2014 AMC 12B 详解
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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
Leah 有 枚硬币,全部是一美分硬币和五美分硬币。如果她比现在多一枚五美分硬币,那么她的一美分硬币和五美分硬币数量就相同。Leah 的硬币一共值多少美分?
Leah has coins, all of which are pennies and nickels. If she had one more nickel than she has now, then she would have the same number of pennies and nickels. In cents, how much are Leah’s coins worth?
小提示:
设 为五美分硬币的数量,则一美分硬币有 枚。
Let be the number of nickels, so there are pennies
大提示:
多一枚五美分硬币后有 枚,这应等于 枚一美分硬币。
Adding one nickel gives nickels, which must equal the pennies
解答:
设 为五美分硬币的数量,则 Leah 有 枚一美分硬币。多一枚五美分硬币后,她会有 枚五美分硬币,这等于一美分硬币的数量: 解得 ,所以她有 枚五美分硬币和 枚一美分硬币。
总价值为 美分。
所以正确答案是 C。
Let be the number of nickels, so Leah has pennies. One more nickel would give her nickels, and this equals the number of pennies: Solving gives so there are nickels and pennies.
The total value is cents.
Thus, the correct answer is C.
2.
Orvin 去商店时带的钱刚好够买 个气球。到达后他发现商店正在特价:按原价买 个气球,第二个气球可减免原价的 。Orvin 最多能买多少个气球?
Orvin went to the store with just enough money to buy balloons. When he arrived he discovered that the store had a special sale on balloons: buy balloon at the regular price and get a second at off the regular price. What is the greatest number of balloons Orvin could buy?
小提示:
把气球两两分组:一个按全价,另一个按原价的 。
Group the balloons into pairs, one at full price and one at of the price
大提示:
每一组两个气球的费用是一个原价气球的 。
Each pair costs of a regular balloon’s price
解答:
在特价下,一组两个气球的费用是一个原价气球的 倍。
Orvin 的钱按原价可以买 个气球,而按特价可以买 组,也就是 个气球。
所以正确答案是 C。
Under the sale, a pair of balloons costs times the regular price of one balloon.
Orvin’s money buys balloons at the regular price, so he can afford pairs, which is balloons.
Thus, the correct answer is C.
3.
Randy 旅程的前三分之一在碎石路上行驶,接着在铺装路上行驶 英里,剩下的五分之一在土路上行驶。Randy 的旅程总长多少英里?
Randy drove the first third of his trip on a gravel road, the next miles on pavement, and the remaining one-fifth on a dirt road. In miles, how long was Randy’s trip?
小提示:
铺装路部分是全程中不在碎石路或土路上的那一部分。
The paved stretch is the fraction of the trip not on gravel or dirt
大提示:
铺装路所占比例 对应 英里。
That paved fraction equals miles
解答:
铺装路占全程的比例为
因为这部分等于 英里,所以全程为 英里。
所以正确答案是 E。
The fraction of the trip on pavement is
Since this equals miles, the whole trip is miles.
Thus, the correct answer is E.
4.
Susie 买了 个松饼和 根香蕉。Calvin 买 个松饼和 根香蕉所花的钱是她的两倍。一个松饼的价格是香蕉的多少倍?
Susie pays for muffins and bananas. Calvin spends twice as much paying for muffins and bananas. A muffin is how many times as expensive as a banana?
5.
Doug 用 块大小相同的玻璃片制作一个正方形窗户,如图所示。每块玻璃片的高宽比为 ,玻璃片周围和之间的边框宽 英寸。这个正方形窗户的边长是多少英寸?
Doug constructs a square window using equal-size panes of glass, as shown. The ratio of the height to width for each pane is and the borders around and between the panes are inches wide. In inches, what is the side length of the square window?
小提示:
设每块玻璃片宽 ,高 。
Let each pane be wide and tall
大提示:
窗户宽 ,高 ,二者相等。
The window’s width equals its height
解答:
设每块玻璃片宽 ,高 。窗户横向有 块玻璃片和 条竖向边框,所以宽为 。
窗户纵向有 块玻璃片和 条横向边框,所以高为 。
令宽等于高,得到 ,所以 ,边长为 。
所以正确答案是 A。
Let each pane have width and height The window is panes wide with vertical borders, so its width is
It is panes tall with horizontal borders, so its height is
Setting width equal to height gives so and the side length is
Thus, the correct answer is A.
6.
Ed 和 Ann 午餐时都喝柠檬水。Ed 点了普通杯。Ann 点了大杯,比普通杯多 。两人都喝掉各自饮料的 后,Ann 把自己剩下饮料的三分之一再加 盎司给了 Ed。当他们喝完柠檬水时,发现两人喝掉的量相同。他们一共喝了多少盎司柠檬水?
Ed and Ann both have lemonade with their lunch. Ed orders the regular size. Ann gets the large lemonade, which is more than the regular. After both consume of their drinks, Ann gives Ed a third of what she has left, and additional ounces. When they finish their lemonades they realize that they both drank the same amount. How many ounces of lemonade did they drink together?
小提示:
设普通杯柠檬水为 盎司,则大杯为 盎司。
Let a regular lemonade be ounces, so the large is
大提示:
喝掉 后,Ann 剩下 ,并给 Ed 其中的 再加 。
After drinking Ann has left and hands Ed of that plus
解答:
设普通杯柠檬水为 盎司,则 Ann 的大杯为 。 每人喝掉 后,Ann 剩下 ,她给 Ed 盎司。
Ed 喝了自己的全部 盎司再加上这份转给他的饮料,Ann 喝了 减去这份饮料。令二者相等: 得 ,所以 。
于是 Ed 喝了 盎司,Ann 喝了 盎司,总共 盎司。
所以正确答案是 D。
Let a regular lemonade hold ounces, so Ann’s large holds After each drinks Ann has left, and she gives Ed ounces.
Ed drinks his full ounces plus that gift, and Ann drinks her minus the gift. Setting these equal, which gives so
Then Ed drank ounces and Ann drank ounces, for a total of ounces.
Thus, the correct answer is D.
7.
有多少个正整数 使得 也是正整数?
For how many positive integers is also a positive integer?
小提示:
改写 。
Rewrite
大提示:
因此 必须是 的正因数,且商至少为 。
So must be a positive divisor of and the quotient must be at least
解答:
写成
要使它为正整数, 必须是 的正因数,并且 ,即 。
的不超过 的因数为 ,给出 个 的值(即 )。
所以正确答案是 D。
Write
For this to be a positive integer, must be a positive divisor of with i.e.
The divisors of that are at most are giving values of (namely ).
Thus, the correct answer is D.
8.
在下面的加法中,、、 和 是互不相同的数字。 可能有多少个不同的值?
In the addition shown below and are distinct digits. How many different values are possible for
小提示:
最左列给出 且没有进位,所以 。
The leftmost column gives with no carry, so
大提示:
第二列和第四列会迫使 ,且所有列都没有进位。
The second and fourth columns force and no carries anywhere
解答:
最左列显示 ,且没有向外进位,所以 。查看十位和千位(每列都形如 仍得到同一个数字)可知 ,并排除所有进位。
每一列于是都化为 ,且 互不相同。因为 和 是不同的正数字, 可以是从 到 的任意值,共 种可能,例如 ,,。
所以正确答案是 C。
The leftmost column shows with no carry out, so Examining the tens and thousands columns (each of the form producing the same digit) forces and eliminates all carries.
Every column then reduces to with distinct. Since and are distinct positive digits, can be any value from up to giving possibilities, for example
Thus, the correct answer is C.
9.
凸四边形 满足 ,,,,且 ,如图所示。这个四边形的面积是多少?
Convex quadrilateral has and as shown. What is the area of the quadrilateral?
小提示:
用直角三角形 求对角线 。
Use right triangle to find diagonal
大提示:
检查 ,, 是否满足 。
Check whether satisfy
解答:
由直角三角形 中的勾股定理,。
因为 ,勾股定理逆定理说明 ,所以 是直角三角形。
的面积是 , 的面积是 。四边形面积为 。
所以正确答案是 B。
By the Pythagorean Theorem in right triangle
Since the converse of the Pythagorean Theorem shows so is right.
The area of is and the area of is The quadrilateral has area
Thus, the correct answer is B.
10.
Danica 开着新车旅行了整数个小时,平均速度为每小时 英里。旅行开始时,里程表显示 英里,其中 是一个 位数,满足 且 。旅行结束时,里程表显示 英里。 是多少?
Danica drove her new car on a trip for a whole number of hours, averaging miles per hour. At the beginning of the trip, miles was displayed on the odometer, where is a -digit number with and At the end of the trip, the odometer showed miles. What is
小提示:
行驶距离为 。
The distance driven is
大提示:
它也是 的倍数,所以是 的倍数。
It is also a multiple of so it is a multiple of
解答:
行驶距离为 ,是 的倍数。以每小时 英里行驶整数小时,也使它是 的倍数,因此它是 的倍数。
由于里程表差值至多是一个 位数且 ,距离只能是 ,所以 。
在 且 下,唯一可能是 ,,。因此 。
所以正确答案是 D。
The distance driven is a multiple of Driving a whole number of hours at mph makes it a multiple of too, hence a multiple of
Since the odometer difference is at most a -digit number and the distance must be so
With and the only choice is Then
Thus, the correct answer is D.
11.
一个由 个正整数组成的列表,平均数为 ,中位数为 ,且唯一众数为 。这个列表中整数的最大可能值是多少?
A list of positive integers has a mean of a median of and a unique mode of What is the largest possible value of an integer in the list?
小提示:
这 个数的和为 。
The numbers sum to
大提示:
要最大化一个数,就尽量减小另外十个数,同时保持第 个数为 ,且 是唯一众数。
Maximize one number by minimizing the other ten, keeping the th value and the unique mode
解答:
列表总和为 。 要最大化一个数,应最小化另外十个数的和。
排序后,第六个数必须是 (中位数),且 出现次数必须比其他任何值都多。让 出现三次时,最小可能的十个数为 它们的和为 ,并且仍使 是唯一众数。
最大项于是为 。
所以正确答案是 E。
The list sums to To maximize one entry, minimize the sum of the other ten.
Sorted, the sixth number must be (the median), and must appear more often than any other value. Trying three times, the smallest possible ten numbers are which sum to and keep the unique mode.
The largest entry is then
Thus, the correct answer is E.
12.
集合 由边长均为小于 的正整数的三角形组成,且 中没有两个元素全等或相似。 最多可以有多少个元素?
A set consists of triangles whose sides have integer lengths less than and no two elements of are congruent or similar. What is the largest number of elements that can have?
小提示:
用 中的数按非递增顺序列出每个三角形的三边。
List each triangle by its sides in nonincreasing order using values from
大提示:
去掉不满足三角形不等式的,并注意 和 相似,只能计一次。
Drop those failing the triangle inequality, and count and only once since they are similar
解答:
按非递增顺序写出每个三角形的边长。等边三角形只能选一个(它们都相似),并且相似的一对 和 中也只能选一个。
其余有效且两两不相似的三角形为 一共七个。再加上一个等边三角形和相似对中的一个, 最多有 个元素。
所以正确答案是 B。
Write each triangle by its side lengths in nonincreasing order. Only one equilateral triangle is allowed (all are similar), and of the similar pair and only one may appear.
The remaining valid, pairwise non-similar triangles are seven in all. Together with one equilateral and one of the similar pair, has at most elements.
Thus, the correct answer is B.
13.
选择实数 和 ,满足 ,并且边长为 , 和 的三角形以及边长为 , 和 的三角形都不可能有正面积。 的最小可能值是多少?
Real numbers and are chosen with such that no triangle with positive area has side lengths and or and What is the smallest possible value of
小提示:
因为 ,不存在边长为 的三角形意味着 。
With no triangle means
大提示:
不存在边长为 的三角形意味着 ,即 。
No triangle means i.e.
解答:
因为 是 中最大的边,不存在这样的三角形当且仅当 。因为 是 中最大的边,不存在这样的三角形当且仅当 ,即 。
当 与 相交时,同时满足两个条件的 最小,得到 ,即 。
大于 的根为 。
所以正确答案是 C。
Since is the largest of no such triangle exists exactly when Since is the largest of no such triangle exists exactly when that is
Both conditions hold with smallest when and meet, giving or
The root larger than is
Thus, the correct answer is C.
14.
一个长方体的总表面积为 平方英寸。它所有棱长之和为 英寸。它所有体对角线长度之和是多少英寸?
A rectangular box has a total surface area of square inches. The sum of the lengths of all its edges is inches. What is the sum of the lengths in inches of all of its interior diagonals?
15.
当 时,数 是一个整数。作为 的因数的最大 的幂是多少?
When the number is an integer. What is the largest power of that is a factor of
16.
设 是一个三次多项式,满足 、 且 。 等于多少?
Let be a cubic polynomial with and What is
17.
设 为方程 的抛物线,并设 。存在实数 和 ,使得过 且斜率为 的直线不与 相交,当且仅当 。 是多少?
Let be the parabola with equation and let There are real numbers and such that the line through with slope does not intersect if and only if What is
小提示:
直线为 ;令它等于 。
The line is set it equal to
大提示:
无交点意味着判别式 ;用根 的和。
No intersection means the discriminant use the sum of the roots
解答:
过 的直线为 。代入 得
没有交点当且仅当这个方程没有实根,也就是判别式 为负。这发生在 的两个根 与 之间。
由韦达定理,。
所以正确答案是 E。
The line through is Substituting into gives
There is no intersection exactly when this has no real root, i.e. when the discriminant is negative. That happens between the two roots and of
By Vieta’s formulas,
Thus, the correct answer is E.
18.
要把数字 ,,,, 排成一圈。如果不能对从 到 的每个 ,都找到圆上连续的一段数字,使其和为 ,则称这个排列为坏排列。只相差旋转或翻折的排列视为相同。有多少种不同的坏排列?
The numbers are to be arranged in a circle. An arrangement is bad if it is not true that for every from to one can find a subset of the numbers that appear consecutively on the circle that sum to Arrangements that differ only by a rotation or a reflection are considered the same. How many different bad arrangements are there?
小提示:
和 到 总能用单个数字得到。
Sums through are always achievable with a single number
大提示:
如果一个连续段的和为 ,它的补集和为 ,所以只有 和 可能失败。
If a consecutive block sums to its complement sums to so only and can fail
解答:
任意单个数字都能得到 到 的和。如果某个连续段的和为 ,剩余数字也组成一个连续段,其和为 ,所以从 到 的和也自动可以得到。因此,一个排列是坏排列,只可能是因为不能得到 或 。
如果不能得到 ,通过旋转和翻折可设顺序为 。数对 不能是 或 ,所以 ;再避开连续段 ,就迫使排列为 。如果不能得到 ,将顺序写成 。此时 不能是 或 ,所以 ,避开 就迫使排列为 。
在旋转和翻折意义下,只有这两个坏排列。
因此,正确答案是 B。
Any single number covers sums through If a consecutive block sums to the remaining numbers form a consecutive block summing to so sums through are automatically covered as well. Thus an arrangement is bad only if it fails to produce or
If cannot be formed, rotate and reflect so the order is The pair cannot be or so avoiding the block then forces If cannot be formed, write the order as Now cannot be or so and avoiding forces
These are the only two bad arrangements up to rotation and reflection.
Thus, the correct answer is B.
19.
如图,一个球内切于一个正圆台。圆台的体积是球体积的两倍。圆台下底半径与上底半径之比是多少?
A sphere is inscribed in a truncated right circular cone as shown. The volume of the truncated cone is twice that of the sphere. What is the ratio of the radius of the bottom base of the truncated cone to the radius of the top base of the truncated cone?
小提示:
取轴截面,把上底半径规范为 ,并把下底半径和球半径分别记为 和 。
Take an axial cross-section, normalize the top radius to and call the bottom and sphere radii and
大提示:
利用球心到斜侧边的距离建立 与 之间的关系,再比较圆台与球的体积。
Use the distance from the sphere center to a slanted side to relate and then compare the frustum and sphere volumes
解答:
设上底半径为 ,下底半径为 ,球半径为 。球与两个底面都相切,所以圆台的高为 。在轴截面中把球心放在 ;过 和 的右侧腰所在直线的方程为 。它到 的距离为 ,所以 ,从而 。
圆台体积为 。令它等于球体积的两倍 ,并用 ,得到 即 。
正根为 。
所以正确答案是 E。
Let the top radius be the bottom radius and the sphere radius The sphere touches both bases, so the frustum height is In an axial cross-section put the sphere center at ; the right slanted side through and has equation Its distance from is so giving
The frustum volume is Setting it equal to twice the sphere volume and using yields that is
The positive root is
Thus, the correct answer is E.
20.
有多少个正整数 满足 ?
For how many positive integers is
无限多个
infinitely many
小提示:
两个对数都要求 。
Both logarithms require
大提示:
合并得到 ,即 。
Combining gives which is
解答:
只有当 且 时,对数才有定义,所以 。
在这个范围内,不等式变为 ,展开得 ,即 。这对所有 成立。
严格介于 和 之间且不等于 的整数为 和 ,共 个。
所以正确答案是 B。
The logarithms are defined only when and so
Within this range the inequality becomes which expands to i.e. This holds for every
The integers strictly between and except are and which is values.
Thus, the correct answer is B.
21.
图中, 是边长为 的正方形。矩形 和 全等。 是多少?
In the figure, is a square of side length The rectangles and are congruent. What is
22.
一个小池塘里有十一片睡莲叶排成一行,标号为 到 。一只青蛙坐在标号 的睡莲叶上。当青蛙在标号 的叶子上,且 时,它会以概率 跳到 ,并以概率 跳到 。每次跳跃都与之前的跳跃独立。如果青蛙到达标号 的叶子,它会被一条耐心等待的蛇吃掉;如果到达标号 ,它就会离开池塘,不再回来。青蛙逃过被蛇吃掉的概率是多少?
In a small pond there are eleven lily pads in a row labeled through A frog is sitting on pad When the frog is on pad it will jump to pad with probability and to pad with probability Each jump is independent of the previous jumps. If the frog reaches pad it will be eaten by a patiently waiting snake. If the frog reaches pad it will exit the pond, never to return. What is the probability that the frog will escape being eaten by the snake?
小提示:
由对称性,从标号 的叶子出发的逃脱概率为 。
By symmetry the escape probability from pad is
大提示:
设 为从标号 的叶子出发的逃脱概率,并用相邻位置表示每个 。
Let be the escape probability from pad and write each in terms of its neighbors
解答:
设 为从标号 的叶子出发最终到达标号 的概率。由中心处跳跃规则的对称性,。
每个内部位置满足 ,因此
令 。递推式等价于 ,所以 又因为 且 ,所以 因此 。
所以正确答案是 C。
Let be the probability of eventually reaching pad starting from pad By the symmetry of the jump rule at the center,
Each interior pad satisfies which gives
Put The recurrence is equivalent to so Since and Therefore
Thus, the correct answer is C.
23.
数 是质数。设 。 除以 的余数是多少?
The number is prime. Let What is the remainder when is divided by
24.
设 是一个内接于圆的五边形,满足 ,,且 。 所有对角线长度之和等于 ,其中 和 是互质正整数。 是多少?
Let be a pentagon inscribed in a circle such that and The sum of the lengths of all diagonals of is equal to where and are relatively prime positive integers. What is
小提示:
等弦所对的弧相等,所以 ;设这个公共长度为 。
Equal chords subtend equal arcs, so call this
大提示:
对 ,,和 使用托勒密定理,得到关于 的方程。
Apply Ptolemy’s theorem to and to get equations in
解答:
因为弧 相等,弧 相等,所以弦 都相等;设 , , 且 。
对 、 和 使用托勒密定理,得到 由前两个方程解出 和 ,再代入第三个方程,得到
所以 , , 且 。 五条对角线为 , 它们的和为
因此 , 正确答案是 D。
Because arcs are equal and arcs are equal, the chords are all equal; let and
Ptolemy’s theorem on and gives Solving the first two for and and substituting into the third yields
So and The five diagonals are summing to
Thus and the correct answer is D.
25.
下面方程的所有正实数解 之和是多少?
What is the sum of all positive real solutions to the equation
小提示:
代换 ,并使用 。
Substitute and use
大提示:
方程化为 ,迫使 和 是同奇偶性的整数。
The equation reduces to forcing and to be integers of the same parity
解答:
令 。两边除以 ,并使用 ,方程化简为
两个余弦必须都等于 ,或都等于 ,因此 和 是同奇偶性的整数。因为 是偶数,二者都必须为偶数,所以 ,其中 是 的正奇因数,故 。
每个这样的 给出 ,所以解的和为
所以正确答案是 D。
Let Dividing by and using the equation simplifies to
Both cosines must equal or both equal so and are integers of the same parity. Since is even, both must be even, so with a positive odd divisor of giving
Each such gives so the sum of solutions is
Thus, the correct answer is D.