2025 AMC 12B 第 24 题
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24.
有多少个实数满足方程 ?
How many real numbers satisfy the equation
小提示:
解必须满足 ,所以 位于 。
A solution needs so lies in
大提示:
在 的每个单调半波上,缓慢上升的对数曲线恰好相交一次;在两端仔细清点分支。
On each monotonic half-wave of the slowly rising log crosses once; count the branches carefully at both ends
解答:
因为 ,每个解都位于 。当 时,对数为负,所以 中只有 个负的正弦波瓣可能有解。每个波瓣在最低点两侧各有一个交点;在最后一个波瓣中,第二个交点就是端点 。因此这一部分贡献 个解。
当 时,只有正波瓣有贡献。这样的波瓣有 个:对 ,从 到 的每个区间中有一个。除第一个之外,每个波瓣都在最高点两侧各有一个交点。第一个波瓣只有一个新交点,因为其左端点是已经计数的解 。因此 再贡献 个解。
为完整起见,每个半波瓣上交点唯一,可以通过对两边之差求导来证明。在下降的正半波瓣上,它严格递减。在上升的正半波瓣上,其导数先增后减一次,所以差值只会从负变正一次。对 使用同样的论证即可处理负波瓣。总数为 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
Since every solution lies in For the logarithm is negative, so only the negative sine lobes in can contribute. Each has one crossing on each side of its minimum; on the last lobe, the second crossing is the endpoint Hence this part contributes solutions.
For only positive lobes contribute. There are of them: one in each interval from to for Every one after the first has one crossing on each side of its maximum. The first has only one new crossing because its left endpoint is the already-counted solution Thus contributes more solutions.
For completeness, the claimed uniqueness on each half-lobe follows by differentiating the difference of the two sides. On a falling positive half-lobe it is strictly decreasing. On a rising positive half-lobe its derivative increases and then decreases once, so the difference crosses from negative to positive only once. Applying the same argument to handles a negative lobe. The total is
Thus, the correct answer is D.
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