2023 AMC 12A 第 24 题

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24.

KK 为满足以下条件的序列 A1,A2,,AnA_1,A_2,\ldots,A_n 的数量:nn 是不超过 1010 的正整数,每个 AiA_i 都是 {1,2,3,,10}\{1,2,3,\ldots,10\} 的子集,并且对每个介于 22nn 之间(含端点)的 ii,都有 Ai1A_{i-1}AiA_i 的子集。例如,{}\{\}{5,7}\{5,7\}{2,5,7}\{2,5,7\}{2,5,7}\{2,5,7\}{2,5,6,7,9}\{2,5,6,7,9\} 是这样一个序列,其中 n=5n=5KK 除以 1010 的余数是多少?

Let KK be the number of sequences A1,A2,,AnA_1,A_2,\ldots,A_n such that nn is a positive integer less than or equal to 10,10, each AiA_i is a subset of {1,2,3,,10},\{1,2,3,\ldots,10\}, and Ai1A_{i-1} is a subset of AiA_i for each ii between 22 and n,n, inclusive. For example, {},\{\}, {5,7},\{5,7\}, {2,5,7},\{2,5,7\}, {2,5,7},\{2,5,7\}, {2,5,6,7,9}\{2,5,6,7,9\} is one such sequence, with n=5.n=5. What is the remainder when KK is divided by 10?10?

11

33

55

77

99

答案:C
知识点:子集乘法原理模运算
难度评级:2520
解答:

对固定长度 nn{1,,10}\{1,\ldots,10\} 中的每个元素可以独立选择永不出现,或第一次出现在 A1,,AnA_1,\ldots,A_n 中的某一个,因此每个元素有 n+1n+1 种选择。于是长度为 nn 的链有 (n+1)10(n+1)^{10} 条。

因此 模 1010 时,k=2,,11k=2,\ldots,11 各项化为 4,9,6,5,6,9,4,1,0,14,9,6,5,6,9,4,1,0,1,和为 45545\equiv 5K=n=110(n+1)10=k=211k10. K=\sum_{n=1}^{10}(n+1)^{10}=\sum_{k=2}^{11}k^{10}.

所以正确答案是 C

For a fixed length n,n, each element of {1,,10}\{1,\ldots,10\} independently either never appears or first appears in one of A1,,An,A_1,\ldots,A_n, giving n+1n+1 choices. Hence there are (n+1)10(n+1)^{10} chains of length n.n.

Summing, K=n=110(n+1)10=k=211k10. K=\sum_{n=1}^{10}(n+1)^{10}=\sum_{k=2}^{11}k^{10}. Modulo 10,10, the terms k=2,,11k=2,\ldots,11 reduce to 4,9,6,5,6,9,4,1,0,1,4,9,6,5,6,9,4,1,0,1, which sum to 455.45\equiv 5.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

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