, 3, 5\}

解答:

称满足 a1+a2=a4+a5a_1 + a_2 = a_4 + a_5 的排列为平衡排列。把排列反向会交换两种严格不等的情形,所以尾重排列与头重排列的个数相同。

总和 1+2+3+4+5=151 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15 是奇数,所以在平衡排列中 a3a_3 必须是奇数,即 1,3,51, 3, 5 之一。对每种选择,剩下的四个数唯一地分成两组和相等的数对。

这四个数中任何一个都可以作 a1a_1(于是 a2a_2 随之确定),剩下两个数中任何一个都可以作 a4a_4(于是 a5a_5 随之确定),共得 342=243 \cdot 4 \cdot 2 = 24 个平衡排列。

非平衡排列有 12024=96120 - 24 = 96 个,两种严格不等情形各占一半,所以有 962=48\tfrac{96}{2} = 48 个尾重排列。

所以正确答案是 D

Call a permutation balanced if a1+a2=a4+a5.a_1 + a_2 = a_4 + a_5. Reversing the entries swaps the two strict cases, so heavy-tailed and heavy-headed permutations are equally numerous.

The total 1+2+3+4+5=151 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15 is odd, so in a balanced permutation a3a_3 must be odd, one of 1,3,5.1, 3, 5. For each choice, the remaining four numbers split uniquely into two equal-sum pairs.

Any of the four can be a1a_1 (fixing a2a_2), and either remaining number can be a4a_4 (fixing a5a_5), giving 342=243 \cdot 4 \cdot 2 = 24 balanced permutations.

The other 12024=96120 - 24 = 96 permutations split evenly, so there are 962=48\tfrac{96}{2} = 48 heavy-tailed permutations.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

22.

一个圆桌半径为 44。桌上放置六个矩形餐垫。每个餐垫宽 11、长 xx,如图。每个餐垫有两个角在桌边上,这两个角是同一条长为 xx 的边的端点。此外,餐垫的位置使得每个内侧角都与相邻餐垫的一个内侧角接触。求 xx

A round table has radius 4.4. Six rectangular place mats are placed on the table. Each place mat has width 11 and length xx as shown. They are positioned so that each mat has two corners on the edge of the table, these two corners being endpoints of the same side of length x.x. Further, the mats are positioned so that the inner corners each touch an inner corner of an adjacent mat. What is x?x?

2532\sqrt{5} - \sqrt{3}

33

3732\dfrac{3\sqrt{7} - \sqrt{3}}{2}

232\sqrt{3}

5+232\dfrac{5 + 2\sqrt{3}}{2}

答案:C
难度评级:2120
小提示:

对一个餐垫,设 P,QP, Q 为外侧角,RR 为与 PP 直径相对的点;则 PQR\triangle PQR 是直角三角形且 PR=8PR = 8

For one mat, let P,QP, Q be its outer corners and RR the point diametrically opposite P;P; then PQR\triangle PQR is right-angled with PR=8PR = 8

大提示:

内侧角形成顶角 120120^\circ 的等腰三角形,贡献长度 3x\sqrt{3}\,x

The inner corners form isosceles triangles with vertex angle 120,120^\circ, contributing a segment of length 3x\sqrt{3}\,x

解答:

取一个餐垫,外侧两角为 PPQQ,令 RR 是圆桌边上与 PP 直径相对的点。则 PR=8PR = 8 为直径,所以 PQR\triangle PQRQQ 处为直角,且 PQ=xPQ = x

沿 QRQR 方向,相邻餐垫的内角形成两边长为 xx、顶角为 120120^\circ 的等腰三角形,其底边为 3x\sqrt{3}\,x。因此 QR=3x+2QR = \sqrt{3}\,x + 2

勾股定理给出 x2+(3x+2)2=64 x^2 + \left(\sqrt{3}\,x + 2\right)^2 = 64\text{,} 化简为 x2+3x15=0x^2 + \sqrt{3}\,x - 15 = 0

取正根, x=3+632=3732 x = \dfrac{-\sqrt{3} + \sqrt{63}}{2} = \dfrac{3\sqrt{7} - \sqrt{3}}{2}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

Take one mat with outer corners PP and Q,Q, and let RR be the point of the table’s edge diametrically opposite P.P. Then PR=8PR = 8 is a diameter, so PQR\triangle PQR has a right angle at Q,Q, with PQ=x.PQ = x.

Along QR,QR, the inner corners of neighboring mats meet in an isosceles triangle with two sides of length xx and vertex angle 120,120^\circ, whose base is 3x.\sqrt{3}\,x. Hence QR=3x+2.QR = \sqrt{3}\,x + 2.

The Pythagorean Theorem gives x2+(3x+2)2=64, x^2 + \left(\sqrt{3}\,x + 2\right)^2 = 64, which simplifies to x2+3x15=0.x^2 + \sqrt{3}\,x - 15 = 0.

Taking the positive root, x=3+632=3732. x = \dfrac{-\sqrt{3} + \sqrt{63}}{2} = \dfrac{3\sqrt{7} - \sqrt{3}}{2}.

Thus, C is the correct answer.

23.

方程 z4+4z3i6z24zii=0z^4 + 4z^3 i - 6z^2 - 4zi - i = 0 的解是复平面中一个凸多边形的顶点。该多边形面积是多少?

The solutions of the equation z4+4z3i6z24zii=0z^4 + 4z^3 i - 6z^2 - 4zi - i = 0 are the vertices of a convex polygon in the complex plane. What is the area of the polygon?

2582^{\frac{5}{8}}

2342^{\frac{3}{4}}

22

2542^{\frac{5}{4}}

2322^{\frac{3}{2}}

答案:D
难度评级:2240
小提示:

两边加上 1+i1 + i,识别一个四次幂。

Add 1+i1 + i to both sides to recognize a perfect fourth power

大提示:

z+iz + i 的四个值等距分布在半径 2182^{\frac{1}{8}} 的圆上,形成一个正方形。

The four values of z+iz + i lie equally spaced on a circle of radius 218,2^{\frac{1}{8}}, forming a square

解答:

两边加上 1+i1 + i,左边变为 z4+4z3i6z24zi+1=(z+i)4 \begin{aligned} &z^4 + 4z^3 i - 6z^2 - 4zi + 1 \\ &= (z + i)^4 \end{aligned}\text{,} 所以 (z+i)4=1+i(z + i)^4 = 1 + i

w=z+iw = z + i。四个解等距分布在半径 1+i14=(212)14=218|1 + i|^{\frac{1}{4}} = (2^{\frac{1}{2}})^{\frac{1}{4}} = 2^{\frac{1}{8}} 的圆上,形成正方形;减去 ii 只会平移图形。

该正方形的外接圆半径为 2182^{\frac{1}{8}},所以对角线为 2218=2982 \cdot 2^{\frac{1}{8}} = 2^{\frac{9}{8}},边长为 2982=258\tfrac{2^{\frac{9}{8}}}{\sqrt{2}} = 2^{\frac{5}{8}}

面积为 (258)2=254 \left(2^{\frac{5}{8}}\right)^2 = 2^{\frac{5}{4}}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

Adding 1+i1 + i to both sides, the left side becomes z4+4z3i6z24zi+1=(z+i)4, \begin{aligned} &z^4 + 4z^3 i - 6z^2 - 4zi + 1 \\ &= (z + i)^4, \end{aligned} so (z+i)4=1+i.(z + i)^4 = 1 + i.

The four solutions for w=z+iw = z + i are equally spaced on a circle of radius 1+i14=(212)14=218,|1 + i|^{\frac{1}{4}} = (2^{\frac{1}{2}})^{\frac{1}{4}} = 2^{\frac{1}{8}}, and they form a square. Subtracting ii merely translates it.

A square inscribed in a circle of radius 2182^{\frac{1}{8}} has diagonal 2218=298,2 \cdot 2^{\frac{1}{8}} = 2^{\frac{9}{8}}, so its side is 2982=258.\tfrac{2^{\frac{9}{8}}}{\sqrt{2}} = 2^{\frac{5}{8}}.

The area is (258)2=254. \left(2^{\frac{5}{8}}\right)^2 = 2^{\frac{5}{4}}.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

24.

三角形 ABCABC 中,C=60\angle C = 60^\circBC=4BC = 4。点 DDBCBC 的中点。求 tan(BAD)\tan(\angle BAD) 的最大可能值。

Triangle ABCABC has C=60\angle C = 60^\circ and BC=4.BC = 4. Point DD is the midpoint of BC.BC. What is the largest possible value of tan(BAD)?\tan(\angle BAD)?

36\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{6}

33\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{3}

322\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2\sqrt{2}}

3423\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{4\sqrt{2} - 3}

11

答案:D
难度评级:2380
小提示:

C=(0,0)C = (0, 0)B=(2,23)B = (2, 2\sqrt{3})A=(x,0)A = (x, 0),其中 x>0x \gt 0

Place C=(0,0),C = (0, 0), B=(2,23),B = (2, 2\sqrt{3}), and A=(x,0)A = (x, 0) with x>0x \gt 0

大提示:

由斜率可得 tan(BAD)=3xx23x+8\tan(\angle BAD) = \dfrac{\sqrt{3}\,x}{x^2 - 3x + 8},再对 xx 最大化。

Using slopes gives tan(BAD)=3xx23x+8;\tan(\angle BAD) = \dfrac{\sqrt{3}\,x}{x^2 - 3x + 8}; maximize over xx

解答:

C=(0,0)C = (0, 0)B=(2,23)B = (2, 2\sqrt{3}),使 C=60\angle C = 60^\circBC=4BC = 4,令 A=(x,0)A = (x, 0),其中 x>0x \gt 0。则 D=(1,3)D = (1, \sqrt{3})BCBC 的中点。

向量 AB=(2x,23)\overrightarrow{AB} = (2-x, 2\sqrt{3})AD=(1x,3)\overrightarrow{AD} = (1-x, \sqrt{3}) 的叉积的模为 3x\sqrt{3}\,x,点积为 x23x+8x^2 - 3x + 8,后者恒为正。因此 tan(BAD)=3xx23x+8 \tan(\angle BAD) = \dfrac{\sqrt{3}\,x}{x^2 - 3x + 8}\text{。}

导数的符号与 8x28-x^2 相同,所以唯一的最大值在 x=22x = 2\sqrt{2} 处取得。代入得 tan(BAD)=261662=6832=3423 \begin{aligned} \tan(\angle BAD) &= \dfrac{2\sqrt{6}}{16 - 6\sqrt{2}} \\ &= \dfrac{\sqrt{6}}{8 - 3\sqrt{2}} \\ &= \dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{4\sqrt{2} - 3} \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

Place C=(0,0),C = (0, 0), B=(2,23)B = (2, 2\sqrt{3}) so that C=60\angle C = 60^\circ and BC=4,BC = 4, and let A=(x,0)A = (x, 0) with x>0.x \gt 0. Then D=(1,3)D = (1, \sqrt{3}) is the midpoint of BC.BC.

The vectors AB=(2x,23)\overrightarrow{AB} = (2-x, 2\sqrt{3}) and AD=(1x,3)\overrightarrow{AD} = (1-x, \sqrt{3}) have cross-product magnitude 3x\sqrt{3}\,x and dot product x23x+8,x^2 - 3x + 8, which is always positive. Hence tan(BAD)=3xx23x+8. \tan(\angle BAD) = \dfrac{\sqrt{3}\,x}{x^2 - 3x + 8}.

The derivative has the sign of 8x2,8-x^2, so the unique maximum occurs at x=22.x = 2\sqrt{2}. Substituting, tan(BAD)=261662=6832=3423. \begin{aligned} \tan(\angle BAD) &= \dfrac{2\sqrt{6}}{16 - 6\sqrt{2}} \\ &= \dfrac{\sqrt{6}}{8 - 3\sqrt{2}} \\ &= \dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{4\sqrt{2} - 3}. \end{aligned}

Thus, D is the correct answer.

25.

坐标平面中的点列 (a1,b1)(a_1, b_1)(a2,b2)(a_2, b_2)(a3,b3)(a_3, b_3)\ldots 满足 (an+1,bn+1)=(3anbn,  3bn+an)(n=1,2,3,) \begin{aligned} &(a_{n+1}, b_{n+1}) \\ &= \left(\sqrt{3}\,a_n - b_n,\; \sqrt{3}\,b_n + a_n\right) \\ &\quad (n = 1, 2, 3, \ldots) \end{aligned} 已知 (a100,b100)=(2,4)(a_{100}, b_{100}) = (2, 4)。求 a1+b1a_1 + b_1

A sequence (a1,b1),(a_1, b_1), (a2,b2),(a_2, b_2), (a3,b3),(a_3, b_3), \ldots of points in the coordinate plane satisfies (an+1,bn+1)=(3anbn,  3bn+an)(n=1,2,3,) \begin{aligned} &(a_{n+1}, b_{n+1}) \\ &= \left(\sqrt{3}\,a_n - b_n,\; \sqrt{3}\,b_n + a_n\right) \\ &\quad (n = 1, 2, 3, \ldots) \end{aligned} Suppose that (a100,b100)=(2,4).(a_{100}, b_{100}) = (2, 4). What is a1+b1?a_1 + b_1?

1297-\dfrac{1}{2^{97}}

1299-\dfrac{1}{2^{99}}

00

1298\dfrac{1}{2^{98}}

1296\dfrac{1}{2^{96}}

答案:D
难度评级:2440
小提示:

zn=an+bniz_n = a_n + b_n i;递推变为 zn+1=zn(3+i)z_{n+1} = z_n(\sqrt{3} + i)

Write zn=an+bni;z_n = a_n + b_n i; the recurrence becomes zn+1=zn(3+i)z_{n+1} = z_n(\sqrt{3} + i)

大提示:

因为 3+i=2(cos30+isin30)\sqrt{3} + i = 2(\cos 30^\circ + i\sin 30^\circ),对 (3+i)99(\sqrt{3} + i)^{99} 使用棣莫弗定理。

Since 3+i=2(cos30+isin30),\sqrt{3} + i = 2(\cos 30^\circ + i\sin 30^\circ), apply De Moivre’s theorem to (3+i)99(\sqrt{3} + i)^{99}

解答:

zn=an+bniz_n = a_n + b_n i,则 zn+1=(3anbn)+(3bn+an)i=(an+bni)(3+i) \begin{aligned} z_{n+1} &= (\sqrt{3}\,a_n - b_n) \\ &\quad {}+ (\sqrt{3}\,b_n + a_n)i \\ &= (a_n + b_n i)(\sqrt{3} + i)\text{,} \end{aligned} 所以 zn+1=zn(3+i)z_{n+1} = z_n(\sqrt{3} + i),且 z100=z1(3+i)99z_{100} = z_1(\sqrt{3} + i)^{99}

因为 3+i=2(cos30+isin30)\sqrt{3} + i = 2(\cos 30^\circ + i\sin 30^\circ),棣莫弗定理给出 (3+i)99(\sqrt{3} + i)^{99} =299(cos2970+isin2970)= 2^{99}(\cos 2970^\circ + i\sin 2970^\circ)。而 29702970^\circ9090^\circ 同终边,所以它等于 299i2^{99} i

于是 2+4i=z1299i2 + 4i = z_1 \cdot 2^{99} i,所以 z1=2+4i299i=42i299 z_1 = \dfrac{2 + 4i}{2^{99} i} = \dfrac{4 - 2i}{2^{99}}\text{。}

因此 a1=4299a_1 = \tfrac{4}{2^{99}}b1=2299b_1 = -\tfrac{2}{2^{99}},所以 a1+b1=2299=1298 a_1 + b_1 = \dfrac{2}{2^{99}} = \dfrac{1}{2^{98}}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

Let zn=an+bni.z_n = a_n + b_n i. Then zn+1=(3anbn)+(3bn+an)i=(an+bni)(3+i), \begin{aligned} z_{n+1} &= (\sqrt{3}\,a_n - b_n) \\ &\quad {}+ (\sqrt{3}\,b_n + a_n)i \\ &= (a_n + b_n i)(\sqrt{3} + i), \end{aligned} so zn+1=zn(3+i)z_{n+1} = z_n(\sqrt{3} + i) and z100=z1(3+i)99.z_{100} = z_1(\sqrt{3} + i)^{99}.

Since 3+i=2(cos30+isin30),\sqrt{3} + i = 2(\cos 30^\circ + i\sin 30^\circ), De Moivre’s theorem gives (3+i)99(\sqrt{3} + i)^{99} =299(cos2970+isin2970).= 2^{99}(\cos 2970^\circ + i\sin 2970^\circ). As 29702970^\circ is coterminal with 90,90^\circ, this equals 299i.2^{99} i.

Thus 2+4i=z1299i,2 + 4i = z_1 \cdot 2^{99} i, so z1=2+4i299i=42i299. z_1 = \dfrac{2 + 4i}{2^{99} i} = \dfrac{4 - 2i}{2^{99}}.

Then a1=4299a_1 = \tfrac{4}{2^{99}} and b1=2299,b_1 = -\tfrac{2}{2^{99}}, so a1+b1=2299=1298. a_1 + b_1 = \dfrac{2}{2^{99}} = \dfrac{1}{2^{98}}.

Thus, D is the correct answer.