2014 AMC 12B 第 18 题

先试着解答 2014 AMC 12B 第 18 题,然后核对你的答案与精心整理的解答,解答来自 LIVE by Po-Shen Loh。你也可以参加完整限时模拟考试、查看全部 2014 AMC 12B 解答,或核对答案。

所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

18.

要把数字 11,22,33,44,55 排成一圈。如果不能对从 11 到 1515 的每个 nn,都找到圆上连续的一段数字,使其和为 nn,则称这个排列为坏排列。只相差旋转或翻折的排列视为相同。有多少种不同的坏排列?
The numbers 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, 4,4, 55 are to be arranged in a circle. An arrangement is bad if it is not true that for every nn from 11 to 1515 one can find a subset of the numbers that appear consecutively on the circle that sum to n.n. Arrangements that differ only by a rotation or a reflection are considered the same. How many different bad arrangements are there?
11
22
33
44
55
答案:B
知识点:环形排列补集计数分类讨论
小提示:
和 11 到 55 总能用单个数字得到。
Sums 11 through 55 are always achievable with a single number
大提示:
如果一个连续段的和为 nn,它的补集和为 15−n15-n,所以只有 66 和 77 可能失败。
If a consecutive block sums to n,n, its complement sums to 15−n,15-n, so only 66 and 77 can fail
解答:
任意单个数字都能得到 11 到 55 的和。如果某个连续段的和为 nn,剩余数字也组成一个连续段,其和为 15−n15 - n,所以从 1010 到 1414 的和也自动可以得到。因此,一个排列是坏排列,只可能是因为不能得到 66 或 77。
如果不能得到 66,通过旋转和翻折可设顺序为 1bc5e1bc5e。数对 {b,c}\{b,c\} 不能是 {2,3}\{2,3\} 或 {2,4}\{2,4\},所以 e=2e=2;再避开连续段 213213,就迫使排列为 1435214352。如果不能得到 77,将顺序写成 2bc5e2bc5e。此时 {b,c}\{b,c\} 不能是 {3,4}\{3,4\} 或 {1,4}\{1,4\},所以 e=4e=4,避开 421421 就迫使排列为 2315423154。
在旋转和翻折意义下,只有这两个坏排列。
因此,正确答案是 B。
Any single number covers sums 11 through 5.5. If a consecutive block sums to n,n, the remaining numbers form a consecutive block summing to 15−n,15 - n, so sums 1010 through 1414 are automatically covered as well. Thus an arrangement is bad only if it fails to produce 66 or 7.7.
If 66 cannot be formed, rotate and reflect so the order is 1bc5e.1bc5e. The pair {b,c}\{b,c\} cannot be {2,3}\{2,3\} or {2,4},\{2,4\}, so e=2;e=2; avoiding the block 213213 then forces 14352.14352. If 77 cannot be formed, write the order as 2bc5e.2bc5e. Now {b,c}\{b,c\} cannot be {3,4}\{3,4\} or {1,4},\{1,4\}, so e=4,e=4, and avoiding 421421 forces 23154.23154.
These are the only two bad arrangements up to rotation and reflection.
Thus, the correct answer is B.
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