2022 AMC 12A 第 18 题

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18.

TkT_k 是坐标平面的一个变换:先将平面绕原点逆时针旋转 kk 度,然后关于 yy 轴反射。 求最小的正整数 nn 使得依次执行变换 T1,T2,T3,,TnT_1,T_2,T_3,\ldots,T_n 后,点 (1,0)(1,0) 回到自身。

Let TkT_k be the transformation of the coordinate plane that first rotates the plane kk degrees counterclockwise around the origin and then reflects the plane across the yy-axis. What is the least positive integer nn such that performing the sequence of transformations T1,T2,T3,,TnT_1,T_2,T_3,\ldots,T_n returns the point (1,0)(1,0) back to itself?

359359

360360

719719

720720

721721

答案:A
知识点:变换分类讨论
难度评级:2010
解答:

角度为 θ\theta 的点旋转 kk^\circ 后角度变为 θ+k\theta+k, 再关于 yy 轴反射会把角度 ϕ\phi 变为 180ϕ180-\phi。 所以 TkT_kθ\theta 变为 (180k)θ(180-k)-\theta

从角度 00 的点 (1,0)(1,0) 出发,依次应用 T1,T2,T_1,T_2,\ldots 得到的角度为 179,1,178,2,177,179,-1,178,-2,177,\ldots。 经过偶数 2m2m 步后角度为 m-m, 经过奇数 2m+12m+1 步后角度为 179m179-m

点要回到原位,角度必须是 360360^\circ 的倍数。偶数情形要求 m=360m=360, 即 n=720n=720。 奇数情形要求 179m=0179-m=0, 即 m=179m=179n=359n=359, 此时总反射固定 (1,0)(1,0)

满足条件的最小 nn359359

因此,正确答案是 A

Rotating a point at angle θ\theta by kk^\circ gives θ+k,\theta+k, and reflecting across the yy-axis sends angle ϕ\phi to 180ϕ.180-\phi. So TkT_k sends θ\theta to (180k)θ.(180-k)-\theta.

Starting from (1,0)(1,0) at angle 0,0, applying T1,T2,T_1,T_2,\ldots gives angles 179,1,178,2,177,.179,-1,178,-2,177,\ldots. After an even number 2m2m of steps the angle is m,-m, and after an odd number 2m+12m+1 it is 179m.179-m.

For the point to return, the angle must be a multiple of 360.360^\circ. The even case needs m=360,m=360, i.e. n=720.n=720. The odd case needs 179m=0,179-m=0, i.e. m=179m=179 and n=359,n=359, where the net reflection fixes (1,0).(1,0).

The least such nn is 359.359.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

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