2025 AMC 12B 第 20 题

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

20.

一只青蛙按如下规则在数轴上跳跃。

• 它从 00 开始。

• 如果它在 00,那么它移动到 11 的概率为 12\dfrac{1}{2},并以概率 12\dfrac{1}{2} 消失。

• 对于 n=1,2n = 1, 233,如果它在 nn,那么它移动到 n+1n+1 的概率为 14\dfrac{1}{4},移动到 n1n-1 的概率为 14\dfrac{1}{4},并以概率 12\dfrac{1}{2} 消失。

青蛙到达 44 的概率是多少?

A frog hops along the number line according to the following rules.

• It starts at 0.0.

• If it is at 0,0, then it moves to 11 with probability 12\dfrac{1}{2} and it disappears with probability 12.\dfrac{1}{2}.

• For n=1,2,n = 1, 2, or 3,3, if it is at n,n, then it moves to n+1n+1 with probability 14,\dfrac{1}{4}, it moves to n1n-1 with probability 14,\dfrac{1}{4}, and it disappears with probability 12.\dfrac{1}{2}.

What is the probability that the frog reaches 4?4?

1101\dfrac{1}{101}

1100\dfrac{1}{100}

199\dfrac{1}{99}

198\dfrac{1}{98}

197\dfrac{1}{97}

答案:E
知识点:随机游走递推概率方程组
难度评级:2110
解答:

f(n)f(n) 为从 nn 出发最终到达 44 的概率。则 f(0)=12f(1)f(0) = \tfrac{1}{2} f(1),且对 n=1,2,3n = 1, 2, 3f(n)=14f(n+1)+14f(n1)f(n) = \tfrac{1}{4} f(n+1) + \tfrac{1}{4} f(n-1),并且 f(4)=1f(4) = 1。依次求解得 f(2)=72f(1)f(2) = \tfrac{7}{2} f(1)f(3)=13f(1)f(3) = 13 f(1);再由 413f(1)=1+72f(1)4 \cdot 13 f(1) = 1 + \tfrac{7}{2} f(1)f(1)=297f(1) = \tfrac{2}{97},从而 f(0)=197f(0) = \tfrac{1}{97}

所以正确答案是 E

Let f(n)f(n) be the probability of reaching 44 from n.n. Then f(0)=12f(1),f(0) = \tfrac{1}{2} f(1), and for n=1,2,3,n = 1, 2, 3, f(n)=14f(n+1)+14f(n1),f(n) = \tfrac{1}{4} f(n+1) + \tfrac{1}{4} f(n-1), with f(4)=1.f(4) = 1. Solving upward gives f(2)=72f(1)f(2) = \tfrac{7}{2} f(1) and f(3)=13f(1);f(3) = 13 f(1); then 413f(1)=1+72f(1)4 \cdot 13 f(1) = 1 + \tfrac{7}{2} f(1) yields f(1)=297,f(1) = \tfrac{2}{97}, so f(0)=197.f(0) = \tfrac{1}{97}.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

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