2014 AMC 12B 真题

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1.

Leah 有 1313 枚硬币,全部是一美分硬币和五美分硬币。如果她比现在多一枚五美分硬币,那么她的一美分硬币和五美分硬币数量就相同。Leah 的硬币一共值多少美分?

Leah has 1313 coins, all of which are pennies and nickels. If she had one more nickel than she has now, then she would have the same number of pennies and nickels. In cents, how much are Leah’s coins worth?

3333

3535

3737

3939

4141

答案:C
知识点:一次方程钱币
难度评级:920
小提示:

nn 为五美分硬币的数量,则一美分硬币有 13n13-n 枚。

Let nn be the number of nickels, so there are 13n13-n pennies

大提示:

多一枚五美分硬币后有 n+1n+1 枚,这应等于 13n13-n 枚一美分硬币。

Adding one nickel gives n+1n+1 nickels, which must equal the 13n13-n pennies

解答:

nn 为五美分硬币的数量,则 Leah 有 13n13-n 枚一美分硬币。多一枚五美分硬币后,她会有 n+1n+1 枚五美分硬币,这等于一美分硬币的数量:n+1=13n n+1 = 13-n\text{。} 解得 n=6n=6,所以她有 66 枚五美分硬币和 77 枚一美分硬币。

总价值为 65+7=376\cdot5 + 7 = 37 美分。

所以正确答案是 C

Let nn be the number of nickels, so Leah has 13n13-n pennies. One more nickel would give her n+1n+1 nickels, and this equals the number of pennies: n+1=13n. n+1 = 13-n. Solving gives n=6,n=6, so there are 66 nickels and 77 pennies.

The total value is 65+7=376\cdot5 + 7 = 37 cents.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

2.

Orvin 去商店时带的钱刚好够买 3030 个气球。到达后他发现商店正在特价:按原价买 11 个气球,第二个气球可减免原价的 13\tfrac13。Orvin 最多能买多少个气球?

Orvin went to the store with just enough money to buy 3030 balloons. When he arrived he discovered that the store had a special sale on balloons: buy 11 balloon at the regular price and get a second at 13\tfrac13 off the regular price. What is the greatest number of balloons Orvin could buy?

3333

3434

3636

3838

3939

答案:C
知识点:比与比例钱币
难度评级:1070
小提示:

把气球两两分组:一个按全价,另一个按原价的 23\tfrac23

Group the balloons into pairs, one at full price and one at 23\tfrac23 of the price

大提示:

每一组两个气球的费用是一个原价气球的 53\tfrac53

Each pair costs 53\tfrac53 of a regular balloon’s price

解答:

在特价下,一组两个气球的费用是一个原价气球的 1+23=531 + \tfrac23 = \tfrac53 倍。

Orvin 的钱按原价可以买 3030 个气球,而按特价可以买 30÷53=18 30 \div \tfrac53 = 18 组,也就是 3636 个气球。

所以正确答案是 C

Under the sale, a pair of balloons costs 1+23=531 + \tfrac23 = \tfrac53 times the regular price of one balloon.

Orvin’s money buys 3030 balloons at the regular price, so he can afford 30÷53=18 30 \div \tfrac53 = 18 pairs, which is 3636 balloons.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

3.

Randy 旅程的前三分之一在碎石路上行驶,接着在铺装路上行驶 2020 英里,剩下的五分之一在土路上行驶。Randy 的旅程总长多少英里?

Randy drove the first third of his trip on a gravel road, the next 2020 miles on pavement, and the remaining one-fifth on a dirt road. In miles, how long was Randy’s trip?

3030

40011\dfrac{400}{11}

752\dfrac{75}{2}

4040

3007\dfrac{300}{7}

答案:E
知识点:分数一次方程
难度评级:1150
小提示:

铺装路部分是全程中不在碎石路或土路上的那一部分。

The paved stretch is the fraction of the trip not on gravel or dirt

大提示:

铺装路所占比例 113151-\tfrac13-\tfrac15 对应 2020 英里。

That paved fraction 113151-\tfrac13-\tfrac15 equals 2020 miles

解答:

铺装路占全程的比例为 11315=715 1 - \tfrac13 - \tfrac15 = \tfrac{7}{15}\text{。}

因为这部分等于 2020 英里,所以全程为 20÷715=3007 20 \div \tfrac{7}{15} = \tfrac{300}{7} 英里。

所以正确答案是 E

The fraction of the trip on pavement is 11315=715. 1 - \tfrac13 - \tfrac15 = \tfrac{7}{15}.

Since this equals 2020 miles, the whole trip is 20÷715=3007 20 \div \tfrac{7}{15} = \tfrac{300}{7} miles.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

4.

Susie 买了 44 个松饼和 33 根香蕉。Calvin 买 22 个松饼和 1616 根香蕉所花的钱是她的两倍。一个松饼的价格是香蕉的多少倍?

Susie pays for 44 muffins and 33 bananas. Calvin spends twice as much paying for 22 muffins and 1616 bananas. A muffin is how many times as expensive as a banana?

32\dfrac{3}{2}

53\dfrac{5}{3}

74\dfrac{7}{4}

22

134\dfrac{13}{4}

答案:B
难度评级:1230
小提示:

设一个松饼价格为 mm,一根香蕉价格为 bb

Let a muffin cost mm and a banana cost bb

大提示:

Calvin 花费是两倍,意味着 2(4m+3b)=2m+16b2(4m+3b)=2m+16b

Calvin spending twice as much means 2(4m+3b)=2m+16b2(4m+3b)=2m+16b

解答:

设一个松饼的价格为 mm,一根香蕉的价格为 bb,则 2(4m+3b)=2m+16b 2(4m+3b) = 2m+16b\text{。}

展开得 8m+6b=2m+16b8m+6b = 2m+16b,所以 6m=10b6m = 10b,即 m=53bm = \tfrac53 b

所以正确答案是 B

Let a muffin cost mm and a banana cost b.b. Then 2(4m+3b)=2m+16b. 2(4m+3b) = 2m+16b.

Expanding gives 8m+6b=2m+16b,8m+6b = 2m+16b, so 6m=10b6m = 10b and m=53b.m = \tfrac53 b.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

5.

Doug 用 88 块大小相同的玻璃片制作一个正方形窗户,如图所示。每块玻璃片的高宽比为 5:25 : 2,玻璃片周围和之间的边框宽 22 英寸。这个正方形窗户的边长是多少英寸?

Doug constructs a square window using 88 equal-size panes of glass, as shown. The ratio of the height to width for each pane is 5:2,5 : 2, and the borders around and between the panes are 22 inches wide. In inches, what is the side length of the square window?

2626

2828

3030

3232

3434

答案:A
难度评级:1400
小提示:

设每块玻璃片宽 2x2x,高 5x5x

Let each pane be 2x2x wide and 5x5x tall

大提示:

窗户宽 4(2x)+524(2x)+5\cdot2,高 2(5x)+322(5x)+3\cdot2,二者相等。

The window’s width 4(2x)+524(2x)+5\cdot2 equals its height 2(5x)+322(5x)+3\cdot2

解答:

设每块玻璃片宽 2x2x,高 5x5x。窗户横向有 44 块玻璃片和 55 条竖向边框,所以宽为 4(2x)+52=8x+104(2x) + 5\cdot2 = 8x+10

窗户纵向有 22 块玻璃片和 33 条横向边框,所以高为 2(5x)+32=10x+62(5x) + 3\cdot2 = 10x+6

令宽等于高,得到 8x+10=10x+68x+10 = 10x+6,所以 x=2x=2,边长为 102+6=2610\cdot2+6 = 26

所以正确答案是 A

Let each pane have width 2x2x and height 5x.5x. The window is 44 panes wide with 55 vertical borders, so its width is 4(2x)+52=8x+10.4(2x) + 5\cdot2 = 8x+10.

It is 22 panes tall with 33 horizontal borders, so its height is 2(5x)+32=10x+6.2(5x) + 3\cdot2 = 10x+6.

Setting width equal to height gives 8x+10=10x+6,8x+10 = 10x+6, so x=2x=2 and the side length is 102+6=26.10\cdot2+6 = 26.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

6.

Ed 和 Ann 午餐时都喝柠檬水。Ed 点了普通杯。Ann 点了大杯,比普通杯多 50%50\%。两人都喝掉各自饮料的 34\tfrac34 后,Ann 把自己剩下饮料的三分之一再加 22 盎司给了 Ed。当他们喝完柠檬水时,发现两人喝掉的量相同。他们一共喝了多少盎司柠檬水?

Ed and Ann both have lemonade with their lunch. Ed orders the regular size. Ann gets the large lemonade, which is 50%50\% more than the regular. After both consume 34\tfrac34 of their drinks, Ann gives Ed a third of what she has left, and 22 additional ounces. When they finish their lemonades they realize that they both drank the same amount. How many ounces of lemonade did they drink together?

3030

3232

3636

4040

5050

答案:D
知识点:分数一次方程
难度评级:1460
小提示:

设普通杯柠檬水为 aa 盎司,则大杯为 32a\tfrac32 a 盎司。

Let a regular lemonade be aa ounces, so the large is 32a\tfrac32 a

大提示:

喝掉 34\tfrac34 后,Ann 剩下 38a\tfrac38 a,并给 Ed 其中的 13\tfrac13 再加 22

After drinking 34,\tfrac34, Ann has 38a\tfrac38 a left and hands Ed 13\tfrac13 of that plus 22

解答:

设普通杯柠檬水为 aa 盎司,则 Ann 的大杯为 32a\tfrac32 a。 每人喝掉 34\tfrac34 后,Ann 剩下 1432a=38a\tfrac14\cdot\tfrac32 a = \tfrac38 a,她给 Ed 1338a+2=18a+2\tfrac13\cdot\tfrac38 a + 2 = \tfrac18 a + 2 盎司。

Ed 喝了自己的全部 aa 盎司再加上这份转给他的饮料,Ann 喝了 32a\tfrac32 a 减去这份饮料。令二者相等: a+(18a+2)=32a(18a+2) a + \left(\tfrac18 a + 2\right) = \tfrac32 a - \left(\tfrac18 a + 2\right)\text{,} 4=14a4 = \tfrac14 a,所以 a=16a = 16

于是 Ed 喝了 1616 盎司,Ann 喝了 2424 盎司,总共 4040 盎司。

所以正确答案是 D

Let a regular lemonade hold aa ounces, so Ann’s large holds 32a.\tfrac32 a. After each drinks 34,\tfrac34, Ann has 1432a=38a\tfrac14\cdot\tfrac32 a = \tfrac38 a left, and she gives Ed 1338a+2=18a+2\tfrac13\cdot\tfrac38 a + 2 = \tfrac18 a + 2 ounces.

Ed drinks his full aa ounces plus that gift, and Ann drinks her 32a\tfrac32 a minus the gift. Setting these equal, a+(18a+2)=32a(18a+2), a + \left(\tfrac18 a + 2\right) = \tfrac32 a - \left(\tfrac18 a + 2\right), which gives 4=14a,4 = \tfrac14 a, so a=16.a = 16.

Then Ed drank 1616 ounces and Ann drank 2424 ounces, for a total of 4040 ounces.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

7.

有多少个正整数 nn 使得 n30n\dfrac{n}{30-n} 也是正整数?

For how many positive integers nn is n30n\dfrac{n}{30-n} also a positive integer?

44

55

66

77

88

答案:D
难度评级:1520
小提示:

改写 n30n=3030n1\dfrac{n}{30-n} = \dfrac{30}{30-n} - 1

Rewrite n30n=3030n1\dfrac{n}{30-n} = \dfrac{30}{30-n} - 1

大提示:

因此 30n30-n 必须是 3030 的正因数,且商至少为 22

So 30n30-n must be a positive divisor of 30,30, and the quotient must be at least 22

解答:

写成 n30n=3030n1 \dfrac{n}{30-n} = \dfrac{30}{30-n} - 1\text{。}

要使它为正整数,30n30-n 必须是 3030 的正因数,并且 3030n2\dfrac{30}{30-n} \ge 2,即 30n1530-n \le 15

3030 的不超过 1515 的因数为 1,2,3,5,6,10,151, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15,给出 77nn 的值(即 15,20,24,25,27,28,2915, 20, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29)。

所以正确答案是 D

Write n30n=3030n1. \dfrac{n}{30-n} = \dfrac{30}{30-n} - 1.

For this to be a positive integer, 30n30-n must be a positive divisor of 3030 with 3030n2,\dfrac{30}{30-n} \ge 2, i.e. 30n15.30-n \le 15.

The divisors of 3030 that are at most 1515 are 1,2,3,5,6,10,15,1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15, giving 77 values of nn (namely 15,20,24,25,27,28,2915, 20, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29).

Thus, the correct answer is D.

8.

在下面的加法中,AABBCCDD 是互不相同的数字。DD 可能有多少个不同的值?

ABBCB+BCADADBDDD\begin{array}{cccccc} & A & B & B & C & B \\ + & B & C & A & D & A \\ \hline & D & B & D & D & D \end{array}

In the addition shown below A,A, B,B, C,C, and DD are distinct digits. How many different values are possible for D?D?

ABBCB+BCADADBDDD\begin{array}{cccccc} & A & B & B & C & B \\ + & B & C & A & D & A \\ \hline & D & B & D & D & D \end{array}

22

44

77

88

99

答案:C
难度评级:1580
小提示:

最左列给出 A+B=DA+B=D 且没有进位,所以 A+B9A+B \le 9

The leftmost column gives A+B=DA+B=D with no carry, so A+B9A+B \le 9

大提示:

第二列和第四列会迫使 C=0C=0,且所有列都没有进位。

The second and fourth columns force C=0C=0 and no carries anywhere

解答:

最左列显示 A+B=DA+B = D,且没有向外进位,所以 A+B9A+B \le 9。查看十位和千位(每列都形如 C+数字+进位C + \text{数字} + \text{进位} 仍得到同一个数字)可知 C=0C = 0,并排除所有进位。

每一列于是都化为 A+B=DA+B = D,且 A,B,C=0A, B, C=0 互不相同。因为 AABB 是不同的正数字,D=A+BD = A+B 可以是从 3399 的任意值,共 77 种可能,例如 (A,B,C,D)=(1,2,0,3)(A,B,C,D) = (1,2,0,3)(1,3,0,4),(1,3,0,4), \ldots(2,7,0,9)(2,7,0,9)

所以正确答案是 C

The leftmost column shows A+B=DA+B = D with no carry out, so A+B9.A+B \le 9. Examining the tens and thousands columns (each of the form C+digit+carryC + \text{digit} + \text{carry} producing the same digit) forces C=0C = 0 and eliminates all carries.

Every column then reduces to A+B=D,A+B = D, with A,B,C=0A, B, C=0 distinct. Since AA and BB are distinct positive digits, D=A+BD = A+B can be any value from 33 up to 9,9, giving 77 possibilities, for example (A,B,C,D)=(1,2,0,3),(A,B,C,D) = (1,2,0,3), (1,3,0,4),,(1,3,0,4), \ldots, (2,7,0,9).(2,7,0,9).

Thus, the correct answer is C.

9.

凸四边形 ABCDABCD 满足 AB=3AB = 3BC=4BC = 4CD=13CD = 13AD=12AD = 12,且 ABC=90\angle ABC = 90^\circ,如图所示。这个四边形的面积是多少?

Convex quadrilateral ABCDABCD has AB=3,AB = 3, BC=4,BC = 4, CD=13,CD = 13, AD=12,AD = 12, and ABC=90,\angle ABC = 90^\circ, as shown. What is the area of the quadrilateral?

3030

3636

4040

4848

58.558.5

答案:B
难度评级:1560
小提示:

用直角三角形 ABCABC 求对角线 ACAC

Use right triangle ABCABC to find diagonal ACAC

大提示:

检查 ACACADADCDCD 是否满足 AC2+AD2=CD2AC^2 + AD^2 = CD^2

Check whether AC,AC, AD,AD, CDCD satisfy AC2+AD2=CD2AC^2 + AD^2 = CD^2

解答:

由直角三角形 ABCABC 中的勾股定理,AC=32+42=5AC = \sqrt{3^2+4^2} = 5

因为 52+122=1325^2 + 12^2 = 13^2,勾股定理逆定理说明 DAC=90\angle DAC = 90^\circ,所以 DAC\triangle DAC 是直角三角形。

ABC\triangle ABC 的面积是 1234=6\tfrac12\cdot3\cdot4 = 6DAC\triangle DAC 的面积是 12512=30\tfrac12\cdot5\cdot12 = 30。四边形面积为 6+30=366 + 30 = 36

所以正确答案是 B

By the Pythagorean Theorem in right triangle ABC,ABC, AC=32+42=5.AC = \sqrt{3^2+4^2} = 5.

Since 52+122=132,5^2 + 12^2 = 13^2, the converse of the Pythagorean Theorem shows DAC=90,\angle DAC = 90^\circ, so DAC\triangle DAC is right.

The area of ABC\triangle ABC is 1234=6\tfrac12\cdot3\cdot4 = 6 and the area of DAC\triangle DAC is 12512=30.\tfrac12\cdot5\cdot12 = 30. The quadrilateral has area 6+30=36.6 + 30 = 36.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

10.

Danica 开着新车旅行了整数个小时,平均速度为每小时 5555 英里。旅行开始时,里程表显示 abcabc 英里,其中 abcabc 是一个 33 位数,满足 a1a \ge 1a+b+c7a+b+c \le 7。旅行结束时,里程表显示 cbacba 英里。a2+b2+c2a^2 + b^2 + c^2 是多少?

Danica drove her new car on a trip for a whole number of hours, averaging 5555 miles per hour. At the beginning of the trip, abcabc miles was displayed on the odometer, where abcabc is a 33-digit number with a1a \ge 1 and a+b+c7.a+b+c \le 7. At the end of the trip, the odometer showed cbacba miles. What is a2+b2+c2?a^2 + b^2 + c^2?

2626

2727

3636

3737

4141

答案:D
难度评级:1680
小提示:

行驶距离为 cbaabc=99(ca)cba - abc = 99(c-a)

The distance driven is cbaabc=99(ca)cba - abc = 99(c-a)

大提示:

它也是 5555 的倍数,所以是 lcm(99,55)=495\operatorname{lcm}(99,55)=495 的倍数。

It is also a multiple of 55,55, so it is a multiple of lcm(99,55)=495\operatorname{lcm}(99,55)=495

解答:

行驶距离为 cbaabc=99(ca)cba - abc = 99(c-a),是 99 的倍数。以每小时 5555 英里行驶整数小时,也使它是 5555 的倍数,因此它是 495495 的倍数。

由于里程表差值至多是一个 33 位数且 a1a \ge 1,距离只能是 495495,所以 ca=5c - a = 5

a1a \ge 1a+b+c7a+b+c \le 7 下,唯一可能是 a=1a=1c=6c=6b=0b=0。因此 a2+b2+c2=1+0+36=37a^2+b^2+c^2 = 1 + 0 + 36 = 37

所以正确答案是 D

The distance driven is cbaabc=99(ca),cba - abc = 99(c-a), a multiple of 9.9. Driving a whole number of hours at 5555 mph makes it a multiple of 5555 too, hence a multiple of 495.495.

Since the odometer difference is at most a 33-digit number and a1,a \ge 1, the distance must be 495,495, so ca=5.c - a = 5.

With a1a \ge 1 and a+b+c7,a+b+c \le 7, the only choice is a=1,a=1, c=6,c=6, b=0.b=0. Then a2+b2+c2=1+0+36=37.a^2+b^2+c^2 = 1 + 0 + 36 = 37.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

11.

一个由 1111 个正整数组成的列表,平均数为 1010,中位数为 99,且唯一众数为 88。这个列表中整数的最大可能值是多少?

A list of 1111 positive integers has a mean of 10,10, a median of 9,9, and a unique mode of 8.8. What is the largest possible value of an integer in the list?

2424

3030

3131

3333

3535

答案:E
难度评级:1690
小提示:

1111 个数的和为 110110

The 1111 numbers sum to 110110

大提示:

要最大化一个数,就尽量减小另外十个数,同时保持第 66 个数为 99,且 88 是唯一众数。

Maximize one number by minimizing the other ten, keeping the 66th value 99 and 88 the unique mode

解答:

列表总和为 1110=11011 \cdot 10 = 110。 要最大化一个数,应最小化另外十个数的和。

排序后,第六个数必须是 99(中位数),且 88 出现次数必须比其他任何值都多。让 88 出现三次时,最小可能的十个数为 1,1,8,8,8,9,9,10,10,11 1,1,8,8,8,9,9,10,10,11\text{,} 它们的和为 7575,并且仍使 88 是唯一众数。

最大项于是为 11075=35110 - 75 = 35

所以正确答案是 E

The list sums to 1110=110.11 \cdot 10 = 110. To maximize one entry, minimize the sum of the other ten.

Sorted, the sixth number must be 99 (the median), and 88 must appear more often than any other value. Trying 88 three times, the smallest possible ten numbers are 1,1,8,8,8,9,9,10,10,11, 1,1,8,8,8,9,9,10,10,11, which sum to 7575 and keep 88 the unique mode.

The largest entry is then 11075=35.110 - 75 = 35.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

12.

集合 SS 由边长均为小于 55 的正整数的三角形组成,且 SS 中没有两个元素全等或相似。SS 最多可以有多少个元素?

A set SS consists of triangles whose sides have integer lengths less than 5,5, and no two elements of SS are congruent or similar. What is the largest number of elements that SS can have?

88

99

1010

1111

1212

答案:B
难度评级:1770
小提示:

{1,2,3,4}\{1,2,3,4\} 中的数按非递增顺序列出每个三角形的三边。

List each triangle by its sides in nonincreasing order using values from {1,2,3,4}\{1,2,3,4\}

大提示:

去掉不满足三角形不等式的,并注意 2,2,12,2,14,4,24,4,2 相似,只能计一次。

Drop those failing the triangle inequality, and count 2,2,12,2,1 and 4,4,24,4,2 only once since they are similar

解答:

按非递增顺序写出每个三角形的边长。等边三角形只能选一个(它们都相似),并且相似的一对 2,2,12,2,14,4,24,4,2 中也只能选一个。

其余有效且两两不相似的三角形为 443, 441, 433, 432, 332, 331, 322 \begin{gathered} 4\,4\,3,\ 4\,4\,1,\ 4\,3\,3,\ 4\,3\,2,\ \\ 3\,3\,2,\ 3\,3\,1,\ 3\,2\,2\text{,} \end{gathered} 一共七个。再加上一个等边三角形和相似对中的一个,SS 最多有 99 个元素。

所以正确答案是 B

Write each triangle by its side lengths in nonincreasing order. Only one equilateral triangle is allowed (all are similar), and of the similar pair 2,2,12,2,1 and 4,4,24,4,2 only one may appear.

The remaining valid, pairwise non-similar triangles are 443, 441, 433, 432, 332, 331, 322, \begin{gathered} 4\,4\,3,\ 4\,4\,1,\ 4\,3\,3,\ 4\,3\,2,\ \\ 3\,3\,2,\ 3\,3\,1,\ 3\,2\,2, \end{gathered} seven in all. Together with one equilateral and one of the similar pair, SS has at most 99 elements.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

13.

选择实数 aabb,满足 1<a<b1 \lt a \lt b,并且边长为 11aabb 的三角形以及边长为 1b\tfrac1b1a\tfrac1a11 的三角形都不可能有正面积。bb 的最小可能值是多少?

Real numbers aa and bb are chosen with 1<a<b1 \lt a \lt b such that no triangle with positive area has side lengths 1,1, a,a, and bb or 1b,\tfrac1b, 1a,\tfrac1a, and 1.1. What is the smallest possible value of b?b?

3+32\dfrac{3+\sqrt{3}}{2}

52\dfrac{5}{2}

3+52\dfrac{3+\sqrt{5}}{2}

3+62\dfrac{3+\sqrt{6}}{2}

33

答案:C
难度评级:1870
小提示:

因为 1<a<b1 \lt a \lt b,不存在边长为 1,a,b1, a, b 的三角形意味着 ba+1b \ge a+1

With 1<a<b,1 \lt a \lt b, no triangle 1,a,b1, a, b means ba+1b \ge a+1

大提示:

不存在边长为 1b,1a,1\tfrac1b, \tfrac1a, 1 的三角形意味着 11a+1b1 \ge \tfrac1a + \tfrac1b,即 abb1a \le \tfrac{b}{b-1}

No triangle 1b,1a,1\tfrac1b, \tfrac1a, 1 means 11a+1b,1 \ge \tfrac1a + \tfrac1b, i.e. abb1a \le \tfrac{b}{b-1}

解答:

因为 bb1,a,b1, a, b 中最大的边,不存在这样的三角形当且仅当 ba+1b \ge a+1。因为 111b,1a,1\tfrac1b, \tfrac1a, 1 中最大的边,不存在这样的三角形当且仅当 11a+1b1 \ge \tfrac1a + \tfrac1b,即 abb1a \le \tfrac{b}{b-1}

a+1=ba+1 = ba=bb1a = \tfrac{b}{b-1} 相交时,同时满足两个条件的 bb 最小,得到 b1=bb1b - 1 = \tfrac{b}{b-1},即 b23b+1=0b^2 - 3b + 1 = 0

大于 11 的根为 b=3+52b = \dfrac{3+\sqrt5}{2}

所以正确答案是 C

Since bb is the largest of 1,a,b,1, a, b, no such triangle exists exactly when ba+1.b \ge a+1. Since 11 is the largest of 1b,1a,1,\tfrac1b, \tfrac1a, 1, no such triangle exists exactly when 11a+1b,1 \ge \tfrac1a + \tfrac1b, that is abb1.a \le \tfrac{b}{b-1}.

Both conditions hold with bb smallest when a+1=ba+1 = b and a=bb1a = \tfrac{b}{b-1} meet, giving b1=bb1,b - 1 = \tfrac{b}{b-1}, or b23b+1=0.b^2 - 3b + 1 = 0.

The root larger than 11 is b=3+52.b = \dfrac{3+\sqrt5}{2}.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

14.

一个长方体的总表面积为 9494 平方英寸。它所有棱长之和为 4848 英寸。它所有体对角线长度之和是多少英寸?

A rectangular box has a total surface area of 9494 square inches. The sum of the lengths of all its edges is 4848 inches. What is the sum of the lengths in inches of all of its interior diagonals?

838\sqrt{3}

10210\sqrt{2}

16316\sqrt{3}

20220\sqrt{2}

40240\sqrt{2}

答案:D
难度评级:1840
小提示:

设三条边长为 x,y,zx, y, z,则 2(xy+yz+zx)=942(xy+yz+zx)=94,且 4(x+y+z)=484(x+y+z)=48

Let the edges be x,y,z,x, y, z, so 2(xy+yz+zx)=942(xy+yz+zx)=94 and 4(x+y+z)=484(x+y+z)=48

大提示:

(x+y+z)2=(x+y+z)^2 = x2+y2+z2x^2+y^2+z^2 +2(xy+yz+zx)+ 2(xy+yz+zx) 求每条体对角线 x2+y2+z2\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}

Use (x+y+z)2=(x+y+z)^2 = x2+y2+z2x^2+y^2+z^2 +2(xy+yz+zx)+ 2(xy+yz+zx) to find each diagonal x2+y2+z2\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}

解答:

设三条边长为 x,y,zx, y, z,则 xy+yz+zx=47xy+yz+zx = 47,且 x+y+z=12x+y+z = 12。因此 x2+y2+z2=(x+y+z)22(xy+yz+zx)=14494=50 \begin{gathered} x^2+y^2+z^2 = (x+y+z)^2 \\ {}- 2(xy+yz+zx) \\ = 144 - 94 \\ = 50 \end{gathered}\text{。}

44 条体对角线中的每一条长度为 x2+y2+z2=50=52\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2} = \sqrt{50} = 5\sqrt2,所以总长度为 452=2024 \cdot 5\sqrt2 = 20\sqrt2

所以正确答案是 D

Let the edges be x,y,z.x, y, z. Then xy+yz+zx=47xy+yz+zx = 47 and x+y+z=12.x+y+z = 12. Therefore x2+y2+z2=(x+y+z)22(xy+yz+zx)=14494=50. \begin{gathered} x^2+y^2+z^2 = (x+y+z)^2 \\ {}- 2(xy+yz+zx) \\ = 144 - 94 \\ = 50. \end{gathered}

Each of the 44 interior diagonals has length x2+y2+z2=50=52,\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2} = \sqrt{50} = 5\sqrt2, so their total length is 452=202.4 \cdot 5\sqrt2 = 20\sqrt2.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

15.

p=k=16klnkp = \sum_{k=1}^{6} k \ln k 时,数 epe^p 是一个整数。作为 epe^p 的因数的最大 22 的幂是多少?

When p=k=16klnk,p = \sum_{k=1}^{6} k \ln k, the number epe^p is an integer. What is the largest power of 22 that is a factor of ep?e^p?

2122^{12}

2142^{14}

2162^{16}

2182^{18}

2202^{20}

答案:C
难度评级:1950
小提示:

klnk=ln(kk)k \ln k = \ln(k^k),所以 ep=k=16kke^p = \prod_{k=1}^{6} k^k

klnk=ln(kk),k \ln k = \ln(k^k), so ep=k=16kke^p = \prod_{k=1}^{6} k^k

大提示:

只有 222^2444^4,和 666^6 会贡献因子 22

Only 22,2^2, 44,4^4, and 666^6 contribute factors of 22

解答:

因为 klnk=ln(kk)k \ln k = \ln(k^k),这个和给出 p=ln(k=16kk)p = \ln\left(\prod_{k=1}^{6} k^k\right),所以 ep=112233445566 e^p = 1^1 \cdot 2^2 \cdot 3^3 \cdot 4^4 \cdot 5^5 \cdot 6^6\text{。}

因子 22 来自 222^2(贡献 22),44=284^4 = 2^8(贡献 88),以及 66=26366^6 = 2^6 \cdot 3^6(贡献 66)。因此 22 的指数总共为 2+8+6=162 + 8 + 6 = 16

所以正确答案是 C

Since klnk=ln(kk),k \ln k = \ln(k^k), the sum gives p=ln(k=16kk),p = \ln\left(\prod_{k=1}^{6} k^k\right), so ep=112233445566. e^p = 1^1 \cdot 2^2 \cdot 3^3 \cdot 4^4 \cdot 5^5 \cdot 6^6.

The factors of 22 come from 222^2 (giving 22), 44=284^4 = 2^8 (giving 88), and 66=26366^6 = 2^6 \cdot 3^6 (giving 66). In total the exponent of 22 is 2+8+6=16.2 + 8 + 6 = 16.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

16.

PP 是一个三次多项式,满足 P(0)=kP(0) = kP(1)=2kP(1) = 2kP(1)=3kP(-1) = 3kP(2)+P(2)P(2) + P(-2) 等于多少?

Let PP be a cubic polynomial with P(0)=k,P(0) = k, P(1)=2k,P(1) = 2k, and P(1)=3k.P(-1) = 3k. What is P(2)+P(2)?P(2) + P(-2)?

00

kk

6k6k

7k7k

14k14k

答案:E
难度评级:1950
小提示:

利用 P(0)=kP(0)=k,写 P(x)=ax3+bx2+cx+kP(x) = ax^3 + bx^2 + cx + k

Write P(x)=ax3+bx2+cx+kP(x) = ax^3 + bx^2 + cx + k using P(0)=kP(0)=k

大提示:

P(1)P(1)P(1)P(-1) 相加可分离出 bb,且 P(2)+P(2)=8b+2kP(2)+P(-2) = 8b + 2k

Adding P(1)P(1) and P(1)P(-1) isolates b,b, and P(2)+P(2)=8b+2kP(2)+P(-2) = 8b + 2k

解答:

因为 P(0)=kP(0) = k, 写作 P(x)=ax3+bx2+cx+kP(x) = ax^3 + bx^2 + cx + k

于是 P(1)=a+b+c+k=2kP(1) = a+b+c+k = 2k,且 P(1)=a+bc+k=3kP(-1) = -a+b-c+k = 3k。 两式相加得 2b+2k=5k2b + 2k = 5k, 所以 2b=3k2b = 3k

在和中奇次项抵消: P(2)+P(2)=(8a+4b+2c+k)+(8a+4b2c+k)=8b+2k \begin{gathered} P(2)+P(-2) \\ = (8a+4b+2c+k) \\ {}+ (-8a+4b-2c+k) \\ = 8b + 2k\text{。} \end{gathered} 因为 8b=4(2b)=12k8b = 4(2b) = 12k,所以这个和等于 12k+2k=14k12k + 2k = 14k

所以正确答案是 E

Since P(0)=k,P(0) = k, write P(x)=ax3+bx2+cx+k.P(x) = ax^3 + bx^2 + cx + k.

Then P(1)=a+b+c+k=2kP(1) = a+b+c+k = 2k and P(1)=a+bc+k=3k.P(-1) = -a+b-c+k = 3k. Adding these gives 2b+2k=5k,2b + 2k = 5k, so 2b=3k.2b = 3k.

The odd-power terms cancel in the sum: P(2)+P(2)=(8a+4b+2c+k)+(8a+4b2c+k)=8b+2k. \begin{gathered} P(2)+P(-2) \\ = (8a+4b+2c+k) \\ {}+ (-8a+4b-2c+k) \\ = 8b + 2k. \end{gathered} Since 8b=4(2b)=12k,8b = 4(2b) = 12k, this equals 12k+2k=14k.12k + 2k = 14k.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

17.

PP 为方程 y=x2y = x^2 的抛物线,并设 Q=(20,14)Q = (20, 14)。存在实数 rrss,使得过 QQ 且斜率为 mm 的直线不与 PP 相交,当且仅当 r<m<sr \lt m \lt sr+sr + s 是多少?

Let PP be the parabola with equation y=x2y = x^2 and let Q=(20,14).Q = (20, 14). There are real numbers rr and ss such that the line through QQ with slope mm does not intersect PP if and only if r<m<s.r \lt m \lt s. What is r+s?r + s?

11

2626

4040

5252

8080

答案:E
难度评级:2010
小提示:

直线为 y=m(x20)+14y = m(x-20) + 14;令它等于 x2x^2

The line is y=m(x20)+14;y = m(x-20) + 14; set it equal to x2x^2

大提示:

无交点意味着判别式 m280m+56<0m^2 - 80m + 56 \lt 0;用根 r,sr, s 的和。

No intersection means the discriminant m280m+56<0;m^2 - 80m + 56 \lt 0; use the sum of the roots r,sr, s

解答:

QQ 的直线为 y=m(x20)+14y = m(x-20) + 14。代入 y=x2y = x^2x2mx+(20m14)=0 x^2 - mx + (20m - 14) = 0\text{。}

没有交点当且仅当这个方程没有实根,也就是判别式 m24(20m14)m^2 - 4(20m-14) =m280m+56= m^2 - 80m + 56 为负。这发生在 m280m+56=0m^2 - 80m + 56 = 0 的两个根 rrss 之间。

由韦达定理,r+s=80r + s = 80

所以正确答案是 E

The line through QQ is y=m(x20)+14.y = m(x-20) + 14. Substituting into y=x2y = x^2 gives x2mx+(20m14)=0. x^2 - mx + (20m - 14) = 0.

There is no intersection exactly when this has no real root, i.e. when the discriminant m24(20m14)m^2 - 4(20m-14) =m280m+56= m^2 - 80m + 56 is negative. That happens between the two roots rr and ss of m280m+56=0.m^2 - 80m + 56 = 0.

By Vieta’s formulas, r+s=80.r + s = 80.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

18.

要把数字 1122334455 排成一圈。如果不能对从 111515 的每个 nn,都找到圆上连续的一段数字,使其和为 nn,则称这个排列为排列。只相差旋转或翻折的排列视为相同。有多少种不同的坏排列?

The numbers 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, 4,4, 55 are to be arranged in a circle. An arrangement is bad if it is not true that for every nn from 11 to 1515 one can find a subset of the numbers that appear consecutively on the circle that sum to n.n. Arrangements that differ only by a rotation or a reflection are considered the same. How many different bad arrangements are there?

11

22

33

44

55

答案:B
难度评级:2150
小提示:

1155 总能用单个数字得到。

Sums 11 through 55 are always achievable with a single number

大提示:

如果一个连续段的和为 nn,它的补集和为 15n15-n,所以只有 6677 可能失败。

If a consecutive block sums to n,n, its complement sums to 15n,15-n, so only 66 and 77 can fail

解答:

任意单个数字都能得到 1155 的和。如果某个连续段的和为 nn,剩余数字也组成一个连续段,其和为 15n15 - n,所以从 10101414 的和也自动可以得到。因此,一个排列是坏排列,只可能是因为不能得到 6677

如果不能得到 66,通过旋转和翻折可设顺序为 1bc5e1bc5e。数对 {b,c}\{b,c\} 不能是 {2,3}\{2,3\}{2,4}\{2,4\},所以 e=2e=2;再避开连续段 213213,就迫使排列为 1435214352。如果不能得到 77,将顺序写成 2bc5e2bc5e。此时 {b,c}\{b,c\} 不能是 {3,4}\{3,4\}{1,4}\{1,4\},所以 e=4e=4,避开 421421 就迫使排列为 2315423154

在旋转和翻折意义下,只有这两个坏排列。

因此,正确答案是 B

Any single number covers sums 11 through 5.5. If a consecutive block sums to n,n, the remaining numbers form a consecutive block summing to 15n,15 - n, so sums 1010 through 1414 are automatically covered as well. Thus an arrangement is bad only if it fails to produce 66 or 7.7.

If 66 cannot be formed, rotate and reflect so the order is 1bc5e.1bc5e. The pair {b,c}\{b,c\} cannot be {2,3}\{2,3\} or {2,4},\{2,4\}, so e=2;e=2; avoiding the block 213213 then forces 14352.14352. If 77 cannot be formed, write the order as 2bc5e.2bc5e. Now {b,c}\{b,c\} cannot be {3,4}\{3,4\} or {1,4},\{1,4\}, so e=4,e=4, and avoiding 421421 forces 23154.23154.

These are the only two bad arrangements up to rotation and reflection.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

19.

如图,一个球内切于一个正圆台。圆台的体积是球体积的两倍。圆台下底半径与上底半径之比是多少?

A sphere is inscribed in a truncated right circular cone as shown. The volume of the truncated cone is twice that of the sphere. What is the ratio of the radius of the bottom base of the truncated cone to the radius of the top base of the truncated cone?

32\dfrac{3}{2}

1+52\dfrac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2}

3\sqrt{3}

22

3+52\dfrac{3+\sqrt{5}}{2}

答案:E
知识点:圆锥体积
难度评级:2220
小提示:

取轴截面,把上底半径规范为 11,并把下底半径和球半径分别记为 rraa

Take an axial cross-section, normalize the top radius to 1,1, and call the bottom and sphere radii rr and aa

大提示:

利用球心到斜侧边的距离建立 rraa 之间的关系,再比较圆台与球的体积。

Use the distance from the sphere center to a slanted side to relate rr and a,a, then compare the frustum and sphere volumes

解答:

设上底半径为 11,下底半径为 rr,球半径为 aa。球与两个底面都相切,所以圆台的高为 2a2a。在轴截面中把球心放在 (0,a)(0,a);过 (r,0)(r,0)(1,2a)(1,2a) 的右侧腰所在直线的方程为 2ax+(r1)y2ar=02ax+(r-1)y-2ar=0。它到 (0,a)(0,a) 的距离为 aa,所以 (r+1)2=4a2+(r1)2(r+1)^2=4a^2+(r-1)^2,从而 r=a2r=a^2

圆台体积为 13π(r2+r+1)(2a)\tfrac13 \pi (r^2 + r + 1)(2a)。令它等于球体积的两倍 43πa3\tfrac43 \pi a^3,并用 r=a2r = a^2,得到 a43a2+1=0 a^4 - 3a^2 + 1 = 0\text{,}r23r+1=0r^2 - 3r + 1 = 0

正根为 r=3+52r = \dfrac{3+\sqrt5}{2}

所以正确答案是 E

Let the top radius be 1,1, the bottom radius r,r, and the sphere radius a.a. The sphere touches both bases, so the frustum height is 2a.2a. In an axial cross-section put the sphere center at (0,a)(0,a); the right slanted side through (r,0)(r,0) and (1,2a)(1,2a) has equation 2ax+(r1)y2ar=0.2ax+(r-1)y-2ar=0. Its distance from (0,a)(0,a) is a,a, so (r+1)2=4a2+(r1)2,(r+1)^2=4a^2+(r-1)^2, giving r=a2.r=a^2.

The frustum volume is 13π(r2+r+1)(2a).\tfrac13 \pi (r^2 + r + 1)(2a). Setting it equal to twice the sphere volume 43πa3\tfrac43 \pi a^3 and using r=a2r = a^2 yields a43a2+1=0, a^4 - 3a^2 + 1 = 0, that is r23r+1=0.r^2 - 3r + 1 = 0.

The positive root is r=3+52.r = \dfrac{3+\sqrt5}{2}.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

20.

有多少个正整数 xx 满足 log10(x40)\log_{10}(x - 40) +log10(60x)<2+ \log_{10}(60 - x) \lt 2

For how many positive integers xx is log10(x40)\log_{10}(x - 40) +log10(60x)<2?+ \log_{10}(60 - x) \lt 2?

1010

1818

1919

2020

无限多个

infinitely many

答案:B
难度评级:2110
小提示:

两个对数都要求 40<x<6040 \lt x \lt 60

Both logarithms require 40<x<6040 \lt x \lt 60

大提示:

合并得到 (x40)(60x)<100(x-40)(60-x) \lt 100,即 (x50)2>0(x-50)^2 \gt 0

Combining gives (x40)(60x)<100,(x-40)(60-x) \lt 100, which is (x50)2>0(x-50)^2 \gt 0

解答:

只有当 x40>0x - 40 \gt 060x>060 - x \gt 0 时,对数才有定义,所以 40<x<6040 \lt x \lt 60

在这个范围内,不等式变为 (x40)(60x)<100(x-40)(60-x) \lt 100,展开得 x2100x+2500>0x^2 - 100x + 2500 \gt 0,即 (x50)2>0(x-50)^2 \gt 0。这对所有 x50x \ne 50 成立。

严格介于 40406060 之间且不等于 5050 的整数为 41,,4941, \ldots, 4951,,5951, \ldots, 59,共 1818 个。

所以正确答案是 B

The logarithms are defined only when x40>0x - 40 \gt 0 and 60x>0,60 - x \gt 0, so 40<x<60.40 \lt x \lt 60.

Within this range the inequality becomes (x40)(60x)<100,(x-40)(60-x) \lt 100, which expands to x2100x+2500>0,x^2 - 100x + 2500 \gt 0, i.e. (x50)2>0.(x-50)^2 \gt 0. This holds for every x50.x \ne 50.

The integers strictly between 4040 and 6060 except 5050 are 41,,4941, \ldots, 49 and 51,,59,51, \ldots, 59, which is 1818 values.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

21.

图中,ABCDABCD 是边长为 11 的正方形。矩形 JKHGJKHGEBCFEBCF 全等。BEBE 是多少?

In the figure, ABCDABCD is a square of side length 1.1. The rectangles JKHGJKHG and EBCFEBCF are congruent. What is BE?BE?

12(62)\dfrac12(\sqrt{6} - 2)

14\dfrac14

232 - \sqrt{3}

36\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{6}

1221 - \dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}

答案:C
难度评级:2350
小提示:

θ=DHG\theta = \angle DHG;在直角三角形 GDHGDH 中,BE=1cosθsinθBE = \dfrac{1 - \cos\theta}{\sin\theta}

Let θ=DHG;\theta = \angle DHG; in right triangle GDH,GDH, BE=1cosθsinθBE = \dfrac{1 - \cos\theta}{\sin\theta}

大提示:

沿上边,CD=CF+FH+HD=1CD = CF + FH + HD = 1 可化简为 2sinθ=12\sin\theta = 1

Along the top side, CD=CF+FH+HD=1CD = CF + FH + HD = 1 simplifies to 2sinθ=12\sin\theta = 1

解答:

x=BE=GH=CFx = BE = GH = CF,并设 θ=DHG=AGJ\theta = \angle DHG = \angle AGJ =FKH= \angle FKH, 其中 AD=GJ=HK=1AD = GJ = HK = 1。 在直角三角形 GDHGDH 中,xsinθ=DG=1cosθx \sin\theta = DG = 1 - \cos\theta, 所以 x=1cosθsinθx = \dfrac{1 - \cos\theta}{\sin\theta}

沿边 CDCD,有 1=CF+FH+HD=x+sinθ+xcosθ \begin{gathered} 1 = CF + FH + HD \\ = x + \sin\theta + x\cos\theta\text{。} \end{gathered} 代入 xx,得 1=(1cosθ)(1+cosθ)sinθ+sinθ=sin2θsinθ+sinθ=2sinθ \begin{gathered} 1 = \dfrac{(1-\cos\theta)(1+\cos\theta)}{\sin\theta} \\ {}+ \sin\theta \\ = \dfrac{\sin^2\theta}{\sin\theta} \\ {}+ \sin\theta \\ = 2\sin\theta\text{。} \end{gathered}

因此 sinθ=12\sin\theta = \tfrac12, 所以 θ=30\theta = 30^\circ,并且 x=13212=23 x = \dfrac{1 - \frac{\sqrt3}{2}}{\frac12} = 2 - \sqrt3\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

Let x=BE=GH=CFx = BE = GH = CF and θ=DHG=AGJ\theta = \angle DHG = \angle AGJ =FKH,= \angle FKH, with AD=GJ=HK=1.AD = GJ = HK = 1. In right triangle GDH,GDH, xsinθ=DG=1cosθ,x \sin\theta = DG = 1 - \cos\theta, so x=1cosθsinθ.x = \dfrac{1 - \cos\theta}{\sin\theta}.

Along side CD,CD, 1=CF+FH+HD=x+sinθ+xcosθ. \begin{gathered} 1 = CF + FH + HD \\ = x + \sin\theta + x\cos\theta. \end{gathered} Substituting for xx gives 1=(1cosθ)(1+cosθ)sinθ+sinθ=sin2θsinθ+sinθ=2sinθ. \begin{gathered} 1 = \dfrac{(1-\cos\theta)(1+\cos\theta)}{\sin\theta} \\ {}+ \sin\theta \\ = \dfrac{\sin^2\theta}{\sin\theta} \\ {}+ \sin\theta \\ = 2\sin\theta. \end{gathered}

Hence sinθ=12,\sin\theta = \tfrac12, so θ=30\theta = 30^\circ and x=13212=23. x = \dfrac{1 - \frac{\sqrt3}{2}}{\frac12} = 2 - \sqrt3.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

22.

一个小池塘里有十一片睡莲叶排成一行,标号为 001010。一只青蛙坐在标号 11 的睡莲叶上。当青蛙在标号 NN 的叶子上,且 0<N<100 \lt N \lt 10 时,它会以概率 N10\dfrac{N}{10} 跳到 N1N - 1,并以概率 1N101 - \dfrac{N}{10} 跳到 N+1N + 1。每次跳跃都与之前的跳跃独立。如果青蛙到达标号 00 的叶子,它会被一条耐心等待的蛇吃掉;如果到达标号 1010,它就会离开池塘,不再回来。青蛙逃过被蛇吃掉的概率是多少?

In a small pond there are eleven lily pads in a row labeled 00 through 10.10. A frog is sitting on pad 1.1. When the frog is on pad N,N, 0<N<10,0 \lt N \lt 10, it will jump to pad N1N - 1 with probability N10\dfrac{N}{10} and to pad N+1N + 1 with probability 1N10.1 - \dfrac{N}{10}. Each jump is independent of the previous jumps. If the frog reaches pad 00 it will be eaten by a patiently waiting snake. If the frog reaches pad 1010 it will exit the pond, never to return. What is the probability that the frog will escape being eaten by the snake?

3279\dfrac{32}{79}

161384\dfrac{161}{384}

63146\dfrac{63}{146}

716\dfrac{7}{16}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

答案:C
难度评级:2450
小提示:

由对称性,从标号 55 的叶子出发的逃脱概率为 12\tfrac12

By symmetry the escape probability from pad 55 is 12\tfrac12

大提示:

pjp_j 为从标号 jj 的叶子出发的逃脱概率,并用相邻位置表示每个 pjp_j

Let pjp_j be the escape probability from pad jj and write each pjp_j in terms of its neighbors

解答:

pjp_j 为从标号 jj 的叶子出发最终到达标号 1010 的概率。由中心处跳跃规则的对称性,p5=12p_5 = \tfrac12

每个内部位置满足 pj=10j10pj+1+j10pj1p_j = \tfrac{10-j}{10}\,p_{j+1} + \tfrac{j}{10}\,p_{j-1},因此 p4=25p3+35p5,p3=310p2+710p4 \begin{gathered} p_4 = \tfrac25 p_3 + \tfrac35 p_5, \\ \quad p_3 = \tfrac{3}{10} p_2 + \tfrac{7}{10} p_4 \end{gathered}\text{,}p2=15p1+45p3,p1=910p2 p_2 = \tfrac15 p_1 + \tfrac45 p_3,\quad p_1 = \tfrac{9}{10} p_2\text{。}

dj=pjpj1d_j=p_j-p_{j-1}。递推式等价于 (10j)dj+1=jdj(10-j)d_{j+1}=jd_j,所以 d2=d19,d3=d136,d4=d184,d5=d1126 \begin{gathered} d_2=\dfrac{d_1}{9},\quad d_3=\dfrac{d_1}{36}, \\ d_4=\dfrac{d_1}{84},\quad d_5=\dfrac{d_1}{126} \end{gathered}\text{。} 又因为 p0=0p_0=0p5=12p_5=\frac{1}{2},所以 12=d1(1+19+136+184+1126)=d17363 \begin{aligned} \dfrac12&=d_1\biggl(1+\dfrac19+\dfrac1{36} \\ &\qquad+\dfrac1{84}+\dfrac1{126}\biggr) \\ &=d_1\cdot\dfrac{73}{63} \end{aligned}\text{。} 因此 p1=d1=63146p_1=d_1=\frac{63}{146}

所以正确答案是 C

Let pjp_j be the probability of eventually reaching pad 1010 starting from pad j.j. By the symmetry of the jump rule at the center, p5=12.p_5 = \tfrac12.

Each interior pad satisfies pj=10j10pj+1+j10pj1,p_j = \tfrac{10-j}{10}\,p_{j+1} + \tfrac{j}{10}\,p_{j-1}, which gives p4=25p3+35p5,p3=310p2+710p4, \begin{gathered} p_4 = \tfrac25 p_3 + \tfrac35 p_5, \\ \quad p_3 = \tfrac{3}{10} p_2 + \tfrac{7}{10} p_4, \end{gathered} p2=15p1+45p3,p1=910p2. p_2 = \tfrac15 p_1 + \tfrac45 p_3,\quad p_1 = \tfrac{9}{10} p_2.

Put dj=pjpj1.d_j=p_j-p_{j-1}. The recurrence is equivalent to (10j)dj+1=jdj,(10-j)d_{j+1}=jd_j, so d2=d19,d3=d136,d4=d184,d5=d1126. \begin{gathered} d_2=\dfrac{d_1}{9},\quad d_3=\dfrac{d_1}{36}, \\ d_4=\dfrac{d_1}{84},\quad d_5=\dfrac{d_1}{126}. \end{gathered} Since p0=0p_0=0 and p5=12,p_5=\frac{1}{2}, 12=d1(1+19+136+184+1126)=d17363. \begin{aligned} \dfrac12&=d_1\biggl(1+\dfrac19+\dfrac1{36} \\ &\qquad+\dfrac1{84}+\dfrac1{126}\biggr) \\ &=d_1\cdot\dfrac{73}{63}. \end{aligned} Therefore p1=d1=63146.p_1=d_1=\frac{63}{146}.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

23.

20172017 是质数。设 S=k=062(2014k)S = \sum_{k=0}^{62} \binom{2014}{k}SS 除以 20172017 的余数是多少?

The number 20172017 is prime. Let S=k=062(2014k).S = \sum_{k=0}^{62} \binom{2014}{k}. What is the remainder when SS is divided by 2017?2017?

3232

684684

10241024

15761576

20162016

答案:C
难度评级:2560
小提示:

20172017 下,用 201612016 \equiv -1201522015 \equiv -2,依此类推来化简 (2014k)\binom{2014}{k}

Modulo 2017,2017, reduce (2014k)\binom{2014}{k} using 20161,2016 \equiv -1, 20152,2015 \equiv -2, and so on

大提示:

这给出 (2014k)(1)k(k+22)\binom{2014}{k} \equiv (-1)^k \binom{k+2}{2},然后交错和会裂项相消。

This gives (2014k)(1)k(k+22),\binom{2014}{k} \equiv (-1)^k \binom{k+2}{2}, and the alternating sum telescopes

解答:

在模 20172017 下,恒等式 (2014k)k!(2014k)!=2014!\binom{2014}{k} \cdot k! \cdot (2014-k)! = 2014! 结合 20162015(2015k)2016 \cdot 2015 \cdots (2015-k) (1)k(k+2)!\equiv (-1)^k (k+2)!,得到 2(2014k)(1)k(k+2)(k+1)(mod2017) \begin{gathered} 2\binom{2014}{k} \equiv (-1)^k \\ {}\cdot (k+2)(k+1) \pmod{2017}\text{,} \end{gathered} 因此 (2014k)(1)k(k+22)\binom{2014}{k} \equiv (-1)^k \binom{k+2}{2}

于是 Sk=062(1)k(k+22)=1+k=131[(2k+22)(2k+12)]=1+k=131(2k+1) \begin{gathered} S \equiv \sum_{k=0}^{62} (-1)^k \binom{k+2}{2} \\ = 1 \\ {}+ \sum_{k=1}^{31}\left[\binom{2k+2}{2} - \binom{2k+1}{2}\right] \\ = 1 + \sum_{k=1}^{31}(2k+1)\text{。} \end{gathered}

剩下的和为 3+5++63=10233 + 5 + \cdots + 63 = 1023, 所以 S1+1023S \equiv 1 + 1023 =1024(mod2017)= 1024 \pmod{2017}

所以正确答案是 C

Working modulo 2017,2017, the identity (2014k)k!(2014k)!=2014!\binom{2014}{k} \cdot k! \cdot (2014-k)! = 2014! together with 20162015(2015k)2016 \cdot 2015 \cdots (2015-k) (1)k(k+2)!\equiv (-1)^k (k+2)! leads to 2(2014k)(1)k(k+2)(k+1)(mod2017), \begin{gathered} 2\binom{2014}{k} \equiv (-1)^k \\ {}\cdot (k+2)(k+1) \pmod{2017}, \end{gathered} so (2014k)(1)k(k+22).\binom{2014}{k} \equiv (-1)^k \binom{k+2}{2}.

Then Sk=062(1)k(k+22)=1+k=131[(2k+22)(2k+12)]=1+k=131(2k+1). \begin{gathered} S \equiv \sum_{k=0}^{62} (-1)^k \binom{k+2}{2} \\ = 1 \\ {}+ \sum_{k=1}^{31}\left[\binom{2k+2}{2} - \binom{2k+1}{2}\right] \\ = 1 + \sum_{k=1}^{31}(2k+1). \end{gathered}

The remaining sum is 3+5++63=1023,3 + 5 + \cdots + 63 = 1023, so S1+1023S \equiv 1 + 1023 =1024(mod2017).= 1024 \pmod{2017}.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

24.

ABCDEABCDE 是一个内接于圆的五边形,满足 AB=CD=3AB = CD = 3BC=DE=10BC = DE = 10,且 AE=14AE = 14ABCDEABCDE 所有对角线长度之和等于 mn\dfrac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。m+nm + n 是多少?

Let ABCDEABCDE be a pentagon inscribed in a circle such that AB=CD=3,AB = CD = 3, BC=DE=10,BC = DE = 10, and AE=14.AE = 14. The sum of the lengths of all diagonals of ABCDEABCDE is equal to mn,\dfrac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. What is m+n?m + n?

129129

247247

353353

391391

421421

答案:D
难度评级:2650
小提示:

等弦所对的弧相等,所以 AC=BD=CEAC = BD = CE;设这个公共长度为 xx

Equal chords subtend equal arcs, so AC=BD=CE;AC = BD = CE; call this xx

大提示:

ABCDABCDBCDEBCDE,和 ABDEABDE 使用托勒密定理,得到关于 x,y=AD,z=BEx, y = AD, z = BE 的方程。

Apply Ptolemy’s theorem to ABCD,ABCD, BCDE,BCDE, and ABDEABDE to get equations in x,y=AD,z=BEx, y = AD, z = BE

解答:

因为弧 AB,CDAB, CD 相等,弧 BC,DEBC, DE 相等,所以弦 AC,BD,CEAC, BD, CE 都相等;设 x=AC=BD=CEx = AC = BD = CEy=ADy = AD, 且 z=BEz = BE

ABCDABCDBCDEBCDEABDEABDE 使用托勒密定理,得到 10y+9=x2,100+3z=x2,30+14x=yz \begin{gathered} 10y + 9 = x^2, \\ \quad 100 + 3z = x^2, \\ \quad 30 + 14x = yz\text{。} \end{gathered} 由前两个方程解出 yyzz,再代入第三个方程,得到 x3109x420=0=(x12)(x+5)(x+7) \begin{gathered} x^3 - 109x - 420 = 0 \\ = (x-12)(x+5)(x+7)\text{。} \end{gathered}

所以 x=12x = 12y=13510=272y = \tfrac{135}{10} = \tfrac{27}{2}, 且 z=443z = \tfrac{44}{3}。 五条对角线为 AC,BD,CE,AD,BEAC, BD, CE, AD, BE, 它们的和为 3x+y+z=36+272+443=3856 \begin{gathered} 3x + y + z = 36 \\ {}+ \tfrac{27}{2} + \tfrac{44}{3} \\ = \tfrac{385}{6}\text{。} \end{gathered}

因此 m+n=385+6=391m + n = 385 + 6 = 391, 正确答案是 D

Because arcs AB,CDAB, CD are equal and arcs BC,DEBC, DE are equal, the chords AC,BD,CEAC, BD, CE are all equal; let x=AC=BD=CE,x = AC = BD = CE, y=AD,y = AD, and z=BE.z = BE.

Ptolemy’s theorem on ABCD,ABCD, BCDE,BCDE, and ABDEABDE gives 10y+9=x2,100+3z=x2,30+14x=yz. \begin{gathered} 10y + 9 = x^2, \\ \quad 100 + 3z = x^2, \\ \quad 30 + 14x = yz. \end{gathered} Solving the first two for yy and zz and substituting into the third yields x3109x420=0=(x12)(x+5)(x+7). \begin{gathered} x^3 - 109x - 420 = 0 \\ = (x-12)(x+5)(x+7). \end{gathered}

So x=12,x = 12, y=13510=272,y = \tfrac{135}{10} = \tfrac{27}{2}, and z=443.z = \tfrac{44}{3}. The five diagonals are AC,BD,CE,AD,BE,AC, BD, CE, AD, BE, summing to 3x+y+z=36+272+443=3856. \begin{gathered} 3x + y + z = 36 \\ {}+ \tfrac{27}{2} + \tfrac{44}{3} \\ = \tfrac{385}{6}. \end{gathered}

Thus m+n=385+6=391,m + n = 385 + 6 = 391, and the correct answer is D.

25.

下面方程的所有正实数解 xx 之和是多少?2cos(2x)(cos(2x)cos(2014π2x))=cos(4x)1 \begin{gathered} \small 2\cos(2x)\left(\cos(2x) - \cos\left(\dfrac{2014\pi^2}{x}\right)\right) \\ = \cos(4x) - 1 \end{gathered}\text{?}

What is the sum of all positive real solutions xx to the equation 2cos(2x)(cos(2x)cos(2014π2x))=cos(4x)1? \begin{gathered} \small 2\cos(2x)\left(\cos(2x) - \cos\left(\dfrac{2014\pi^2}{x}\right)\right) \\ = \cos(4x) - 1? \end{gathered}

π\pi

810π810\pi

1008π1008\pi

1080π1080\pi

1800π1800\pi

答案:D
难度评级:2890
小提示:

代换 x=πy2x = \tfrac{\pi y}{2},并使用 12(1cos(2πy))=sin2(πy)\tfrac12(1 - \cos(2\pi y)) = \sin^2(\pi y)

Substitute x=πy2x = \tfrac{\pi y}{2} and use 12(1cos(2πy))=sin2(πy)\tfrac12(1 - \cos(2\pi y)) = \sin^2(\pi y)

大提示:

方程化为 cos(πy)cos(4028πy)=1\cos(\pi y)\cos\left(\tfrac{4028\pi}{y}\right) = 1,迫使 yy4028y\tfrac{4028}{y} 是同奇偶性的整数。

The equation reduces to cos(πy)cos(4028πy)=1,\cos(\pi y)\cos\left(\tfrac{4028\pi}{y}\right) = 1, forcing yy and 4028y\tfrac{4028}{y} to be integers of the same parity

解答:

x=πy2x = \tfrac{\pi y}{2}。两边除以 22,并使用 12(1cos(2πy))=sin2(πy)\tfrac12(1 - \cos(2\pi y)) = \sin^2(\pi y),方程化简为 cos(πy)cos(4028πy)=1 \cos(\pi y)\cos\left(\dfrac{4028\pi}{y}\right) = 1\text{。}

两个余弦必须都等于 11,或都等于 1-1,因此 yy4028y\tfrac{4028}{y} 是同奇偶性的整数。因为 4028=2219534028 = 2^2 \cdot 19 \cdot 53 是偶数,二者都必须为偶数,所以 y=2ay = 2a,其中 aa2014=219532014 = 2 \cdot 19 \cdot 53 的正奇因数,故 a{1,19,53,1953}a \in \{1, 19, 53, 19 \cdot 53\}

每个这样的 aa 给出 x=πy2=πax = \tfrac{\pi y}{2} = \pi a,所以解的和为 π(1+19+53+1953)=π(19+1)(53+1)=1080π \begin{gathered} \pi(1 + 19 + 53 + 19\cdot53) \\ = \pi(19+1)(53+1) \\ = 1080\pi \end{gathered}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

Let x=πy2.x = \tfrac{\pi y}{2}. Dividing by 22 and using 12(1cos(2πy))=sin2(πy),\tfrac12(1 - \cos(2\pi y)) = \sin^2(\pi y), the equation simplifies to cos(πy)cos(4028πy)=1. \cos(\pi y)\cos\left(\dfrac{4028\pi}{y}\right) = 1.

Both cosines must equal 11 or both equal 1,-1, so yy and 4028y\tfrac{4028}{y} are integers of the same parity. Since 4028=2219534028 = 2^2 \cdot 19 \cdot 53 is even, both must be even, so y=2ay = 2a with aa a positive odd divisor of 2014=21953,2014 = 2 \cdot 19 \cdot 53, giving a{1,19,53,1953}.a \in \{1, 19, 53, 19 \cdot 53\}.

Each such aa gives x=πy2=πa,x = \tfrac{\pi y}{2} = \pi a, so the sum of solutions is π(1+19+53+1953)=π(19+1)(53+1)=1080π. \begin{gathered} \pi(1 + 19 + 53 + 19\cdot53) \\ = \pi(19+1)(53+1) \\ = 1080\pi. \end{gathered}

Thus, the correct answer is D.