2012 AMC 12B 详解
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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
Pearl Creek 小学每个三年级教室有 名学生和 只宠物兔。全部 个三年级教室中,学生比兔子多多少?
Each third-grade classroom at Pearl Creek Elementary has students and pet rabbits. How many more students than rabbits are there in all of the third-grade classrooms?
小提示:
每个教室里学生比兔子多 个
Each classroom has more students than rabbits
大提示:
把每个教室的差乘以
Multiply the per-classroom difference by
解答:
每个教室里学生比兔子多 个。
全部 个教室中,学生比兔子多 个。
因此正确答案是 C。
Each classroom has more students than rabbits.
Across all classrooms there are more students than rabbits.
Thus, the correct answer is C.
2.
如图,一个半径为 的圆内切于一个长方形。长方形的长与宽之比为 。这个长方形的面积是多少?
A circle of radius is inscribed in a rectangle as shown. The ratio of the length of the rectangle to its width is What is the area of the rectangle?
小提示:
长方形的宽等于圆的直径
The width of the rectangle equals the diameter of the circle
大提示:
长方形的长是宽的两倍
The length is twice the width
解答:
圆内切于长方形,所以长方形的宽等于圆的直径,即 。
长方形的长为 ,所以面积为 。
因此正确答案是 E。
The circle is inscribed, so the width of the rectangle equals the diameter,
The length is then so the area is
Thus, the correct answer is E.
3.
为了一个科学项目,Sammy 观察了一只花栗鼠和一只松鼠把橡子藏进洞里。花栗鼠在它挖的每个洞里藏了 颗橡子。松鼠在它挖的每个洞里藏了 颗橡子。它们各自藏了相同数量的橡子,不过松鼠少用了 个洞。花栗鼠藏了多少颗橡子?
For a science project, Sammy observed a chipmunk and a squirrel stashing acorns in holes. The chipmunk hid acorns in each of the holes it dug. The squirrel hid acorns in each of the holes it dug. They each hid the same number of acorns, although the squirrel needed fewer holes. How many acorns did the chipmunk hide?
小提示:
设花栗鼠挖了 个洞,则松鼠挖了 个洞
Let be the number of holes the chipmunk dug, so the squirrel dug
大提示:
橡子总数相等,得到
The equal totals give
解答:
设花栗鼠挖了 个洞。花栗鼠藏了 颗橡子,松鼠藏了 颗橡子。
因为它们藏的橡子数量相同,,解得 。
花栗鼠藏了 颗橡子。
因此正确答案是 D。
Let be the number of holes the chipmunk dug. The chipmunk hid acorns and the squirrel hid acorns.
Since they hid the same number, which gives
The chipmunk hid acorns.
Thus, the correct answer is D.
4.
假设一欧元值 美元。如果 Diana 有 美元,Étienne 有 欧元,那么 Étienne 的钱的价值比 Diana 的钱的价值多百分之多少?
Suppose that the euro is worth dollars. If Diana has dollars and Étienne has euros, by what percent is the value of Étienne’s money greater than the value of Diana’s money?
小提示:
先把 Étienne 的欧元换算成美元
Convert Étienne’s euros to dollars first
大提示:
百分比增加量是
The percent increase is
解答:
Étienne 的钱价值 美元,而 Diana 有 美元。
Étienne 的钱的价值超过 Diana 的百分比为
因此正确答案是 B。
Étienne’s money is worth dollars, while Diana has dollars.
The percent by which Étienne’s value exceeds Diana’s is
Thus, the correct answer is B.
5.
两个整数的和为 。当另外两个整数加到前两个整数上时,和为 。最后再把另外两个整数加到前四个整数的和上时,和为 。这 个整数中偶数的最少个数是多少?
Two integers have a sum of When two more integers are added to the first two integers the sum is Finally when two more integers are added to the sum of the previous four integers the sum is What is the minimum number of even integers among the integers?
小提示:
看每一对新加入的整数之和:,,和
Look at the sum of each new pair: and
大提示:
两个整数的和为奇数时,恰好其中一个是偶数
A pair has an odd sum only when exactly one of its two integers is even
解答:
三个连续的整数对的和分别是 ,,和 。
两个整数同奇偶时和为偶数,恰好一个是偶数时和为奇数。只有中间那一对的和为奇数,所以它必须至少含有一个偶数。
另外两对都可以全是奇数,所以最少可以只有 个偶数,例如 。
因此正确答案是 A。
The three successive pairs have sums and
A pair sums to an even number when its two integers share parity, and to an odd number when exactly one is even. Only the middle pair sums to an odd number, so it must contain at least one even integer.
The other two pairs can be all odd, so as few as even integer is possible, for example
Thus, the correct answer is A.
6.
为了估计 的值,其中 和 是满足 的实数,Xiaoli 把 向上调整了一小段量,把 向下调整了同样的量,然后把她调整后的数相减。下列哪一项一定正确?
In order to estimate the value of where and are real numbers with Xiaoli rounded up by a small amount, rounded down by the same amount, and then subtracted her rounded values. Which of the following statements is necessarily correct?
她的估计值大于 。
Her estimate is larger than
她的估计值小于 。
Her estimate is smaller than
她的估计值等于 。
Her estimate equals
她的估计值等于 。
Her estimate equals
她的估计值是 。
Her estimate is
7.
小灯泡按红、红、绿、绿、绿、红、红、绿、绿、绿这样的顺序挂在一根绳子上,相邻灯泡相距 英寸,并一直重复 个红灯后接 个绿灯的模式。第 个红灯和第 个红灯相距多少英尺?
注: 英尺等于 英寸。
Small lights are hung on a string inches apart in the order red, red, green, green, green, red, red, green, green, green, and so on continuing this pattern of red lights followed by green lights. How many feet separate the rd red light and the st red light?
Note: foot is equal to inches.
小提示:
把灯泡按每 个一组分组:两个红灯,三个绿灯
Group the lights into repeating blocks of (two red, three green)
大提示:
第 个红灯是第 组的开头,第 个红灯是第 组的开头
The rd red light starts block and the st red light starts block
解答:
灯泡按每 个一组重复,所以相邻两组的开头相距 英寸,即 英尺。
每一组的开头都是一个奇数编号的红灯。第 个红灯是第 组的开头,第 个红灯是第 组的开头。
它们之间的距离是 英尺。
因此正确答案是 E。
The lights repeat in blocks of so consecutive blocks start inches, or feet, apart.
Each block has one odd-numbered red light beginning it. The rd red light begins the nd block and the st red light begins the th block.
The distance between them is feet.
Thus, the correct answer is E.
8.
一位甜点师从星期日开始,为一周中的每天准备甜点。每天的甜点是蛋糕、派、冰淇淋或布丁。同一种甜点不能连续两天供应。因为有人过生日,星期五必须供应蛋糕。这一周有多少种不同的甜点菜单?
A dessert chef prepares the dessert for every day of a week starting with Sunday. The dessert each day is either cake, pie, ice cream, or pudding. The same dessert may not be served two days in a row. There must be cake on Friday because of a birthday. How many different dessert menus for the week are possible?
小提示:
固定星期五为蛋糕,然后数另外六天
Fix Friday as cake, then count the other six days
大提示:
其余每天都有 种选择,即除相邻那天已供应的甜点外的任意一种
Each remaining day has choices, anything except the dessert served the following day
解答:
星期五固定为蛋糕。从星期五向两边计数。
另外六天(星期六,然后是星期四、星期三、星期二、星期一、星期日)都可以选择除已经确定的相邻那天甜点之外的任意一种甜点,因此各有 种选择。
菜单数为 。
因此正确答案是 A。
Friday is fixed as cake. Work outward from Friday.
Each of the other six days (Saturday, then Thursday, Wednesday, Tuesday, Monday, Sunday) can be any dessert except the one served on the neighboring already-chosen day, giving choices each.
The number of menus is
Thus, the correct answer is A.
9.
当自动扶梯不运行时,Clea 走下自动扶梯需要 秒;当自动扶梯运行时,她走下自动扶梯只需要 秒。当运行中的自动扶梯带着她下行而她只是站着不动时,需要多少秒?
It takes Clea seconds to walk down an escalator when it is not operating, and only seconds to walk down the escalator when it is operating. How many seconds does it take Clea to ride down the operating escalator when she just stands on it?
小提示:
设自动扶梯长度固定,写出 Clea 的步行速度和自动扶梯速度
Let the escalator length be fixed and write Clea’s walking rate and the escalator’s rate
大提示:
由 求出 与 的关系,再用
From find in terms of then use
解答:
设 为 Clea 的步行速度, 为自动扶梯速度,自动扶梯长度为 。在运行中的自动扶梯上步行给出 ,所以 。
站着不动所需时间 满足 ,因此 得 秒。
因此正确答案是 B。
Let be Clea’s walking rate and the escalator’s rate, with the length equal to Walking on the moving escalator gives so
Standing takes time with so and seconds.
Thus, the correct answer is B.
10.
以曲线 与 的交点为顶点所形成的多边形,面积是多少?
What is the area of the polygon whose vertices are the points of intersection of the curves and
小提示:
由第一个方程解出 ,再代入第二个方程
Solve the first equation for and substitute into the second
大提示:
三个交点形成一个三角形;用一条竖直边作底
The three intersection points form a triangle; use one vertical side as the base
解答:
由 得 。代入 得 ,所以 或 。
交点为 ,,和 。
从 到 的竖直边长为 ,到 的水平距离为 ,所以面积是 。
因此正确答案是 B。
From we get Substituting into gives so or
The intersection points are and
The vertical side from to has length and the horizontal distance to is so the area is
Thus, the correct answer is B.
11.
在下面的等式中, 和 是连续正整数,并且 、 和 都表示数的进制: 等于多少?
In the equation below, and are consecutive positive integers, and and represent number bases: What is
小提示:
把每个数按它的进制展开,例如
Rewrite each numeral in terms of its base, e.g.
大提示:
分别尝试 和 ,并解所得的关于 的二次方程
Try both and and solve the resulting quadratic in
解答:
展开各个数,,,且 。
当 时,方程变为 ,化简得 。正整数解为 ,所以 。
(当 时得到 ,没有整数解。)
因此 。
因此正确答案是 C。
Writing the numerals out, and
With the equation becomes which simplifies to The positive solution is so
(The case gives which has no integer solution.)
Therefore
Thus, the correct answer is C.
12.
有多少个长度为 的由零和/或一组成的序列满足:所有零连续,或者所有一连续,或者两者都满足?
How many sequences of zeros and/or ones of length have all the zeros consecutive, or all the ones consecutive, or both?
小提示:
设 为所有零连在一起的序列, 为所有一连在一起的序列,然后用 。
Let be the sequences with all zeros together and those with all ones together, then use
大提示:
所有零连在一起的序列由第一个和最后一个零的位置确定,共有 个。
A sequence with the zeros together is fixed by choosing the first and last zero positions, giving of them
解答:
设 为所有零连续的序列, 为所有一连续的序列。
对于 ,有一个全是一的序列, 个恰有一个零的序列,以及 个含有至少两个零的序列(选择第一个和最后一个零的位置)。所以 ,由对称性 。
中的序列是一个零的块后接一个一的块,或顺序相反;这样的序列有 个。
因此 。
因此正确答案是 E。
Let be the sequences in which all zeros are consecutive and those in which all ones are consecutive.
For there is one all-ones sequence, sequences with exactly one zero, and sequences with two or more zeros (choose the first and last zero position). So and by symmetry
A sequence in is a block of zeros followed by a block of ones, or the reverse; there are of these.
Therefore
Thus, the correct answer is E.
13.
两条抛物线的方程为 和 ,其中 ,,,和 是整数(不一定互不相同),每个都通过掷一枚公平的六面骰子独立选出。两条抛物线至少有一个公共点的概率是多少?
Two parabolas have equations and where and are integers (not necessarily different), each chosen independently by rolling a fair six-sided die. What is the probability that the parabolas have at least one point in common?
小提示:
令两个右边相等, 项会抵消,留下
Setting the two right sides equal, the terms cancel, leaving
大提示:
没有公共点恰好发生在 且 时;求出这个概率再用 减去
There is no common point exactly when and find that probability and subtract from
解答:
抛物线相交处满足 ,即 。这个方程无解,恰好发生在两条直线平行且不重合的时候,也就是 且 。
的概率是 ,且 的概率是 ,所以没有公共点的概率为 。
至少有一个公共点的概率为 。
因此正确答案是 D。
The parabolas meet where i.e. This has no solution exactly when the lines are parallel and distinct: and
The probability that is and the probability that is so the probability of no common point is
The probability of at least one common point is
Thus, the correct answer is D.
14.
Bernardo 和 Silvia 玩下面的游戏。选取一个从 到 (含两端)的整数交给 Bernardo。每当 Bernardo 收到一个数时,他把它加倍并把结果交给 Silvia。每当 Silvia 收到一个数时,她给它加上 并把结果交给 Bernardo。最后一个产生小于 的数的人获胜。设 为使 Bernardo 获胜的最小初始数。 的各位数字之和是多少?
Bernardo and Silvia play the following game. An integer between and inclusive, is selected and given to Bernardo. Whenever Bernardo receives a number, he doubles it and passes the result to Silvia. Whenever Silvia receives a number, she adds to it and passes the result to Bernardo. The winner is the last person who produces a number less than Let be the smallest initial number that results in a win for Bernardo. What is the sum of the digits of
小提示:
当 Bernardo 加倍后的结果达到 时,他获胜,因为 Silvia 的下一个数会至少为
Bernardo wins on a turn when his doubled result reaches forcing Silvia’s next number to be at least
大提示:
倒推:分别找出经过一、二、三或四轮后,在 Bernardo 的操作后第一次达到 的最小初始数
Work backwards: find the smallest start that first reaches after Bernardo’s move, over one, two, three, or four rounds
解答:
当 Bernardo 在一轮后给出的加倍数 且之前的数都小于 时,他获胜。满足 的最小 是 。
倒推,经过二、三、四轮后导致胜利的最小初始值分别是满足 ,,和 的最小整数,即 ,,和 。不会有超过四轮后才获胜的初始值。
所以 ,各位数字之和为 。
因此正确答案是 A。
Bernardo wins after a round when his doubled number but the previous numbers stayed below The smallest with is
Working backwards, the smallest starting values that lead to a win after two, three, and four rounds are the smallest integers with and namely and No start wins after more than four rounds.
So and the sum of its digits is
Thus, the correct answer is A.
15.
Jesse 沿两条半径剪开一个半径为 的圆形纸片,形成两个扇形,其中较小扇形的圆心角为 度。他用每个扇形作为一个圆锥的侧面,做成两个圆锥。较小圆锥的体积与较大圆锥的体积之比是多少?
Jesse cuts a circular paper disk of radius along two radii to form two sectors, the smaller having a central angle of degrees. He makes two circular cones, using each sector to form the lateral surface of a cone. What is the ratio of the volume of the smaller cone to that of the larger?
小提示:
每个扇形的弧长会成为对应圆锥底面的周长,从而求出底面半径
The arc length of each sector becomes the circumference of that cone’s base, giving its base radius
大提示:
每个圆锥的母线长都是 ,比较 前,先用勾股定理求出各自的高
Each cone has slant height so find each height with the Pythagorean theorem before comparing
解答:
每个扇形形成的圆锥母线长为 。较小扇形的弧长为 ,因此底面半径为 ,高为 。
较大扇形(圆心角 )的弧长为 ,底面半径为 ,高为 。
体积之比为
因此正确答案是 C。
Each sector forms a cone with slant height The smaller sector’s arc length is so its base radius is and its height is
The larger sector (central angle ) has arc length base radius and height
The ratio of volumes is
Thus, the correct answer is C.
16.
Amy、Beth 和 Jo 听了四首不同的歌,并讨论她们喜欢哪些歌。没有一首歌被三人都喜欢。此外,对这三个女生中的每一对,都至少有一首歌被这两人喜欢、但不被第三人喜欢。有多少种不同的可能情况?
Amy, Beth, and Jo listen to four different songs and discuss which ones they like. No song is liked by all three. Furthermore, for each of the three pairs of the girls, there is at least one song liked by those two girls but disliked by the third. In how many different ways is this possible?
小提示:
每首歌要么被 中的一对喜欢,要么只被一个女生喜欢,要么无人喜欢;三对都必须出现
Each song is liked by one of the pairs by a single girl, or by no one; all three pairs must appear
大提示:
分成两种情况:四首歌都分给成对喜欢的组合,或者恰好三首歌覆盖三对组合
Split into the case where all four songs go to pairs and the case where exactly three songs cover the three pairs
解答:
每首歌恰好被三对中的一对喜欢,或被单个女生喜欢,或无人喜欢。每一对都必须被表示出来。
情况 : 每首歌都被一对女生喜欢。某一对得到四首歌中的两首( 种,且有 种选择是哪一对),另外两对各得到一首歌( 种)。共有 。
情况 : 三首歌分别对应三对女生(各一首),第四首歌被单个女生喜欢或无人喜欢。把四首歌分配到这四个角色有 种,剩余角色有 种选择(Amy、Beth、Jo 或无人):。
总数为 。
因此正确答案是 B。
Each song is liked by exactly one of the three pairs, by a single girl, or by no one. Every pair must be represented.
Case every song is liked by a pair. One pair gets two of the four songs ( ways, and choices for which pair), and the other two pairs get one song each ( ways). This gives
Case three songs go to the three pairs (one each) and the fourth song is liked by a single girl or no one. Assigning the four songs to these four roles gives ways, and the leftover role has options (Amy, Beth, Jo, or no one):
The total is
Thus, the correct answer is B.
17.
正方形 位于第一象限。点 ,,,和 分别在线 ,,,和 上。正方形 的中心坐标之和是多少?
Square lies in the first quadrant. Points and lie on lines and respectively. What is the sum of the coordinates of the center of the square
小提示:
设 为直线 与 -轴所成的角;正方形条件会联系给定线段的投影
Let be the angle line makes with the -axis; the square condition relates the projections of the given segments
大提示:
由 得 ,再求过中点 与 的两条直线的交点
From get then intersect the two lines through the midpoints and
解答:
设 为直线 与 -轴所成的锐角。边 在从 到 的线段上投影为 ,而边 在从 到 的线段上投影为 。
因为正方形的边长相等,, 所以 。 因此直线 的斜率为 ,直线 的斜率为 。
中心位于过 且斜率为 的直线上,也位于过 且斜率为 的直线上: 两线交于 。
坐标之和为 。
因此正确答案是 C。
Let be the acute angle line makes with the -axis. Sides span the segment from to as while span the segment from to as
Since the square has equal sides, so Thus lines have slope and lines have slope
The center lies on the line through with slope and the line through with slope These meet at
The sum of the coordinates is
Thus, the correct answer is C.
18.
设 是前 个正整数的一个排列,并且对每个 , 或 或两者都在 之前的某处出现。这样的排列有多少个?
Let be a list of the first positive integers such that for each either or or both appear somewhere before in the list. How many such lists are there?
小提示:
大于或等于 的数必须按递增顺序出现,小于 的数必须按递减顺序出现
The numbers greater than or equal to must appear in increasing order, and those less than in decreasing order
大提示:
选择哪些位置放较小的数即可确定整个排列,得到
Choosing which positions hold the small numbers determines the list, giving
解答:
一旦固定 ,数 必须从左到右按递增顺序出现,而数 必须从右到左按递增顺序出现(这样每个新出现的较小数都有它的后继已经放好)。
对每个 ,只需选择第一个位置之后的 个位置中哪些放小于 的数,因此有 个排列。
求和得
因此正确答案是 B。
Once is fixed, the numbers must appear left to right in increasing order, and the numbers must appear from right to left in increasing order (so each new small number has its successor already placed).
For each the list is determined by choosing which of the positions after the first hold the numbers below giving lists.
Summing,
Thus, the correct answer is B.
19.
一个单位立方体的顶点为 ,,,,,,,和 。顶点 ,,和 都与 相邻,并且对 ,顶点 与 互为对顶点。一个正八面体在每条线段 ,,,,,和 上各有一个顶点。这个八面体的边长是多少?
A unit cube has vertices and Vertices and are adjacent to and for vertices and are opposite to each other. A regular octahedron has one vertex in each of the segments and What is the octahedron’s side length?
小提示:
由对称性,每个八面体顶点沿对应棱到 (或 )的距离都是同一个
By symmetry each octahedron vertex is the same distance from (or ) along its edge
大提示:
令两个同靠近 的顶点之间的距离平方等于跨过去的一条边的距离平方,并解出
Set the squared distance between two vertices sharing equal to the squared distance across, and solve for
解答:
把 放在原点,使三条棱沿坐标轴,并设靠近 的三个八面体顶点都与 相距 。由对称性,靠近 的三个顶点也都与 相距 。
两个同靠近 的顶点,例如 和 ,相距 。靠近 的一个顶点,例如 ,与靠近 的相应顶点,例如 ,之间也必须有相同距离。
令这两种边长的平方相等,并使用单位立方体的棱长,得到 ,因此边长为 。
因此正确答案是 A。
Place at the origin with edges along the axes, and let each of the three octahedron vertices near be a distance from by symmetry the three near are also a distance from
Two vertices sharing such as and are a distance apart. A vertex near say and the appropriate vertex near say must be the same distance apart.
Setting the two squared side lengths equal and using the cube’s unit edges yields so the side length is
Thus, the correct answer is A.
20.
一个梯形的边长为 、、 和 。所有可能面积之和可以写成 ,其中 、、 是有理数,且 和 是不被任何质数的平方整除的正整数。不超过下式的最大整数是多少?
A trapezoid has side lengths and The sum of all the possible areas of the trapezoid can be written in the form of where and are rational numbers and and are positive integers not divisible by the square of a prime. What is the greatest integer less than or equal to
小提示:
平移一条腰:若梯形平行边为 ,两腰为 则会得到边长为 的三角形
Slide one parallel side over: a trapezoid with parallel sides and legs gives a triangle with sides
大提示:
三角形不等式迫使较长的平行边为 ;在 的情况中使用海伦公式
The triangle inequality forces the longer parallel side to be apply Heron’s formula in the cases
解答:
对于平行边为 、两腰为 的梯形,平移一条腰会形成边长为 ,,和 的三角形。三角形不等式迫使较长的平行边为 。
若 ,三角形边长为 ,面积为 ,梯形面积为 。若 ,三角形边长为 ,面积为 ,梯形面积为 。若 ,三角形边长为 ,是直角三角形,梯形面积为 。
总和为 ,所以
小于或等于这个值的最大整数是 。
因此正确答案是 D。
For a trapezoid with parallel sides and legs translating a leg forms a triangle with sides and The triangle inequality forces the longer parallel side to be
If the triangle has sides with area and the trapezoid has area If the triangle has sides with area giving trapezoid area If the triangle has sides a right triangle, giving trapezoid area
The total is so
The greatest integer at most this value is
Thus, the correct answer is D.
21.
正方形 内接于等角六边形 ,其中 在 , 在 ,且 在 。已知 且 。正方形的边长是多少?
Square is inscribed in equiangular hexagon with on on and on Suppose that and What is the side-length of the square?
小提示:
从正方形顶点 向过 且垂直于平行边 和 的直线作辅助线
Drop the square’s vertex onto a line through perpendicular to the parallel sides and
大提示:
设 ;等角六边形中的 角给出全等的角部三角形,于是用 表示 ,再求边长
Let the equiangular angles give congruent corner triangles, so express in terms of and solve for the side
解答:
延长 和 ,并过 作一条同时垂直于它们的直线,交点分别为 和 。 因为 有 且 。 令 , 勾股定理给出 。
等角条件使四个角部三角形全等,沿 追踪相等线段可得 所以 。
因为 ,所以 因此 。
因此正确答案是 A。
Extend and to a line through perpendicular to both, meeting them at and Since we have and With the Pythagorean theorem gives
The equiangular angles make the four corner triangles congruent, and chasing the equal segments along yields so
Since we get giving
Thus, the correct answer is A.
22.
一只虫子沿下图六角形网格中的线段从 走到 。带箭头标记的线段只能按箭头方向行走,并且这只虫子不会重复走同一条线段。有多少条不同路径?
A bug travels from to along the segments in the hexagonal lattice pictured below. The segments marked with an arrow can be traveled only in the direction of the arrow, and the bug never travels the same segment more than once. How many different paths are there?
小提示:
有三条向左的“返回”线段;按路径使用了它们的哪个子集分类
There are three left-pointing “back” segments; split into cases by which subset of them the path uses
大提示:
若不使用返回线段,路径在每一列选择一条向前线段,共有 条
With no back segment used, the path picks one forward segment per column, giving
解答:
给七列向前(向右)线段编号;若路径不使用返回线段,它只是在每一列选择一条向前线段。选择数为 ,因此有 条路径。
设 为三条向左的返回线段(位于第 列)。分析一旦走过一条返回线段,哪些列会被迫确定,可得:对 和 ,各有 条路径,对 有 条,对 有 条,对 和 ,各有 条,对 有 条。
相加得
因此正确答案是 E。
Label the seven columns of forward (rightward) segments; a path with no back segment simply chooses one forward segment in each column. The numbers of choices are giving paths.
Let be the three left-pointing back segments (in columns ). Analyzing which columns become forced once a back segment is traversed gives paths for each of and for for for each of and and for
Adding,
Thus, the correct answer is E.
23.
考虑所有复变量多项式 ,其中 ,,,和 是整数,满足 ,且多项式有一个零点 满足 。在所有满足这些性质的多项式中,所有 的值之和是多少?
Consider all polynomials of a complex variable, where and are integers, and the polynomial has a zero with What is the sum of all values over all the polynomials with these properties?
小提示:
对 使用三角不等式;取等号迫使系数差集中在一起
Apply the triangle inequality to equality forces the coefficient jumps to concentrate
大提示:
先处理存在某个 使 的情形;否则三角不等式取等号时只允许有一个非零的系数差
First handle the cases where for some otherwise equality in the triangle inequality permits only one nonzero coefficient jump
解答:
因为 ,对恒等式 使用三角不等式时,左边的绝对值是 。右边非负的系数差之和也是 ,所以三角不等式取等号,所有非零复数项都指向同一方向。
如果有两个系数差非零,取它们的商可知,对某个 , 是正实数。由于 ,这意味着 。当 时,分别得到 ;;以及一个已经属于第一族的多项式。若不存在这样的幂,等号条件迫使恰有一个非零系数差。常数项的差给出 ;其他位置的差也会迫使 ,从而回到上述情形。因此,多项式恰好是 ,其中 ,再加上 和 。
它们在 处的值分别为 ,,以及 ;总和为
因此,正确答案是 B。
Because applying the triangle inequality to the identity has left side of absolute value The nonnegative coefficient jumps on the right sum to so the triangle inequality is an equality and all its nonzero complex summands point in the same direction.
If two jumps are nonzero, their quotient shows that is a positive real for some Since this means The cases give, respectively, and a polynomial already in the first family. If no such power exists, equality forces exactly one nonzero jump. The constant jump gives any other jump again forces and returns to the cases just listed. Hence the polynomials are exactly for together with and
Their values at are and summing gives
Thus, the correct answer is B.
24.
在正整数上定义函数 ,令 。若 的质因数分解为 ,则 对每个 ,令 。在范围 中,有多少个 使序列 无界?注:一个正数序列无界是指对每个整数 ,都存在该序列中的一项大于 。
Define the function on the positive integers by setting and if is the prime factorization of then For every let For how many in the range is the sequence unbounded? Note: a sequence of positive numbers is unbounded if for every integer there is a member of the sequence greater than
小提示:
若 是 的倍数,则 是 的倍数,所以无界性会传递给倍数;找出最小的“本质”
If is a multiple of then is a multiple of so unboundedness is inherited by multiples; find the minimal “essential”
大提示:
一个本质的 每个指数都至少为 ,且至多含两个质因数;先分析 的幂,再分析 以内剩下的少数质数幂和质数对
An essential has every exponent at least and at most two prime factors; analyze powers of first, then the few remaining prime powers and prime pairs below
解答:
若 是 的倍数,则 是 的倍数,所以若 无界,则 也无界。称 为本质数,如果它无界而任何真因数都不无界。本质数 的所有指数都至少为 ,并且 迫使它至多含两个质数。
对于 ,两次迭代把指数对变成 。因此轨道无界,当且仅当 或 ,由此得到本质数 和 。对于只含另一个质数的情形,上界只留下 ;直接应用 后只有 是本质数。对于两个质数, 除 外只留下 。对相应的平方因子乘积应用 ,只剩 。
它们在 以内的倍数个数分别为 ,,,和 ,且没有重叠,总数为 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
If is a multiple of then is a multiple of so if is unbounded so is Call essential if it is unbounded but no proper divisor is. An essential must have all exponents at least and forces at most two primes.
For two iterations send the exponent pair to Thus the orbit is unbounded exactly when or producing the essential values and For a single other prime, the bound leaves only direct application of leaves only essential. With two primes, leaves the pairs besides Applying to their possible squareful products leaves only
Their multiples up to number and with no overlaps, for a total of
Thus, the correct answer is D.
25.
设 ,,且 。设 为所有顶点在 中的直角三角形的集合。对每个直角三角形 ,其顶点 ,, 按逆时针顺序排列,且直角在 ,令 。求
Let and Let be the set of all right triangles whose vertices are in For every right triangle with vertices and in counter-clockwise order and right angle at let What is
小提示:
把一个三角形与它的反射配对,会交换 和 ,二者乘积为
Pairing a triangle with its reflection swaps with whose product is
大提示:
反射会把整个乘积化简到少数几个经过原点的三角形,最后只剩六个需要计算
Reflections collapse the whole product down to a handful of triangles through the origin, and only six survive
解答:
等腰直角三角形贡献 。 对于三边互不相等的直角三角形,关于合适的直线反射可把它与三角形 配对,使得 。
连续反射(关于 , 再关于 , 再关于 )把乘积化简为仅六个形如 且 在最上排的三角形对应乘积的倒数。
这六个三角形给出 因此所求乘积是其倒数 。
因此正确答案是 B。
Isosceles right triangles contribute For a scalene right triangle, reflecting across a suitable line pairs it with a triangle so that
Successive reflections (across then then ) reduce the product to the reciprocal of the product over just six triangles of the form with on the top row.
Those six give so the required product is its reciprocal,
Thus, the correct answer is B.