2012 AMC 12B 第 24 题

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24.

在正整数上定义函数 f1f_1,令 f1(1)=1f_1(1) = 1。若 n>1n \gt 1 的质因数分解为 n=p1e1p2e2pkekn = p_1^{e_1} p_2^{e_2} \cdots p_k^{e_k},则 对每个 m2m \ge 2,令 fm(n)=f1(fm1(n))f_m(n) = f_1(f_{m-1}(n))。在范围 1N4001 \le N \le 400 中,有多少个 NN 使序列 (f1(N),f2(N),f3(N),)(f_1(N), f_2(N), f_3(N), \ldots) 无界?注:一个正数序列无界是指对每个整数 BB,都存在该序列中的一项大于 BBf1(n)=(p1+1)e11(p2+1)e21(pk+1)ek1. \begin{aligned} &f_1(n) = (p_1 + 1)^{e_1 - 1}(p_2 + 1)^{e_2 - 1} \\ &\quad \cdots (p_k + 1)^{e_k - 1}. \end{aligned}

Define the function f1f_1 on the positive integers by setting f1(1)=1f_1(1) = 1 and if n=p1e1p2e2pkekn = p_1^{e_1} p_2^{e_2} \cdots p_k^{e_k} is the prime factorization of n>1,n \gt 1, then f1(n)=(p1+1)e11(p2+1)e21(pk+1)ek1. \begin{aligned} &f_1(n) = (p_1 + 1)^{e_1 - 1}(p_2 + 1)^{e_2 - 1} \\ &\quad \cdots (p_k + 1)^{e_k - 1}. \end{aligned} For every m2,m \ge 2, let fm(n)=f1(fm1(n)).f_m(n) = f_1(f_{m-1}(n)). For how many NN in the range 1N4001 \le N \le 400 is the sequence (f1(N),f2(N),f3(N),)(f_1(N), f_2(N), f_3(N), \ldots) unbounded? Note: a sequence of positive numbers is unbounded if for every integer B,B, there is a member of the sequence greater than B.B.

1515

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1818

1919

答案:D
知识点:质因数分解整除性递推
难度评级:2520
解答:

N1N2N_1\mid N_2,则 f1(N1)f1(N2),f_1(N_1)\mid f_1(N_2),所以若 SN1S_{N_1} 无界,则 SN2.S_{N_2}. 也无界。称 NN 为本质数,如果它无界而任何真因数都不无界。本质数 NN 的所有指数都至少为 2,2,并且 (p1pk)2400(p_1\cdots p_k)^2\le400 迫使它至多含两个质数。

对于 n=2a3b,n=2^a3^b,两次迭代把指数对变成 (2a4,2b3).(2a-4,2b-3). 因此轨道无界,当且仅当 a5a\ge5b4,b\ge4,由此得到本质数 25=322^5=3234=81.3^4=81. 对于只含另一个质数的情形,上界只留下 52,53,72,73,112,132,172,192;5^2,5^3,7^2,7^3,11^2,13^2,17^2,19^2; 直接应用 f1f_1 后只有 73=3437^3=343 是本质数。对于两个质数,p1p220p_1p_2\le20(2,3)(2,3) 外只留下 (2,5),(2,7),(3,5)(2,5),(2,7),(3,5)。对相应的平方因子乘积应用 f1f_1,只剩 2452=400.2^4\cdot5^2=400.

它们在 400400 以内的倍数个数分别为 400/32=12,\lfloor400/32\rfloor=12, 400/81=4,\lfloor400/81\rfloor=4, 400/343=1,\lfloor400/343\rfloor=1,400/400=1,\lfloor400/400\rfloor=1,且没有重叠,总数为 12+4+1+1=18.12+4+1+1=18.

因此,正确答案是 D

If N1N2N_1\mid N_2 then f1(N1)f1(N2),f_1(N_1)\mid f_1(N_2), so if SN1S_{N_1} is unbounded so is SN2.S_{N_2}. Call NN essential if it is unbounded but no proper divisor is. An essential NN must have all exponents at least 2,2, and (p1pk)2400(p_1\cdots p_k)^2\le400 forces at most two primes.

For n=2a3b,n=2^a3^b, two iterations send the exponent pair to (2a4,2b3).(2a-4,2b-3). Thus the orbit is unbounded exactly when a5a\ge5 or b4,b\ge4, producing the essential values 25=322^5=32 and 34=81.3^4=81. For a single other prime, the bound leaves only 52,53,72,73,112,132,172,192;5^2,5^3,7^2,7^3,11^2,13^2,17^2,19^2; direct application of f1f_1 leaves only 73=3437^3=343 essential. With two primes, p1p220p_1p_2\le20 leaves the pairs (2,5),(2,7),(3,5)(2,5),(2,7),(3,5) besides (2,3).(2,3). Applying f1f_1 to their possible squareful products leaves only 2452=400.2^4\cdot5^2=400.

Their multiples up to 400400 number 400/32=12,\lfloor400/32\rfloor=12, 400/81=4,\lfloor400/81\rfloor=4, 400/343=1,\lfloor400/343\rfloor=1, and 400/400=1,\lfloor400/400\rfloor=1, with no overlaps, for a total of 12+4+1+1=18.12+4+1+1=18.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

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