2012 AMC 12B 真题

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1.

Pearl Creek 小学每个三年级教室有 1818 名学生和 22 只宠物兔。全部 44 个三年级教室中,学生比兔子多多少?

Each third-grade classroom at Pearl Creek Elementary has 1818 students and 22 pet rabbits. How many more students than rabbits are there in all 44 of the third-grade classrooms?

4848

5656

6464

7272

8080

答案:C
知识点:整数运算
难度评级:560
小提示:

每个教室里学生比兔子多 18218-2

Each classroom has 18218-2 more students than rabbits

大提示:

把每个教室的差乘以 44

Multiply the per-classroom difference by 44

解答:

每个教室里学生比兔子多 182=1618-2=16 个。

全部 44 个教室中,学生比兔子多 416=644\cdot16=64 个。

因此正确答案是 C

Each classroom has 182=1618-2=16 more students than rabbits.

Across all 44 classrooms there are 416=644\cdot16=64 more students than rabbits.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

2.

如图,一个半径为 55 的圆内切于一个长方形。长方形的长与宽之比为 2:12:1。这个长方形的面积是多少?

A circle of radius 55 is inscribed in a rectangle as shown. The ratio of the length of the rectangle to its width is 2:1.2:1. What is the area of the rectangle?

5050

100100

125125

150150

200200

答案:E
知识点:矩形
难度评级:730
小提示:

长方形的宽等于圆的直径

The width of the rectangle equals the diameter of the circle

大提示:

长方形的长是宽的两倍

The length is twice the width

解答:

圆内切于长方形,所以长方形的宽等于圆的直径,即 25=102\cdot5=10

长方形的长为 210=202\cdot10=20,所以面积为 1020=20010\cdot20=200

因此正确答案是 E

The circle is inscribed, so the width of the rectangle equals the diameter, 25=10.2\cdot5=10.

The length is then 210=20,2\cdot10=20, so the area is 1020=200.10\cdot20=200.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

3.

为了一个科学项目,Sammy 观察了一只花栗鼠和一只松鼠把橡子藏进洞里。花栗鼠在它挖的每个洞里藏了 33 颗橡子。松鼠在它挖的每个洞里藏了 44 颗橡子。它们各自藏了相同数量的橡子,不过松鼠少用了 44 个洞。花栗鼠藏了多少颗橡子?

For a science project, Sammy observed a chipmunk and a squirrel stashing acorns in holes. The chipmunk hid 33 acorns in each of the holes it dug. The squirrel hid 44 acorns in each of the holes it dug. They each hid the same number of acorns, although the squirrel needed 44 fewer holes. How many acorns did the chipmunk hide?

3030

3636

4242

4848

5454

答案:D
知识点:一次方程
难度评级:860
小提示:

设花栗鼠挖了 hh 个洞,则松鼠挖了 h4h-4 个洞

Let hh be the number of holes the chipmunk dug, so the squirrel dug h4h-4

大提示:

橡子总数相等,得到 3h=4(h4)3h=4(h-4)

The equal totals give 3h=4(h4)3h=4(h-4)

解答:

设花栗鼠挖了 hh 个洞。花栗鼠藏了 3h3h 颗橡子,松鼠藏了 4(h4)4(h-4) 颗橡子。

因为它们藏的橡子数量相同,3h=4(h4)3h=4(h-4),解得 h=16h=16

花栗鼠藏了 316=483\cdot16=48 颗橡子。

因此正确答案是 D

Let hh be the number of holes the chipmunk dug. The chipmunk hid 3h3h acorns and the squirrel hid 4(h4)4(h-4) acorns.

Since they hid the same number, 3h=4(h4),3h=4(h-4), which gives h=16.h=16.

The chipmunk hid 316=483\cdot16=48 acorns.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

4.

假设一欧元值 1.301.30 美元。如果 Diana 有 500500 美元,Étienne 有 400400 欧元,那么 Étienne 的钱的价值比 Diana 的钱的价值多百分之多少?

Suppose that the euro is worth 1.301.30 dollars. If Diana has 500500 dollars and Étienne has 400400 euros, by what percent is the value of Étienne’s money greater than the value of Diana’s money?

22

44

6.56.5

88

1313

答案:B
难度评级:1050
小提示:

先把 Étienne 的欧元换算成美元

Convert Étienne’s euros to dollars first

大提示:

百分比增加量是 EˊtienneDianaDiana100%\dfrac{\text{Étienne} - \text{Diana}}{\text{Diana}}\cdot100\%

The percent increase is EˊtienneDianaDiana100%\dfrac{\text{Étienne} - \text{Diana}}{\text{Diana}}\cdot100\%

解答:

Étienne 的钱价值 4001.30=520400\cdot1.30=520 美元,而 Diana 有 500500 美元。

Étienne 的钱的价值超过 Diana 的百分比为 520500500100%=4%\frac{520-500}{500}\cdot100\%=4\%\text{。}

因此正确答案是 B

Étienne’s money is worth 4001.30=520400\cdot1.30=520 dollars, while Diana has 500500 dollars.

The percent by which Étienne’s value exceeds Diana’s is 520500500100%=4%.\frac{520-500}{500}\cdot100\%=4\%.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

5.

两个整数的和为 2626。当另外两个整数加到前两个整数上时,和为 4141。最后再把另外两个整数加到前四个整数的和上时,和为 5757。这 66 个整数中偶数的最少个数是多少?

Two integers have a sum of 26.26. When two more integers are added to the first two integers the sum is 41.41. Finally when two more integers are added to the sum of the previous four integers the sum is 57.57. What is the minimum number of even integers among the 66 integers?

11

22

33

44

55

答案:A
知识点:奇偶性
难度评级:1200
小提示:

看每一对新加入的整数之和:2626412641-26,和 574157-41

Look at the sum of each new pair: 26,26, 4126,41-26, and 574157-41

大提示:

两个整数的和为奇数时,恰好其中一个是偶数

A pair has an odd sum only when exactly one of its two integers is even

解答:

三个连续的整数对的和分别是 26264126=1541-26=15,和 5741=1657-41=16

两个整数同奇偶时和为偶数,恰好一个是偶数时和为奇数。只有中间那一对的和为奇数,所以它必须至少含有一个偶数。

另外两对都可以全是奇数,所以最少可以只有 11 个偶数,例如 1,25,1,14,1,151,25,1,14,1,15

因此正确答案是 A

The three successive pairs have sums 26,26, 4126=15,41-26=15, and 5741=16.57-41=16.

A pair sums to an even number when its two integers share parity, and to an odd number when exactly one is even. Only the middle pair sums to an odd number, so it must contain at least one even integer.

The other two pairs can be all odd, so as few as 11 even integer is possible, for example 1,25,1,14,1,15.1,25,1,14,1,15.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

6.

为了估计 xyx-y 的值,其中 xxyy 是满足 x>y>0x \gt y \gt 0 的实数,Xiaoli 把 xx 向上调整了一小段量,把 yy 向下调整了同样的量,然后把她调整后的数相减。下列哪一项一定正确?

In order to estimate the value of xyx-y where xx and yy are real numbers with x>y>0,x \gt y \gt 0, Xiaoli rounded xx up by a small amount, rounded yy down by the same amount, and then subtracted her rounded values. Which of the following statements is necessarily correct?

她的估计值大于 xyx-y

Her estimate is larger than xy.x-y.

她的估计值小于 xyx-y

Her estimate is smaller than xy.x-y.

她的估计值等于 xyx-y

Her estimate equals xy.x-y.

她的估计值等于 yxy-x

Her estimate equals yx.y-x.

她的估计值是 00

Her estimate is 0.0.

答案:A
知识点:估算不等式
难度评级:1130
小提示:

把调整后的值写成 x+dx+dydy-d 其中 d>0d \gt 0 很小

Write the rounded values as x+dx+d and ydy-d for a small d>0d \gt 0

大提示:

相减并比较 (x+d)(yd)(x+d)-(y-d)xyx-y

Subtract to compare (x+d)(yd)(x+d)-(y-d) with xyx-y

解答:

d>0d \gt 0 为那一小段量。Xiaoli 计算的是 (x+d)(yd)(x+d)-(y-d) =(xy)+2d=(x-y)+2d

因为 2d>02d \gt 0,她的估计值大于真实值 xyx-y

因此正确答案是 A

Let d>0d \gt 0 be the small amount. Xiaoli computes (x+d)(yd)(x+d)-(y-d) =(xy)+2d.=(x-y)+2d.

Since 2d>0,2d \gt 0, her estimate exceeds the true value xy.x-y.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

7.

小灯泡按红、红、绿、绿、绿、红、红、绿、绿、绿这样的顺序挂在一根绳子上,相邻灯泡相距 66 英寸,并一直重复 22 个红灯后接 33 个绿灯的模式。第 33 个红灯和第 2121 个红灯相距多少英尺?

注:11 英尺等于 1212 英寸。

Small lights are hung on a string 66 inches apart in the order red, red, green, green, green, red, red, green, green, green, and so on continuing this pattern of 22 red lights followed by 33 green lights. How many feet separate the 33rd red light and the 2121st red light?

Note: 11 foot is equal to 1212 inches.

1818

18.518.5

2020

20.520.5

22.522.5

答案:E
难度评级:1270
小提示:

把灯泡按每 55 个一组分组:两个红灯,三个绿灯

Group the lights into repeating blocks of 55 (two red, three green)

大提示:

33 个红灯是第 22 组的开头,第 2121 个红灯是第 1111 组的开头

The 33rd red light starts block 22 and the 2121st red light starts block 1111

解答:

灯泡按每 55 个一组重复,所以相邻两组的开头相距 56=305\cdot6=30 英寸,即 2.52.5 英尺。

每一组的开头都是一个奇数编号的红灯。第 33 个红灯是第 22 组的开头,第 2121 个红灯是第 1111 组的开头。

它们之间的距离是 (112)2.5=22.5(11-2)\cdot2.5=22.5 英尺。

因此正确答案是 E

The lights repeat in blocks of 5,5, so consecutive blocks start 56=305\cdot6=30 inches, or 2.52.5 feet, apart.

Each block has one odd-numbered red light beginning it. The 33rd red light begins the 22nd block and the 2121st red light begins the 1111th block.

The distance between them is (112)2.5=22.5(11-2)\cdot2.5=22.5 feet.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

8.

一位甜点师从星期日开始,为一周中的每天准备甜点。每天的甜点是蛋糕、派、冰淇淋或布丁。同一种甜点不能连续两天供应。因为有人过生日,星期五必须供应蛋糕。这一周有多少种不同的甜点菜单?

A dessert chef prepares the dessert for every day of a week starting with Sunday. The dessert each day is either cake, pie, ice cream, or pudding. The same dessert may not be served two days in a row. There must be cake on Friday because of a birthday. How many different dessert menus for the week are possible?

729729

972972

10241024

21872187

23042304

答案:A
难度评级:1380
小提示:

固定星期五为蛋糕,然后数另外六天

Fix Friday as cake, then count the other six days

大提示:

其余每天都有 33 种选择,即除相邻那天已供应的甜点外的任意一种

Each remaining day has 33 choices, anything except the dessert served the following day

解答:

星期五固定为蛋糕。从星期五向两边计数。

另外六天(星期六,然后是星期四、星期三、星期二、星期一、星期日)都可以选择除已经确定的相邻那天甜点之外的任意一种甜点,因此各有 33 种选择。

菜单数为 36=7293^6=729

因此正确答案是 A

Friday is fixed as cake. Work outward from Friday.

Each of the other six days (Saturday, then Thursday, Wednesday, Tuesday, Monday, Sunday) can be any dessert except the one served on the neighboring already-chosen day, giving 33 choices each.

The number of menus is 36=729.3^6=729.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

9.

当自动扶梯不运行时,Clea 走下自动扶梯需要 6060 秒;当自动扶梯运行时,她走下自动扶梯只需要 2424 秒。当运行中的自动扶梯带着她下行而她只是站着不动时,需要多少秒?

It takes Clea 6060 seconds to walk down an escalator when it is not operating, and only 2424 seconds to walk down the escalator when it is operating. How many seconds does it take Clea to ride down the operating escalator when she just stands on it?

3636

4040

4242

4848

5252

答案:B
知识点:速率方程组
难度评级:1440
小提示:

设自动扶梯长度固定,写出 Clea 的步行速度和自动扶梯速度

Let the escalator length be fixed and write Clea’s walking rate and the escalator’s rate

大提示:

24(x+r)=60x24(x+r)=60x 求出 rrxx 的关系,再用 rt=60xrt=60x

From 24(x+r)=60x24(x+r)=60x find rr in terms of x,x, then use rt=60xrt=60x

解答:

xx 为 Clea 的步行速度,rr 为自动扶梯速度,自动扶梯长度为 60x60x。在运行中的自动扶梯上步行给出 24(x+r)=60x24(x+r)=60x,所以 r=32xr=\tfrac32x

站着不动所需时间 tt 满足 rt=60xrt=60x,因此 32xt=60x\tfrac32xt=60xt=40t=40 秒。

因此正确答案是 B

Let xx be Clea’s walking rate and rr the escalator’s rate, with the length equal to 60x.60x. Walking on the moving escalator gives 24(x+r)=60x,24(x+r)=60x, so r=32x.r=\tfrac32x.

Standing takes time tt with rt=60x,rt=60x, so 32xt=60x\tfrac32xt=60x and t=40t=40 seconds.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

10.

以曲线 x2+y2=25x^2 + y^2 = 25(x4)2+9y2=81(x - 4)^2 + 9y^2 = 81 的交点为顶点所形成的多边形,面积是多少?

What is the area of the polygon whose vertices are the points of intersection of the curves x2+y2=25x^2 + y^2 = 25 and (x4)2+9y2=81?(x - 4)^2 + 9y^2 = 81?

2424

2727

3636

37.537.5

4242

答案:B
难度评级:1500
小提示:

由第一个方程解出 y2y^2,再代入第二个方程

Solve the first equation for y2y^2 and substitute into the second

大提示:

三个交点形成一个三角形;用一条竖直边作底

The three intersection points form a triangle; use one vertical side as the base

解答:

x2+y2=25x^2+y^2=25y2=25x2y^2=25-x^2。代入 (x4)2+9y2=81(x-4)^2+9y^2=81x2+x20=0x^2+x-20=0,所以 x=4x=4x=5x=-5

交点为 (5,0)(-5,0)(4,3)(4,3),和 (4,3)(4,-3)

(4,3)(4,3)(4,3)(4,-3) 的竖直边长为 66,到 (5,0)(-5,0) 的水平距离为 99,所以面积是 1269=27\tfrac12\cdot6\cdot9=27

因此正确答案是 B

From x2+y2=25x^2+y^2=25 we get y2=25x2.y^2=25-x^2. Substituting into (x4)2+9y2=81(x-4)^2+9y^2=81 gives x2+x20=0,x^2+x-20=0, so x=4x=4 or x=5.x=-5.

The intersection points are (5,0),(-5,0), (4,3),(4,3), and (4,3).(4,-3).

The vertical side from (4,3)(4,3) to (4,3)(4,-3) has length 6,6, and the horizontal distance to (5,0)(-5,0) is 9,9, so the area is 1269=27.\tfrac12\cdot6\cdot9=27.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

11.

在下面的等式中,AABB 是连续正整数,并且 AABBA+BA + B 都表示数的进制: 132A+43B=69A+B132_A + 43_B = 69_{A+B}\text{。} A+BA + B 等于多少?

In the equation below, AA and BB are consecutive positive integers, and A,A, B,B, and A+BA + B represent number bases: 132A+43B=69A+B.132_A + 43_B = 69_{A+B}. What is A+B?A + B?

99

1111

1313

1515

1717

答案:C
知识点:进制二次方程
难度评级:1560
小提示:

把每个数按它的进制展开,例如 132A=A2+3A+2132_A = A^2+3A+2

Rewrite each numeral in terms of its base, e.g. 132A=A2+3A+2132_A = A^2+3A+2

大提示:

分别尝试 B=A1B=A-1B=A+1B=A+1,并解所得的关于 AA 的二次方程

Try both B=A1B=A-1 and B=A+1B=A+1 and solve the resulting quadratic in AA

解答:

展开各个数,132A=A2+3A+2132_A=A^2+3A+243B=4B+343_B=4B+3,且 69A+B=6(A+B)+969_{A+B}=6(A+B)+9

B=A+1B=A+1 时,方程变为 A2+3A+2A^2+3A+2 +4(A+1)+3+4(A+1)+3 =6(2A+1)+9=6(2A+1)+9,化简得 (A6)(A+1)=0(A-6)(A+1)=0。正整数解为 A=6A=6,所以 B=7B=7

(当 B=A1B=A-1 时得到 A25A2=0A^2-5A-2=0,没有整数解。)

因此 A+B=13A+B=13

因此正确答案是 C

Writing the numerals out, 132A=A2+3A+2,132_A=A^2+3A+2, 43B=4B+3,43_B=4B+3, and 69A+B=6(A+B)+9.69_{A+B}=6(A+B)+9.

With B=A+1,B=A+1, the equation becomes A2+3A+2A^2+3A+2 +4(A+1)+3+4(A+1)+3 =6(2A+1)+9,=6(2A+1)+9, which simplifies to (A6)(A+1)=0.(A-6)(A+1)=0. The positive solution is A=6,A=6, so B=7.B=7.

(The case B=A1B=A-1 gives A25A2=0,A^2-5A-2=0, which has no integer solution.)

Therefore A+B=13.A+B=13.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

12.

有多少个长度为 2020 的由零和/或一组成的序列满足:所有零连续,或者所有一连续,或者两者都满足?

How many sequences of zeros and/or ones of length 2020 have all the zeros consecutive, or all the ones consecutive, or both?

190190

192192

211211

380380

382382

答案:E
知识点:容斥原理组合
难度评级:1660
小提示:

AA 为所有零连在一起的序列,BB 为所有一连在一起的序列,然后用 AB=A+BAB|A\cup B|=|A|+|B|-|A\cap B|

Let AA be the sequences with all zeros together and BB those with all ones together, then use AB=A+BAB|A\cup B|=|A|+|B|-|A\cap B|

大提示:

所有零连在一起的序列由第一个和最后一个零的位置确定,共有 1+20+(202)1+20+\binom{20}{2} 个。

A sequence with the zeros together is fixed by choosing the first and last zero positions, giving 1+20+(202)1+20+\binom{20}{2} of them

解答:

AA 为所有零连续的序列,BB 为所有一连续的序列。

对于 AA,有一个全是一的序列,2020 个恰有一个零的序列,以及 (202)=190\binom{20}{2}=190 个含有至少两个零的序列(选择第一个和最后一个零的位置)。所以 A=1+20+190=211|A|=1+20+190=211,由对称性 B=211|B|=211

ABA\cap B 中的序列是一个零的块后接一个一的块,或顺序相反;这样的序列有 AB=40|A\cap B|=40 个。

因此 AB=211+21140|A\cup B|=211+211-40 =382=382

因此正确答案是 E

Let AA be the sequences in which all zeros are consecutive and BB those in which all ones are consecutive.

For A,A, there is one all-ones sequence, 2020 sequences with exactly one zero, and (202)=190\binom{20}{2}=190 sequences with two or more zeros (choose the first and last zero position). So A=1+20+190=211,|A|=1+20+190=211, and by symmetry B=211.|B|=211.

A sequence in ABA\cap B is a block of zeros followed by a block of ones, or the reverse; there are AB=40|A\cap B|=40 of these.

Therefore AB=211+21140|A\cup B|=211+211-40 =382.=382.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

13.

两条抛物线的方程为 y=x2+ax+by = x^2 + ax + by=x2+cx+dy = x^2 + cx + d,其中 aabbcc,和 dd 是整数(不一定互不相同),每个都通过掷一枚公平的六面骰子独立选出。两条抛物线至少有一个公共点的概率是多少?

Two parabolas have equations y=x2+ax+by = x^2 + ax + b and y=x2+cx+d,y = x^2 + cx + d, where a,a, b,b, c,c, and dd are integers (not necessarily different), each chosen independently by rolling a fair six-sided die. What is the probability that the parabolas have at least one point in common?

12\dfrac{1}{2}

2536\dfrac{25}{36}

56\dfrac{5}{6}

3136\dfrac{31}{36}

11

答案:D
难度评级:1590
小提示:

令两个右边相等,x2x^2 项会抵消,留下 ax+b=cx+dax+b=cx+d

Setting the two right sides equal, the x2x^2 terms cancel, leaving ax+b=cx+dax+b=cx+d

大提示:

没有公共点恰好发生在 a=ca=cbdb\neq d 时;求出这个概率再用 11 减去

There is no common point exactly when a=ca=c and bd;b\neq d; find that probability and subtract from 11

解答:

抛物线相交处满足 x2+ax+b=x2+cx+dx^2+ax+b=x^2+cx+d,即 ax+b=cx+dax+b=cx+d。这个方程无解,恰好发生在两条直线平行且不重合的时候,也就是 a=ca=cbdb\neq d

a=ca=c 的概率是 16\tfrac16,且 bdb\neq d 的概率是 56\tfrac56,所以没有公共点的概率为 1656=536\tfrac16\cdot\tfrac56=\tfrac5{36}

至少有一个公共点的概率为 1536=31361-\tfrac5{36}=\tfrac{31}{36}

因此正确答案是 D

The parabolas meet where x2+ax+b=x2+cx+d,x^2+ax+b=x^2+cx+d, i.e. ax+b=cx+d.ax+b=cx+d. This has no solution exactly when the lines are parallel and distinct: a=ca=c and bd.b\neq d.

The probability that a=ca=c is 16,\tfrac16, and the probability that bdb\neq d is 56,\tfrac56, so the probability of no common point is 1656=536.\tfrac16\cdot\tfrac56=\tfrac5{36}.

The probability of at least one common point is 1536=3136.1-\tfrac5{36}=\tfrac{31}{36}.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

14.

Bernardo 和 Silvia 玩下面的游戏。选取一个从 00999999(含两端)的整数交给 Bernardo。每当 Bernardo 收到一个数时,他把它加倍并把结果交给 Silvia。每当 Silvia 收到一个数时,她给它加上 5050 并把结果交给 Bernardo。最后一个产生小于 10001000 的数的人获胜。设 NN 为使 Bernardo 获胜的最小初始数。NN 的各位数字之和是多少?

Bernardo and Silvia play the following game. An integer between 00 and 999,999, inclusive, is selected and given to Bernardo. Whenever Bernardo receives a number, he doubles it and passes the result to Silvia. Whenever Silvia receives a number, she adds 5050 to it and passes the result to Bernardo. The winner is the last person who produces a number less than 1000.1000. Let NN be the smallest initial number that results in a win for Bernardo. What is the sum of the digits of N?N?

77

88

99

1010

1111

答案:A
知识点:逆推法不等式
难度评级:1730
小提示:

当 Bernardo 加倍后的结果达到 10001000 时,他获胜,因为 Silvia 的下一个数会至少为 10001000

Bernardo wins on a turn when his doubled result reaches 1000,1000, forcing Silvia’s next number to be at least 10001000

大提示:

倒推:分别找出经过一、二、三或四轮后,在 Bernardo 的操作后第一次达到 1000\ge1000 的最小初始数

Work backwards: find the smallest start that first reaches 1000\ge1000 after Bernardo’s move, over one, two, three, or four rounds

解答:

当 Bernardo 在一轮后给出的加倍数 2n+5010002n+50\ge1000 且之前的数都小于 10001000 时,他获胜。满足 2n+5010002n+50\ge1000 的最小 nn475475

倒推,经过二、三、四轮后导致胜利的最小初始值分别是满足 2n+504752n+50\ge475213\ge213,和 82\ge82 的最小整数,即 2132138282,和 1616。不会有超过四轮后才获胜的初始值。

所以 N=16N=16,各位数字之和为 1+6=71+6=7

因此正确答案是 A

Bernardo wins after a round when his doubled number 2n+5010002n+50\ge1000 but the previous numbers stayed below 1000.1000. The smallest nn with 2n+5010002n+50\ge1000 is 475.475.

Working backwards, the smallest starting values that lead to a win after two, three, and four rounds are the smallest integers with 2n+50475,2n+50\ge475, 213,\ge213, and 82,\ge82, namely 213,213, 82,82, and 16.16. No start wins after more than four rounds.

So N=16,N=16, and the sum of its digits is 1+6=7.1+6=7.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

15.

Jesse 沿两条半径剪开一个半径为 1212 的圆形纸片,形成两个扇形,其中较小扇形的圆心角为 120120 度。他用每个扇形作为一个圆锥的侧面,做成两个圆锥。较小圆锥的体积与较大圆锥的体积之比是多少?

Jesse cuts a circular paper disk of radius 1212 along two radii to form two sectors, the smaller having a central angle of 120120 degrees. He makes two circular cones, using each sector to form the lateral surface of a cone. What is the ratio of the volume of the smaller cone to that of the larger?

18\dfrac{1}{8}

14\dfrac{1}{4}

1010\dfrac{\sqrt{10}}{10}

56\dfrac{\sqrt{5}}{6}

105\dfrac{\sqrt{10}}{5}

答案:C
难度评级:1800
小提示:

每个扇形的弧长会成为对应圆锥底面的周长,从而求出底面半径

The arc length of each sector becomes the circumference of that cone’s base, giving its base radius

大提示:

每个圆锥的母线长都是 1212,比较 13πr2h\tfrac13\pi r^2 h 前,先用勾股定理求出各自的高

Each cone has slant height 12,12, so find each height with the Pythagorean theorem before comparing 13πr2h\tfrac13\pi r^2 h

解答:

每个扇形形成的圆锥母线长为 1212。较小扇形的弧长为 1203602π12=8π\tfrac{120}{360}\cdot2\pi\cdot12=8\pi,因此底面半径为 44,高为 12242=82\sqrt{12^2-4^2}=8\sqrt2

较大扇形(圆心角 240240^\circ)的弧长为 16π16\pi,底面半径为 88,高为 12282=45\sqrt{12^2-8^2}=4\sqrt5

体积之比为 13π428213π8245=1010\frac{\tfrac13\pi\cdot4^2\cdot8\sqrt2}{\tfrac13\pi\cdot8^2\cdot4\sqrt5} =\frac{\sqrt{10}}{10}\text{。}

因此正确答案是 C

Each sector forms a cone with slant height 12.12. The smaller sector’s arc length is 1203602π12=8π,\tfrac{120}{360}\cdot2\pi\cdot12=8\pi, so its base radius is 44 and its height is 12242=82.\sqrt{12^2-4^2}=8\sqrt2.

The larger sector (central angle 240240^\circ) has arc length 16π,16\pi, base radius 8,8, and height 12282=45.\sqrt{12^2-8^2}=4\sqrt5.

The ratio of volumes is 13π428213π8245=1010.\frac{\tfrac13\pi\cdot4^2\cdot8\sqrt2}{\tfrac13\pi\cdot8^2\cdot4\sqrt5} =\frac{\sqrt{10}}{10}.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

16.

Amy、Beth 和 Jo 听了四首不同的歌,并讨论她们喜欢哪些歌。没有一首歌被三人都喜欢。此外,对这三个女生中的每一对,都至少有一首歌被这两人喜欢、但不被第三人喜欢。有多少种不同的可能情况?

Amy, Beth, and Jo listen to four different songs and discuss which ones they like. No song is liked by all three. Furthermore, for each of the three pairs of the girls, there is at least one song liked by those two girls but disliked by the third. In how many different ways is this possible?

108108

132132

671671

846846

11051105

答案:B
难度评级:1840
小提示:

每首歌要么被 {AB},{AC},{BC}\{AB\},\{AC\},\{BC\} 中的一对喜欢,要么只被一个女生喜欢,要么无人喜欢;三对都必须出现

Each song is liked by one of the pairs {AB},{AC},{BC},\{AB\},\{AC\},\{BC\}, by a single girl, or by no one; all three pairs must appear

大提示:

分成两种情况:四首歌都分给成对喜欢的组合,或者恰好三首歌覆盖三对组合

Split into the case where all four songs go to pairs and the case where exactly three songs cover the three pairs

解答:

每首歌恰好被三对中的一对喜欢,或被单个女生喜欢,或无人喜欢。每一对都必须被表示出来。

情况 11 每首歌都被一对女生喜欢。某一对得到四首歌中的两首((42)=6\binom42=6 种,且有 33 种选择是哪一对),另外两对各得到一首歌(22 种)。共有 362=363\cdot6\cdot2=36

情况 22 三首歌分别对应三对女生(各一首),第四首歌被单个女生喜欢或无人喜欢。把四首歌分配到这四个角色有 4!=244!=24 种,剩余角色有 44 种选择(Amy、Beth、Jo 或无人):244=9624\cdot4=96

总数为 36+96=13236+96=132

因此正确答案是 B

Each song is liked by exactly one of the three pairs, by a single girl, or by no one. Every pair must be represented.

Case 1:1: every song is liked by a pair. One pair gets two of the four songs ((42)=6\binom42=6 ways, and 33 choices for which pair), and the other two pairs get one song each (22 ways). This gives 362=36.3\cdot6\cdot2=36.

Case 2:2: three songs go to the three pairs (one each) and the fourth song is liked by a single girl or no one. Assigning the four songs to these four roles gives 4!=244!=24 ways, and the leftover role has 44 options (Amy, Beth, Jo, or no one): 244=96.24\cdot4=96.

The total is 36+96=132.36+96=132.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

17.

正方形 PQRSPQRS 位于第一象限。点 (3,0)(3, 0)(5,0)(5, 0)(7,0)(7, 0),和 (13,0)(13, 0) 分别在线 SPSPRQRQPQPQ,和 SRSR 上。正方形 PQRSPQRS 的中心坐标之和是多少?

Square PQRSPQRS lies in the first quadrant. Points (3,0),(3, 0), (5,0),(5, 0), (7,0),(7, 0), and (13,0)(13, 0) lie on lines SP,SP, RQ,RQ, PQ,PQ, and SR,SR, respectively. What is the sum of the coordinates of the center of the square PQRS?PQRS?

66

6.26.2

6.46.4

6.66.6

6.86.8

答案:C
难度评级:1910
小提示:

θ\theta 为直线 PQPQxx-轴所成的角;正方形条件会联系给定线段的投影

Let θ\theta be the angle line PQPQ makes with the xx-axis; the square condition relates the projections of the given segments

大提示:

2cosθ=6sinθ2\cos\theta=6\sin\thetatanθ=13\tan\theta=\tfrac13,再求过中点 (4,0)(4,0)(10,0)(10,0) 的两条直线的交点

From 2cosθ=6sinθ2\cos\theta=6\sin\theta get tanθ=13,\tan\theta=\tfrac13, then intersect the two lines through the midpoints (4,0)(4,0) and (10,0)(10,0)

解答:

θ\theta 为直线 PQPQxx-轴所成的锐角。边 SR=PQSR=PQ 在从 (3,0)(3,0)(5,0)(5,0) 的线段上投影为 2cosθ2\cos\theta,而边 SP=QRSP=QR 在从 (7,0)(7,0)(13,0)(13,0) 的线段上投影为 6sinθ6\sin\theta

因为正方形的边长相等,2cosθ=6sinθ2\cos\theta=6\sin\theta, 所以 tanθ=13\tan\theta=\tfrac13。 因此直线 SP,RQSP,RQ 的斜率为 33,直线 SR,PQSR,PQ 的斜率为 13-\tfrac13

中心位于过 (4,0)(4,0) 且斜率为 33 的直线上,也位于过 (10,0)(10,0) 且斜率为 13-\tfrac13 的直线上: y=3(x4)y=3(x-4)\text{,} y=13(x10)y=-\tfrac13(x-10)\text{。} 两线交于 (4.6,1.8)(4.6,1.8)

坐标之和为 4.6+1.8=6.44.6+1.8=6.4

因此正确答案是 C

Let θ\theta be the acute angle line PQPQ makes with the xx-axis. Sides SR=PQSR=PQ span the segment from (3,0)(3,0) to (5,0)(5,0) as 2cosθ,2\cos\theta, while SP=QRSP=QR span the segment from (7,0)(7,0) to (13,0)(13,0) as 6sinθ.6\sin\theta.

Since the square has equal sides, 2cosθ=6sinθ,2\cos\theta=6\sin\theta, so tanθ=13.\tan\theta=\tfrac13. Thus lines SP,RQSP,RQ have slope 33 and lines SR,PQSR,PQ have slope 13.-\tfrac13.

The center lies on the line through (4,0)(4,0) with slope 33 and the line through (10,0)(10,0) with slope 13:-\tfrac13: y=3(x4),y=3(x-4), y=13(x10).y=-\tfrac13(x-10). These meet at (4.6,1.8).(4.6,1.8).

The sum of the coordinates is 4.6+1.8=6.4.4.6+1.8=6.4.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

18.

(a1,a2,,a10)(a_1, a_2, \ldots, a_{10}) 是前 1010 个正整数的一个排列,并且对每个 2i102 \le i \le 10ai+1a_i + 1ai1a_i - 1 或两者都在 aia_i 之前的某处出现。这样的排列有多少个?

Let (a1,a2,,a10)(a_1, a_2, \ldots, a_{10}) be a list of the first 1010 positive integers such that for each 2i102 \le i \le 10 either ai+1a_i + 1 or ai1a_i - 1 or both appear somewhere before aia_i in the list. How many such lists are there?

120120

512512

10241024

181,440181{,}440

362,880362{,}880

答案:B
知识点:双射组合
难度评级:1990
小提示:

大于或等于 a1a_1 的数必须按递增顺序出现,小于 a1a_1 的数必须按递减顺序出现

The numbers greater than or equal to a1a_1 must appear in increasing order, and those less than a1a_1 in decreasing order

大提示:

选择哪些位置放较小的数即可确定整个排列,得到 k(9k)\sum_k \binom{9}{k}

Choosing which positions hold the small numbers determines the list, giving k(9k)\sum_k \binom{9}{k}

解答:

一旦固定 a1=ka_1=k,数 k,k+1,,10k,k+1,\ldots,10 必须从左到右按递增顺序出现,而数 1,,k11,\ldots,k-1 必须从右到左按递增顺序出现(这样每个新出现的较小数都有它的后继已经放好)。

对每个 kk,只需选择第一个位置之后的 99 个位置中哪些放小于 kk 的数,因此有 (9k1)\binom{9}{k-1} 个排列。

求和得 k=110(9k1)=j=09(9j)=29=512 \begin{aligned} \sum_{k=1}^{10}\binom{9}{k-1} &= \sum_{j=0}^{9}\binom{9}{j} \\ &= 2^9=512 \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此正确答案是 B

Once a1=ka_1=k is fixed, the numbers k,k+1,,10k,k+1,\ldots,10 must appear left to right in increasing order, and the numbers 1,,k11,\ldots,k-1 must appear from right to left in increasing order (so each new small number has its successor already placed).

For each k,k, the list is determined by choosing which of the 99 positions after the first hold the numbers below k,k, giving (9k1)\binom{9}{k-1} lists.

Summing, k=110(9k1)=j=09(9j)=29=512. \begin{aligned} \sum_{k=1}^{10}\binom{9}{k-1} &= \sum_{j=0}^{9}\binom{9}{j} \\ &= 2^9=512. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is B.

19.

一个单位立方体的顶点为 P1P_1P2P_2P3P_3P4P_4P1P_1'P2P_2'P3P_3',和 P4P_4'。顶点 P2P_2P3P_3,和 P4P_4 都与 P1P_1 相邻,并且对 1i41 \le i \le 4,顶点 PiP_iPiP_i' 互为对顶点。一个正八面体在每条线段 P1P2P_1P_2P1P3P_1P_3P1P4P_1P_4P1P2P_1'P_2'P1P3P_1'P_3',和 P1P4P_1'P_4' 上各有一个顶点。这个八面体的边长是多少?

A unit cube has vertices P1,P_1, P2,P_2, P3,P_3, P4,P_4, P1,P_1', P2,P_2', P3,P_3', and P4.P_4'. Vertices P2,P_2, P3,P_3, and P4P_4 are adjacent to P1,P_1, and for 1i4,1 \le i \le 4, vertices PiP_i and PiP_i' are opposite to each other. A regular octahedron has one vertex in each of the segments P1P2,P_1P_2, P1P3,P_1P_3, P1P4,P_1P_4, P1P2,P_1'P_2', P1P3,P_1'P_3', and P1P4.P_1'P_4'. What is the octahedron’s side length?

324\dfrac{3\sqrt{2}}{4}

7616\dfrac{7\sqrt{6}}{16}

52\dfrac{\sqrt{5}}{2}

233\dfrac{2\sqrt{3}}{3}

62\dfrac{\sqrt{6}}{2}

答案:A
难度评级:2110
小提示:

由对称性,每个八面体顶点沿对应棱到 P1P_1(或 P1P_1')的距离都是同一个 tt

By symmetry each octahedron vertex is the same distance tt from P1P_1 (or P1P_1') along its edge

大提示:

令两个同靠近 P1P_1 的顶点之间的距离平方等于跨过去的一条边的距离平方,并解出 tt

Set the squared distance between two vertices sharing P1P_1 equal to the squared distance across, and solve for tt

解答:

P1P_1 放在原点,使三条棱沿坐标轴,并设靠近 P1P_1 的三个八面体顶点都与 P1P_1 相距 tt。由对称性,靠近 P1P_1' 的三个顶点也都与 P1P_1' 相距 tt

两个同靠近 P1P_1 的顶点,例如 (t,0,0)(t,0,0)(0,t,0)(0,t,0),相距 t2t\sqrt2。靠近 P1P_1 的一个顶点,例如 (t,0,0)(t,0,0),与靠近 P1P_1' 的相应顶点,例如 (1,1t,1)(1,1-t,1),之间也必须有相同距离。

令这两种边长的平方相等,并使用单位立方体的棱长,得到 t=34t=\tfrac34,因此边长为 t2=324t\sqrt2=\dfrac{3\sqrt2}{4}

因此正确答案是 A

Place P1P_1 at the origin with edges along the axes, and let each of the three octahedron vertices near P1P_1 be a distance tt from P1;P_1; by symmetry the three near P1P_1' are also a distance tt from P1.P_1'.

Two vertices sharing P1,P_1, such as (t,0,0)(t,0,0) and (0,t,0),(0,t,0), are a distance t2t\sqrt2 apart. A vertex near P1,P_1, say (t,0,0),(t,0,0), and the appropriate vertex near P1,P_1', say (1,1t,1),(1,1-t,1), must be the same distance apart.

Setting the two squared side lengths equal and using the cube’s unit edges yields t=34,t=\tfrac34, so the side length is t2=324.t\sqrt2=\dfrac{3\sqrt2}{4}.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

20.

一个梯形的边长为 3355771111。所有可能面积之和可以写成 r1n1+r2n2+r3r_1\sqrt{n_1} + r_2\sqrt{n_2} + r_3,其中 r1r_1r2r_2r3r_3 是有理数,且 n1n_1n2n_2 是不被任何质数的平方整除的正整数。不超过下式的最大整数是多少?r1+r2+r3+n1+n2r_1 + r_2 + r_3 + n_1 + n_2\text{?}

A trapezoid has side lengths 3,3, 5,5, 7,7, and 11.11. The sum of all the possible areas of the trapezoid can be written in the form of r1n1+r2n2+r3,r_1\sqrt{n_1} + r_2\sqrt{n_2} + r_3, where r1,r_1, r2,r_2, and r3r_3 are rational numbers and n1n_1 and n2n_2 are positive integers not divisible by the square of a prime. What is the greatest integer less than or equal to r1+r2+r3+n1+n2?r_1 + r_2 + r_3 + n_1 + n_2?

5757

5959

6161

6363

6565

答案:D
难度评级:2150
小提示:

平移一条腰:若梯形平行边为 a<ca\lt c,两腰为 b,db,d 则会得到边长为 b,d,cab,d,c-a 的三角形

Slide one parallel side over: a trapezoid with parallel sides a<ca\lt c and legs b,db,d gives a triangle with sides b,d,cab,d,c-a

大提示:

三角形不等式迫使较长的平行边为 1111;在 a=3,5,7a=3,5,7 的情况中使用海伦公式

The triangle inequality forces the longer parallel side to be 11;11; apply Heron’s formula in the cases a=3,5,7a=3,5,7

解答:

对于平行边为 a<ca\lt c、两腰为 b,db,d 的梯形,平移一条腰会形成边长为 bbdd,和 cac-a 的三角形。三角形不等式迫使较长的平行边为 c=11c=11

a=3a=3,三角形边长为 5,7,85,7,8,面积为 10310\sqrt3,梯形面积为 3523\tfrac{35}{2}\sqrt3。若 a=5a=5,三角形边长为 3,6,73,6,7,面积为 454\sqrt5,梯形面积为 3235\tfrac{32}{3}\sqrt5。若 a=7a=7,三角形边长为 3,4,53,4,5,是直角三角形,梯形面积为 2727

总和为 3523+3235+27\tfrac{35}{2}\sqrt3+\tfrac{32}{3}\sqrt5+27,所以 r1+r2+r3+n1+n2=352+323+27+3+5=63+16 \begin{gathered} r_1+r_2+r_3+n_1+n_2 \\ = \tfrac{35}{2}+\tfrac{32}{3}+27+3+5 \\ = 63+\tfrac16 \end{gathered}\text{。}

小于或等于这个值的最大整数是 6363

因此正确答案是 D

For a trapezoid with parallel sides a<ca\lt c and legs b,d,b,d, translating a leg forms a triangle with sides b,b, d,d, and ca.c-a. The triangle inequality forces the longer parallel side to be c=11.c=11.

If a=3,a=3, the triangle has sides 5,7,85,7,8 with area 103,10\sqrt3, and the trapezoid has area 3523.\tfrac{35}{2}\sqrt3. If a=5,a=5, the triangle has sides 3,6,73,6,7 with area 45,4\sqrt5, giving trapezoid area 3235.\tfrac{32}{3}\sqrt5. If a=7,a=7, the triangle has sides 3,4,5,3,4,5, a right triangle, giving trapezoid area 27.27.

The total is 3523+3235+27,\tfrac{35}{2}\sqrt3+\tfrac{32}{3}\sqrt5+27, so r1+r2+r3+n1+n2=352+323+27+3+5=63+16. \begin{gathered} r_1+r_2+r_3+n_1+n_2 \\ = \tfrac{35}{2}+\tfrac{32}{3}+27+3+5 \\ = 63+\tfrac16. \end{gathered}

The greatest integer at most this value is 63.63.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

21.

正方形 AXYZAXYZ 内接于等角六边形 ABCDEFABCDEF,其中 XXBC\overline{BC}YYDE\overline{DE},且 ZZEF\overline{EF}。已知 AB=40AB = 40EF=41(31)EF = 41(\sqrt{3} - 1)。正方形的边长是多少?

Square AXYZAXYZ is inscribed in equiangular hexagon ABCDEFABCDEF with XX on BC,\overline{BC}, YY on DE,\overline{DE}, and ZZ on EF.\overline{EF}. Suppose that AB=40AB = 40 and EF=41(31).EF = 41(\sqrt{3} - 1). What is the side-length of the square?

29329\sqrt{3}

2122+4123\dfrac{21}{2}\sqrt{2} + \dfrac{41}{2}\sqrt{3}

203+1620\sqrt{3} + 16

202+13320\sqrt{2} + 13\sqrt{3}

21621\sqrt{6}

答案:A
难度评级:2170
小提示:

从正方形顶点 AA 向过 AA 且垂直于平行边 EFEFCBCB 的直线作辅助线

Drop the square’s vertex AA onto a line through AA perpendicular to the parallel sides EFEF and CBCB

大提示:

u=BXu=BX;等角六边形中的 6060^\circ 角给出全等的角部三角形,于是用 uu 表示 EFEF,再求边长 s2=(20+u)2+(203)2s^2=(20+u)^2+(20\sqrt3)^2

Let u=BX;u=BX; the equiangular 6060^\circ angles give congruent corner triangles, so express EFEF in terms of uu and solve for the side s2=(20+u)2+(203)2s^2=(20+u)^2+(20\sqrt3)^2

解答:

延长 EFEFCBCB,并过 AA 作一条同时垂直于它们的直线,交点分别为 HHJJ。 因为 ABJ=60\angle ABJ=60^\circBJ=20BJ=20AJ=203AJ=20\sqrt3。 令 u=BXu=BX, 勾股定理给出 s2=(20+u)2+(203)2s^2=(20+u)^2+(20\sqrt3)^2

等角条件使四个角部三角形全等,沿 EFEF 追踪相等线段可得 u+203=41(31)+20+u3 \begin{aligned} u+20\sqrt3 &= 41(\sqrt3-1) \\ &\quad {}+\frac{20+u}{\sqrt3}\text{,} \end{aligned} 所以 u=21320u=21\sqrt3-20

因为 20+u=21320+u=21\sqrt3,所以 s2=(213)2+(203)2=3(441+400)=3292 \begin{aligned} s^2 &= (21\sqrt3)^2+(20\sqrt3)^2 \\ &= 3(441+400)=3\cdot29^2\text{,} \end{aligned} 因此 s=293s=29\sqrt3

因此正确答案是 A

Extend EFEF and CBCB to a line through AA perpendicular to both, meeting them at HH and J.J. Since ABJ=60,\angle ABJ=60^\circ, we have BJ=20BJ=20 and AJ=203.AJ=20\sqrt3. With u=BX,u=BX, the Pythagorean theorem gives s2=(20+u)2+(203)2.s^2=(20+u)^2+(20\sqrt3)^2.

The equiangular angles make the four corner triangles congruent, and chasing the equal segments along EFEF yields u+203=41(31)+20+u3, \begin{aligned} u+20\sqrt3 &= 41(\sqrt3-1) \\ &\quad {}+\frac{20+u}{\sqrt3}, \end{aligned} so u=21320.u=21\sqrt3-20.

Since 20+u=213,20+u=21\sqrt3, we get s2=(213)2+(203)2=3(441+400)=3292, \begin{aligned} s^2 &= (21\sqrt3)^2+(20\sqrt3)^2 \\ &= 3(441+400)=3\cdot29^2, \end{aligned} giving s=293.s=29\sqrt3.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

22.

一只虫子沿下图六角形网格中的线段从 AA 走到 BB。带箭头标记的线段只能按箭头方向行走,并且这只虫子不会重复走同一条线段。有多少条不同路径?

A bug travels from AA to BB along the segments in the hexagonal lattice pictured below. The segments marked with an arrow can be traveled only in the direction of the arrow, and the bug never travels the same segment more than once. How many different paths are there?

21122112

23042304

23682368

23842384

24002400

答案:E
难度评级:2270
小提示:

有三条向左的“返回”线段;按路径使用了它们的哪个子集分类

There are three left-pointing “back” segments; split into cases by which subset of them the path uses

大提示:

若不使用返回线段,路径在每一列选择一条向前线段,共有 2244422=2102\cdot2\cdot4\cdot4\cdot4\cdot2\cdot2=2^{10}

With no back segment used, the path picks one forward segment per column, giving 2244422=2102\cdot2\cdot4\cdot4\cdot4\cdot2\cdot2=2^{10}

解答:

给七列向前(向右)线段编号;若路径不使用返回线段,它只是在每一列选择一条向前线段。选择数为 2,2,4,4,4,2,22,2,4,4,4,2,2,因此有 2102^{10} 条路径。

s1,s2,s3s_1,s_2,s_3 为三条向左的返回线段(位于第 2,4,62,4,6 列)。分析一旦走过一条返回线段,哪些列会被迫确定,可得:对 {s1}\{s_1\}{s3}\{s_3\},各有 282^8 条路径,对 {s1,s3}\{s_1,s_3\}262^6 条,对 {s2}\{s_2\}292^9 条,对 {s1,s2}\{s_1,s_2\}{s2,s3}\{s_2,s_3\},各有 272^7 条,对 {s1,s2,s3}\{s_1,s_2,s_3\}252^5 条。

相加得 210+228+26+29+227+25=2400 \begin{aligned} &2^{10}+2\cdot2^8+2^6 \\ &\quad {}+2^9+2\cdot2^7+2^5=2400 \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此正确答案是 E

Label the seven columns of forward (rightward) segments; a path with no back segment simply chooses one forward segment in each column. The numbers of choices are 2,2,4,4,4,2,2,2,2,4,4,4,2,2, giving 2102^{10} paths.

Let s1,s2,s3s_1,s_2,s_3 be the three left-pointing back segments (in columns 2,4,62,4,6). Analyzing which columns become forced once a back segment is traversed gives 282^8 paths for each of {s1}\{s_1\} and {s3},\{s_3\}, 262^6 for {s1,s3},\{s_1,s_3\}, 292^9 for {s2},\{s_2\}, 272^7 for each of {s1,s2}\{s_1,s_2\} and {s2,s3},\{s_2,s_3\}, and 252^5 for {s1,s2,s3}.\{s_1,s_2,s_3\}.

Adding, 210+228+26+29+227+25=2400. \begin{aligned} &2^{10}+2\cdot2^8+2^6 \\ &\quad {}+2^9+2\cdot2^7+2^5=2400. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is E.

23.

考虑所有复变量多项式 P(z)=4z4+az3P(z) = 4z^4 + az^3 +bz2+cz+d+ bz^2 + cz + d,其中 aabbcc,和 dd 是整数,满足 0dcba40 \le d \le c \le b \le a \le 4,且多项式有一个零点 z0z_0 满足 z0=1|z_0| = 1。在所有满足这些性质的多项式中,所有 P(1)P(1) 的值之和是多少?

Consider all polynomials of a complex variable, P(z)=4z4+az3P(z) = 4z^4 + az^3 +bz2+cz+d,+ bz^2 + cz + d, where a,a, b,b, c,c, and dd are integers, 0dcba4,0 \le d \le c \le b \le a \le 4, and the polynomial has a zero z0z_0 with z0=1.|z_0| = 1. What is the sum of all values P(1)P(1) over all the polynomials with these properties?

8484

9292

100100

108108

120120

答案:B
难度评级:2380
小提示:

4z05=(z01)P(z0)+4z054z_0^5=(z_0-1)P(z_0)+4z_0^5 使用三角不等式;取等号迫使系数差集中在一起

Apply the triangle inequality to 4z05=(z01)P(z0)+4z05;4z_0^5=(z_0-1)P(z_0)+4z_0^5; equality forces the coefficient jumps to concentrate

大提示:

先处理存在某个 1k41\le k\le4 使 z0k=1z_0^k=1 的情形;否则三角不等式取等号时只允许有一个非零的系数差

First handle the cases where z0k=1z_0^k=1 for some 1k4;1\le k\le4; otherwise equality in the triangle inequality permits only one nonzero coefficient jump

解答:

因为 z0=1|z_0|=1,对恒等式 4z05(z01)P(z0)=z04(4a)+z03(ab)+z02(bc)+z0(cd)+d \begin{aligned} &4z_0^5-(z_0-1)P(z_0) \\ &\quad =z_0^4(4-a)+z_0^3(a-b) \\ &\quad {}+z_0^2(b-c)+z_0(c-d)+d \end{aligned} 使用三角不等式时,左边的绝对值是 44。右边非负的系数差之和也是 44,所以三角不等式取等号,所有非零复数项都指向同一方向。

如果有两个系数差非零,取它们的商可知,对某个 1k41\le k\le4z0kz_0^k 是正实数。由于 z0=1|z_0|=1,这意味着 z0k=1z_0^k=1。当 k=2,3,4k=2,3,4 时,分别得到 a=4,b=c,d=0a=4,b=c,d=0a=b=4,c=d=0a=b=4,c=d=0;以及一个已经属于第一族的多项式。若不存在这样的幂,等号条件迫使恰有一个非零系数差。常数项的差给出 a=b=c=d=4a=b=c=d=4;其他位置的差也会迫使 z05j=1z_0^{5-j}=1,从而回到上述情形。因此,多项式恰好是 4z4+4z3+bz2+bz4z^4+4z^3+bz^2+bz,其中 0b40\le b\le4,再加上 4z4+4z3+4z24z^4+4z^3+4z^24z4+4z3+4z2+4z+44z^4+4z^3+4z^2+4z+4

它们在 11 处的值分别为 20201212,以及 8+2b8+2b;总和为 20+12+b=04(8+2b)=32+40+20=92 \begin{gathered} 20+12+\sum_{b=0}^{4}(8+2b) \\ = 32+40+20 \\ = 92 \end{gathered}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 B

Because z0=1,|z_0|=1, applying the triangle inequality to the identity 4z05(z01)P(z0)=z04(4a)+z03(ab)+z02(bc)+z0(cd)+d \begin{aligned} &4z_0^5-(z_0-1)P(z_0) \\ &\quad =z_0^4(4-a)+z_0^3(a-b) \\ &\quad {}+z_0^2(b-c)+z_0(c-d)+d \end{aligned} has left side of absolute value 4.4. The nonnegative coefficient jumps on the right sum to 4,4, so the triangle inequality is an equality and all its nonzero complex summands point in the same direction.

If two jumps are nonzero, their quotient shows that z0kz_0^k is a positive real for some 1k4.1\le k\le4. Since z0=1,|z_0|=1, this means z0k=1.z_0^k=1. The cases k=2,3,4k=2,3,4 give, respectively, a=4,b=c,d=0;a=4,b=c,d=0; a=b=4,c=d=0;a=b=4,c=d=0; and a polynomial already in the first family. If no such power exists, equality forces exactly one nonzero jump. The constant jump gives a=b=c=d=4;a=b=c=d=4; any other jump again forces z05j=1z_0^{5-j}=1 and returns to the cases just listed. Hence the polynomials are exactly 4z4+4z3+bz2+bz4z^4+4z^3+bz^2+bz for 0b4,0\le b\le4, together with 4z4+4z3+4z24z^4+4z^3+4z^2 and 4z4+4z3+4z2+4z+4.4z^4+4z^3+4z^2+4z+4.

Their values at 11 are 20,20, 12,12, and 8+2b;8+2b; summing gives 20+12+b=04(8+2b)=32+40+20=92. \begin{gathered} 20+12+\sum_{b=0}^{4}(8+2b) \\ = 32+40+20 \\ = 92. \end{gathered}

Thus, the correct answer is B.

24.

在正整数上定义函数 f1f_1,令 f1(1)=1f_1(1) = 1。若 n>1n \gt 1 的质因数分解为 n=p1e1p2e2pkekn = p_1^{e_1} p_2^{e_2} \cdots p_k^{e_k},则 f1(n)=(p1+1)e11(p2+1)e21(pk+1)ek1 \begin{aligned} &f_1(n) = (p_1 + 1)^{e_1 - 1}(p_2 + 1)^{e_2 - 1} \\ &\quad \cdots (p_k + 1)^{e_k - 1}\text{。} \end{aligned} 对每个 m2m \ge 2,令 fm(n)=f1(fm1(n))f_m(n) = f_1(f_{m-1}(n))。在范围 1N4001 \le N \le 400 中,有多少个 NN 使序列 (f1(N),f2(N),f3(N),)(f_1(N), f_2(N), f_3(N), \ldots) 无界?注:一个正数序列无界是指对每个整数 BB,都存在该序列中的一项大于 BB

Define the function f1f_1 on the positive integers by setting f1(1)=1f_1(1) = 1 and if n=p1e1p2e2pkekn = p_1^{e_1} p_2^{e_2} \cdots p_k^{e_k} is the prime factorization of n>1,n \gt 1, then f1(n)=(p1+1)e11(p2+1)e21(pk+1)ek1. \begin{aligned} &f_1(n) = (p_1 + 1)^{e_1 - 1}(p_2 + 1)^{e_2 - 1} \\ &\quad \cdots (p_k + 1)^{e_k - 1}. \end{aligned} For every m2,m \ge 2, let fm(n)=f1(fm1(n)).f_m(n) = f_1(f_{m-1}(n)). For how many NN in the range 1N4001 \le N \le 400 is the sequence (f1(N),f2(N),f3(N),)(f_1(N), f_2(N), f_3(N), \ldots) unbounded? Note: a sequence of positive numbers is unbounded if for every integer B,B, there is a member of the sequence greater than B.B.

1515

1616

1717

1818

1919

答案:D
难度评级:2520
小提示:

N2N_2N1N_1 的倍数,则 f1(N2)f_1(N_2)f1(N1)f_1(N_1) 的倍数,所以无界性会传递给倍数;找出最小的“本质” NN

If N2N_2 is a multiple of N1N_1 then f1(N2)f_1(N_2) is a multiple of f1(N1),f_1(N_1), so unboundedness is inherited by multiples; find the minimal “essential” NN

大提示:

一个本质的 NN 每个指数都至少为 22,且至多含两个质因数;先分析 2,32,3 的幂,再分析 400400 以内剩下的少数质数幂和质数对

An essential NN has every exponent at least 22 and at most two prime factors; analyze powers of 2,32,3 first, then the few remaining prime powers and prime pairs below 400400

解答:

N2N_2N1N_1 的倍数,则 f1(N2)f_1(N_2)f1(N1)f_1(N_1) 的倍数,所以若 SN1S_{N_1} 无界,则 SN2S_{N_2} 也无界。称 NN 为本质数,如果它无界而任何真因数都不无界。本质数 NN 的所有指数都至少为 22,并且 (p1pk)2400(p_1\cdots p_k)^2\le400 迫使它至多含两个质数。

对于 n=2a3bn=2^a3^b,两次迭代把指数对变成 (2a4,2b3)(2a-4,2b-3)。因此轨道无界,当且仅当 a5a\ge5b4b\ge4,由此得到本质数 25=322^5=3234=813^4=81。对于只含另一个质数的情形,上界只留下 52,53,72,73,112,132,172,1925^2,5^3,7^2,7^3,11^2,13^2,17^2,19^2;直接应用 f1f_1 后只有 73=3437^3=343 是本质数。对于两个质数,p1p220p_1p_2\le20(2,3)(2,3) 外只留下 (2,5),(2,7),(3,5)(2,5),(2,7),(3,5)。对相应的平方因子乘积应用 f1f_1,只剩 2452=4002^4\cdot5^2=400

它们在 400400 以内的倍数个数分别为 40032=12\lfloor\frac{400}{32}\rfloor=1240081=4\lfloor\frac{400}{81}\rfloor=4400343=1\lfloor\frac{400}{343}\rfloor=1,和 400400=1\lfloor\frac{400}{400}\rfloor=1,且没有重叠,总数为 12+4+1+1=1812+4+1+1=18

因此,正确答案是 D

If N2N_2 is a multiple of N1N_1 then f1(N2)f_1(N_2) is a multiple of f1(N1),f_1(N_1), so if SN1S_{N_1} is unbounded so is SN2.S_{N_2}. Call NN essential if it is unbounded but no proper divisor is. An essential NN must have all exponents at least 2,2, and (p1pk)2400(p_1\cdots p_k)^2\le400 forces at most two primes.

For n=2a3b,n=2^a3^b, two iterations send the exponent pair to (2a4,2b3).(2a-4,2b-3). Thus the orbit is unbounded exactly when a5a\ge5 or b4,b\ge4, producing the essential values 25=322^5=32 and 34=81.3^4=81. For a single other prime, the bound leaves only 52,53,72,73,112,132,172,192;5^2,5^3,7^2,7^3,11^2,13^2,17^2,19^2; direct application of f1f_1 leaves only 73=3437^3=343 essential. With two primes, p1p220p_1p_2\le20 leaves the pairs (2,5),(2,7),(3,5)(2,5),(2,7),(3,5) besides (2,3).(2,3). Applying f1f_1 to their possible squareful products leaves only 2452=400.2^4\cdot5^2=400.

Their multiples up to 400400 number 40032=12,\lfloor\frac{400}{32}\rfloor=12, 40081=4,\lfloor\frac{400}{81}\rfloor=4, 400343=1,\lfloor\frac{400}{343}\rfloor=1, and 400400=1,\lfloor\frac{400}{400}\rfloor=1, with no overlaps, for a total of 12+4+1+1=18.12+4+1+1=18.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

25.

S={(x,y):x{0,1,2,3,4}S = \{(x, y) : x \in \{0, 1, 2, 3, 4\}y{0,1,2,3,4,5}y \in \{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5\},且 (x,y)(0,0)}(x, y) \ne (0, 0)\}。设 TT 为所有顶点在 SS 中的直角三角形的集合。对每个直角三角形 t=ABCt = \triangle ABC,其顶点 AABBCC 按逆时针顺序排列,且直角在 AA,令 f(t)=tan(CBA)f(t) = \tan(\angle CBA)。求 tTf(t)\prod_{t \in T} f(t)\text{?}

Let S={(x,y):x{0,1,2,3,4},S = \{(x, y) : x \in \{0, 1, 2, 3, 4\}, y{0,1,2,3,4,5},y \in \{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5\}, and (x,y)(0,0)}.(x, y) \ne (0, 0)\}. Let TT be the set of all right triangles whose vertices are in S.S. For every right triangle t=ABCt = \triangle ABC with vertices A,A, B,B, and CC in counter-clockwise order and right angle at A,A, let f(t)=tan(CBA).f(t) = \tan(\angle CBA). What is tTf(t)?\prod_{t \in T} f(t)?

11

625144\dfrac{625}{144}

12524\dfrac{125}{24}

66

62524\dfrac{625}{24}

答案:B
难度评级:2650
小提示:

把一个三角形与它的反射配对,会交换 tan(CBA)\tan(\angle CBA)tan(ACB)\tan(\angle ACB),二者乘积为 11

Pairing a triangle with its reflection swaps tan(CBA)\tan(\angle CBA) with tan(ACB),\tan(\angle ACB), whose product is 11

大提示:

反射会把整个乘积化简到少数几个经过原点的三角形,最后只剩六个需要计算

Reflections collapse the whole product down to a handful of triangles through the origin, and only six survive

解答:

等腰直角三角形贡献 f(t)=1f(t)=1。 对于三边互不相等的直角三角形,关于合适的直线反射可把它与三角形 t1t_1 配对,使得 f(t)f(t1)f(t)f(t_1) =tan(CBA)tan(ACB)=\tan(\angle CBA)\tan(\angle ACB) =1=1

连续反射(关于 x=2x=2, 再关于 x=yx=y, 再关于 y=52y=\tfrac52)把乘积化简为仅六个形如 OYZOYZYY 在最上排的三角形对应乘积的倒数。

这六个三角形给出 152535453224222=144625 \begin{aligned} &\frac15\cdot\frac25\cdot\frac35\cdot\frac45\cdot\frac{3\sqrt2}{\sqrt2} \\ &\quad {}\cdot\frac{4\sqrt2}{2\sqrt2}=\frac{144}{625} \end{aligned}\text{,} 因此所求乘积是其倒数 625144\dfrac{625}{144}

因此正确答案是 B

Isosceles right triangles contribute f(t)=1.f(t)=1. For a scalene right triangle, reflecting across a suitable line pairs it with a triangle t1t_1 so that f(t)f(t1)f(t)f(t_1) =tan(CBA)tan(ACB)=\tan(\angle CBA)\tan(\angle ACB) =1.=1.

Successive reflections (across x=2,x=2, then x=y,x=y, then y=52y=\tfrac52) reduce the product to the reciprocal of the product over just six triangles of the form OYZOYZ with YY on the top row.

Those six give 152535453224222=144625, \begin{aligned} &\frac15\cdot\frac25\cdot\frac35\cdot\frac45\cdot\frac{3\sqrt2}{\sqrt2} \\ &\quad {}\cdot\frac{4\sqrt2}{2\sqrt2}=\frac{144}{625}, \end{aligned} so the required product is its reciprocal, 625144.\dfrac{625}{144}.

Thus, the correct answer is B.