2012 AMC 12B 第 18 题

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18.

(a1,a2,,a10)(a_1, a_2, \ldots, a_{10}) 是前 1010 个正整数的一个排列,并且对每个 2i102 \le i \le 10ai+1a_i + 1ai1a_i - 1 或两者都在 aia_i 之前的某处出现。这样的排列有多少个?

Let (a1,a2,,a10)(a_1, a_2, \ldots, a_{10}) be a list of the first 1010 positive integers such that for each 2i102 \le i \le 10 either ai+1a_i + 1 or ai1a_i - 1 or both appear somewhere before aia_i in the list. How many such lists are there?

120120

512512

10241024

181,440181{,}440

362,880362{,}880

答案:B
知识点:双射组合
难度评级:1990
解答:

一旦固定 a1=ka_1=k,数 k,k+1,,10k,k+1,\ldots,10 必须从左到右按递增顺序出现,而数 1,,k11,\ldots,k-1 必须从右到左按递增顺序出现(这样每个新出现的较小数都有它的后继已经放好)。

对每个 kk, 只需选择第一个位置之后的 99 个位置中哪些放小于 kk 的数,因此有 (9k1)\binom{9}{k-1} 个排列。

求和得 k=110(9k1)=j=09(9j)=29=512. \begin{aligned} \sum_{k=1}^{10}\binom{9}{k-1} &= \sum_{j=0}^{9}\binom{9}{j} \\ &= 2^9=512. \end{aligned}

因此正确答案是 B

Once a1=ka_1=k is fixed, the numbers k,k+1,,10k,k+1,\ldots,10 must appear left to right in increasing order, and the numbers 1,,k11,\ldots,k-1 must appear from right to left in increasing order (so each new small number has its successor already placed).

For each k,k, the list is determined by choosing which of the 99 positions after the first hold the numbers below k,k, giving (9k1)\binom{9}{k-1} lists.

Summing, k=110(9k1)=j=09(9j)=29=512. \begin{aligned} \sum_{k=1}^{10}\binom{9}{k-1} &= \sum_{j=0}^{9}\binom{9}{j} \\ &= 2^9=512. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is B.

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