2012 AMC 12B 第 23 题

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23.

考虑所有复变量多项式 P(z)=4z4+az3P(z) = 4z^4 + az^3 +bz2+cz+d+ bz^2 + cz + d,其中 aabbcc,和 dd 是整数,满足 0dcba40 \le d \le c \le b \le a \le 4,且多项式有一个零点 z0z_0 满足 z0=1|z_0| = 1。在所有满足这些性质的多项式中,所有 P(1)P(1) 的值之和是多少?

Consider all polynomials of a complex variable, P(z)=4z4+az3P(z) = 4z^4 + az^3 +bz2+cz+d,+ bz^2 + cz + d, where a,a, b,b, c,c, and dd are integers, 0dcba4,0 \le d \le c \le b \le a \le 4, and the polynomial has a zero z0z_0 with z0=1.|z_0| = 1. What is the sum of all values P(1)P(1) over all the polynomials with these properties?

8484

9292

100100

108108

120120

答案:B
知识点:单位根复数三角不等式
难度评级:2380
小提示:

4z05=(z01)P(z0)+4z054z_0^5=(z_0-1)P(z_0)+4z_0^5 使用三角不等式;取等号迫使系数差集中在一起

Apply the triangle inequality to 4z05=(z01)P(z0)+4z05;4z_0^5=(z_0-1)P(z_0)+4z_0^5; equality forces the coefficient jumps to concentrate

大提示:

先处理存在某个 1k41\le k\le4 使 z0k=1z_0^k=1 的情形;否则三角不等式取等号时只允许有一个非零的系数差

First handle the cases where z0k=1z_0^k=1 for some 1k4;1\le k\le4; otherwise equality in the triangle inequality permits only one nonzero coefficient jump

解答:

因为 z0=1|z_0|=1,对恒等式 4z05(z01)P(z0)=z04(4a)+z03(ab)+z02(bc)+z0(cd)+d \begin{aligned} &4z_0^5-(z_0-1)P(z_0) \\ &\quad =z_0^4(4-a)+z_0^3(a-b) \\ &\quad {}+z_0^2(b-c)+z_0(c-d)+d \end{aligned} 使用三角不等式时,左边的绝对值是 44。右边非负的系数差之和也是 44,所以三角不等式取等号,所有非零复数项都指向同一方向。

如果有两个系数差非零,取它们的商可知,对某个 1k41\le k\le4z0kz_0^k 是正实数。由于 z0=1|z_0|=1,这意味着 z0k=1z_0^k=1。当 k=2,3,4k=2,3,4 时,分别得到 a=4,b=c,d=0a=4,b=c,d=0a=b=4,c=d=0a=b=4,c=d=0;以及一个已经属于第一族的多项式。若不存在这样的幂,等号条件迫使恰有一个非零系数差。常数项的差给出 a=b=c=d=4a=b=c=d=4;其他位置的差也会迫使 z05j=1z_0^{5-j}=1,从而回到上述情形。因此,多项式恰好是 4z4+4z3+bz2+bz4z^4+4z^3+bz^2+bz,其中 0b40\le b\le4,再加上 4z4+4z3+4z24z^4+4z^3+4z^24z4+4z3+4z2+4z+44z^4+4z^3+4z^2+4z+4

它们在 11 处的值分别为 20201212,以及 8+2b8+2b;总和为 20+12+b=04(8+2b)=32+40+20=92 \begin{gathered} 20+12+\sum_{b=0}^{4}(8+2b) \\ = 32+40+20 \\ = 92 \end{gathered}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 B

Because z0=1,|z_0|=1, applying the triangle inequality to the identity 4z05(z01)P(z0)=z04(4a)+z03(ab)+z02(bc)+z0(cd)+d \begin{aligned} &4z_0^5-(z_0-1)P(z_0) \\ &\quad =z_0^4(4-a)+z_0^3(a-b) \\ &\quad {}+z_0^2(b-c)+z_0(c-d)+d \end{aligned} has left side of absolute value 4.4. The nonnegative coefficient jumps on the right sum to 4,4, so the triangle inequality is an equality and all its nonzero complex summands point in the same direction.

If two jumps are nonzero, their quotient shows that z0kz_0^k is a positive real for some 1k4.1\le k\le4. Since z0=1,|z_0|=1, this means z0k=1.z_0^k=1. The cases k=2,3,4k=2,3,4 give, respectively, a=4,b=c,d=0;a=4,b=c,d=0; a=b=4,c=d=0;a=b=4,c=d=0; and a polynomial already in the first family. If no such power exists, equality forces exactly one nonzero jump. The constant jump gives a=b=c=d=4;a=b=c=d=4; any other jump again forces z05j=1z_0^{5-j}=1 and returns to the cases just listed. Hence the polynomials are exactly 4z4+4z3+bz2+bz4z^4+4z^3+bz^2+bz for 0b4,0\le b\le4, together with 4z4+4z3+4z24z^4+4z^3+4z^2 and 4z4+4z3+4z2+4z+4.4z^4+4z^3+4z^2+4z+4.

Their values at 11 are 20,20, 12,12, and 8+2b;8+2b; summing gives 20+12+b=04(8+2b)=32+40+20=92. \begin{gathered} 20+12+\sum_{b=0}^{4}(8+2b) \\ = 32+40+20 \\ = 92. \end{gathered}

Thus, the correct answer is B.

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