2012 AMC 12B 第 18 题

先试着解答 2012 AMC 12B 第 18 题,然后核对你的答案与精心整理的解答,解答来自 LIVE by Po-Shen Loh。你也可以参加完整限时模拟考试、查看全部 2012 AMC 12B 解答,或核对答案。

所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

18.

设 (a1,a2,…,a10)(a_1, a_2, \ldots, a_{10}) 是前 1010 个正整数的一个排列,并且对每个 2≤i≤102 \le i \le 10,ai+1a_i + 1 或 ai−1a_i - 1 或两者都在 aia_i 之前的某处出现。这样的排列有多少个?
Let (a1,a2,…,a10)(a_1, a_2, \ldots, a_{10}) be a list of the first 1010 positive integers such that for each 2≤i≤102 \le i \le 10 either ai+1a_i + 1 or ai−1a_i - 1 or both appear somewhere before aia_i in the list. How many such lists are there?
120120
512512
10241024
181,440181{,}440
362,880362{,}880
答案:B
知识点:双射组合
小提示:
大于或等于 a1a_1 的数必须按递增顺序出现,小于 a1a_1 的数必须按递减顺序出现
The numbers greater than or equal to a1a_1 must appear in increasing order, and those less than a1a_1 in decreasing order
大提示:
选择哪些位置放较小的数即可确定整个排列,得到 ∑k(9k)\sum_k \binom{9}{k}
Choosing which positions hold the small numbers determines the list, giving ∑k(9k)\sum_k \binom{9}{k}
解答:
一旦固定 a1=ka_1=k,数 k,k+1,…,10k,k+1,\ldots,10 必须从左到右按递增顺序出现,而数 1,…,k−11,\ldots,k-1 必须从右到左按递增顺序出现(这样每个新出现的较小数都有它的后继已经放好)。
对每个 kk,只需选择第一个位置之后的 99 个位置中哪些放小于 kk 的数,因此有 (9k−1)\binom{9}{k-1} 个排列。
求和得 ∑k=110(9k−1)=∑j=09(9j)=29=512。 \begin{aligned} \sum_{k=1}^{10}\binom{9}{k-1} &= \sum_{j=0}^{9}\binom{9}{j} \\ &= 2^9=512 \end{aligned}\text{。}
因此正确答案是 B。
Once a1=ka_1=k is fixed, the numbers k,k+1,…,10k,k+1,\ldots,10 must appear left to right in increasing order, and the numbers 1,…,k−11,\ldots,k-1 must appear from right to left in increasing order (so each new small number has its successor already placed).
For each k,k, the list is determined by choosing which of the 99 positions after the first hold the numbers below k,k, giving (9k−1)\binom{9}{k-1} lists.
Summing, ∑k=110(9k−1)=∑j=09(9j)=29=512. \begin{aligned} \sum_{k=1}^{10}\binom{9}{k-1} &= \sum_{j=0}^{9}\binom{9}{j} \\ &= 2^9=512. \end{aligned}
Thus, the correct answer is B.
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