2025 AMC 12B 第 24 题

先试着解答 2025 AMC 12B 第 24 题,然后核对你的答案与精心整理的解答,解答来自 LIVE by Po-Shen Loh。你也可以参加完整限时模拟考试、查看全部 2025 AMC 12B 解答,或核对答案。

所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

24.

有多少个实数满足方程 sin⁡(20πx)=log⁡20(x)\sin(20\pi x) = \log_{20}(x)?

How many real numbers satisfy the equation sin⁡(20πx)=log⁡20(x)?\sin(20\pi x) = \log_{20}(x)?

199199

200200

398398

399399

400400

答案:D
知识点:三角学对数交点计数
难度评级:2520
小提示:

解必须满足 −1≤log⁡20x≤1-1 \le \log_{20} x \le 1,所以 xx 位于 [120,20]\left[\tfrac{1}{20}, 20\right]。

A solution needs −1≤log⁡20x≤1,-1 \le \log_{20} x \le 1, so xx lies in [120,20]\left[\tfrac{1}{20}, 20\right]

大提示:

在 sin⁡(20πx)\sin(20\pi x) 的每个单调半波上,缓慢上升的对数曲线恰好相交一次;在两端仔细清点分支。

On each monotonic half-wave of sin⁡(20πx)\sin(20\pi x) the slowly rising log crosses once; count the branches carefully at both ends

解答:

因为 ∣sin⁡(20πx)∣≤1|\sin(20\pi x)|\le1,每个解都位于 [120,20]\left[\tfrac1{20},20\right]。当 x<1x\lt1 时,对数为负,所以 [120,1]\left[\tfrac1{20},1\right] 中只有 1010 个负的正弦波瓣可能有解。每个波瓣在最低点两侧各有一个交点;在最后一个波瓣中,第二个交点就是端点 x=1x=1。因此这一部分贡献 2020 个解。

当 x>1x\gt1 时,只有正波瓣有贡献。这样的波瓣有 190190 个:对 0≤k≤1890\le k\le189,从 1+k101+\tfrac{k}{10} 到 1+k10+1201+\tfrac{k}{10}+\tfrac1{20} 的每个区间中有一个。除第一个之外,每个波瓣都在最高点两侧各有一个交点。第一个波瓣只有一个新交点,因为其左端点是已经计数的解 x=1x=1。因此 x>1x\gt1 再贡献 1+2⋅189=3791+2\cdot189=379 个解。

为完整起见,每个半波瓣上交点唯一,可以通过对两边之差求导来证明。在下降的正半波瓣上,它严格递减。在上升的正半波瓣上,其导数先增后减一次,所以差值只会从负变正一次。对 −sin⁡(20πx)+log⁡20x-\sin(20\pi x)+\log_{20}x 使用同样的论证即可处理负波瓣。总数为 20+379=39920+379=399。

因此,正确答案是 D。

Since ∣sin⁡(20πx)∣≤1,|\sin(20\pi x)|\le1, every solution lies in [120,20].\left[\tfrac1{20},20\right]. For x<1x\lt1 the logarithm is negative, so only the 1010 negative sine lobes in [120,1]\left[\tfrac1{20},1\right] can contribute. Each has one crossing on each side of its minimum; on the last lobe, the second crossing is the endpoint x=1.x=1. Hence this part contributes 2020 solutions.

For x>1,x\gt1, only positive lobes contribute. There are 190190 of them: one in each interval from 1+k101+\tfrac{k}{10} to 1+k10+1201+\tfrac{k}{10}+\tfrac1{20} for 0≤k≤189.0\le k\le189. Every one after the first has one crossing on each side of its maximum. The first has only one new crossing because its left endpoint is the already-counted solution x=1.x=1. Thus x>1x\gt1 contributes 1+2⋅189=3791+2\cdot189=379 more solutions.

For completeness, the claimed uniqueness on each half-lobe follows by differentiating the difference of the two sides. On a falling positive half-lobe it is strictly decreasing. On a rising positive half-lobe its derivative increases and then decreases once, so the difference crosses from negative to positive only once. Applying the same argument to −sin⁡(20πx)+log⁡20x-\sin(20\pi x)+\log_{20}x handles a negative lobe. The total is 20+379=399.20+379=399.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

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