2010 AMC 12A 第 24 题

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24.

f(x)=log10(sin(πx)sin(2πx)sin(3πx)sin(4πx)sin(5πx)sin(6πx)sin(7πx)sin(8πx)) \begin{gathered} f(x)=\log_{10}\big(\sin(\pi x) \\ {}\cdot\sin(2\pi x)\cdot\sin(3\pi x) \\ {}\cdot\sin(4\pi x)\cdot\sin(5\pi x) \\ {}\cdot\sin(6\pi x)\cdot\sin(7\pi x) \\ {}\cdot\sin(8\pi x)\big) \end{gathered}\text{。}f(x)f(x) 的定义域与区间 [0,1][0,1] 的交集是 nn 个互不相交的开区间的并。求 nn

Let f(x)=log10(sin(πx)sin(2πx)sin(3πx)sin(4πx)sin(5πx)sin(6πx)sin(7πx)sin(8πx)). \begin{gathered} f(x)=\log_{10}\big(\sin(\pi x) \\ {}\cdot\sin(2\pi x)\cdot\sin(3\pi x) \\ {}\cdot\sin(4\pi x)\cdot\sin(5\pi x) \\ {}\cdot\sin(6\pi x)\cdot\sin(7\pi x) \\ {}\cdot\sin(8\pi x)\big). \end{gathered} The intersection of the domain of f(x)f(x) with the interval [0,1][0,1] is a union of nn disjoint open intervals. What is n?n?

22

1212

1818

2222

3636

答案:B
知识点:三角学对称性分类讨论
难度评级:2460
小提示:

定义域满足 g(x)=k=18sin(kπx)>0g(x)=\prod_{k=1}^8\sin(k\pi x)\gt0gg 关于 x=12x=\tfrac12 对称。

The domain is where g(x)=k=18sin(kπx)>0;g(x)=\prod_{k=1}^8\sin(k\pi x)\gt0; gg is symmetric about x=12x=\tfrac12

大提示:

统计 (0,12)\big(0,\tfrac12\big) 内形如 kn\tfrac{k}{n} 的零点,并注意在 14\tfrac1413\tfrac13 处符号不会改变。

Count the zeros kn\tfrac{k}{n} in (0,12)\big(0,\tfrac12\big) and note the sign fails to flip at 14\tfrac14 and 13\tfrac13

解答:

g(x)=k=18sin(kπx)g(x)=\prod_{k=1}^8\sin(k\pi x);则 ff 的定义域为 g(x)>0g(x)\gt0 的地方。由于 sin(kπ(1x))\sin(k\pi(1-x)) =(1)k+1sin(kπx)=(-1)^{k+1}\sin(k\pi x),且 k=18(k+1)\sum_{k=1}^8(k+1) 为偶数,所以 g(1x)=g(x)g(1-x)=g(x),只需研究 (0,12)\big(0,\tfrac12\big) 后再加倍。

(0,12)\big(0,\tfrac12\big) 中,gg 的零点是满足 kn\tfrac{k}{n}2n82\le n\le81k<n21\le k\lt\tfrac n2gcd(k,n)=1\gcd(k,n)=1 的分数。对 n=2,,8n=2,\ldots,8 数量分别为 0,1,1,2,1,3,20,1,1,2,1,3,2,合计 1010 个。

1010 个零点把 (0,12)\big(0,\tfrac12\big) 分成 1111 个小区间,在每个小区间上 gg 的符号恒定。靠近 00 时每个因子为正,所以 g>0g\gt0。每经过一个零点符号通常改变,但在 14=28\tfrac14=\tfrac2813=26\tfrac13=\tfrac26 处有偶数个因子同时为零,符号不改变。

跟踪符号可知,这 1111 个小区间中正好有 66 个满足 g>0g\gt0。由对称性,在 (12,1)\big(\tfrac12,1\big) 中还有 66 个,所以 n=12n=12

因此,正确答案是 B

Let g(x)=k=18sin(kπx);g(x)=\prod_{k=1}^8\sin(k\pi x); the domain of ff is where g(x)>0.g(x)\gt0. Since sin(kπ(1x))\sin(k\pi(1-x)) =(1)k+1sin(kπx)=(-1)^{k+1}\sin(k\pi x) and k=18(k+1)\sum_{k=1}^8(k+1) is even, g(1x)=g(x),g(1-x)=g(x), so it suffices to study (0,12)\big(0,\tfrac12\big) and double.

In (0,12)\big(0,\tfrac12\big) the zeros of gg are the fractions kn\tfrac{k}{n} with 2n8,2\le n\le8, 1k<n2,1\le k\lt\tfrac n2, and gcd(k,n)=1.\gcd(k,n)=1. For n=2,,8n=2,\ldots,8 there are 0,1,1,2,1,3,20,1,1,2,1,3,2 of them, totaling 10.10.

These 1010 zeros split (0,12)\big(0,\tfrac12\big) into 1111 subintervals on which gg has constant sign. Near 00 every factor is positive, so g>0g\gt0 there, and the sign flips at each zero except 14=28\tfrac14=\tfrac28 and 13=26,\tfrac13=\tfrac26, where an even number of factors vanish.

Tracking the signs, exactly 66 of the 1111 subintervals have g>0.g\gt0. By symmetry there are 66 more in (12,1),\big(\tfrac12,1\big), so n=12.n=12.

Thus, B is the correct answer.

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