2021 AMC 12B Spring 第 23 题

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23.

三个球被随机且相互独立地投入编号为正整数的箱子中。对每个球,它被投入箱子 ii 的概率为 2i2^{-i},其中 i=1,2,3,i=1,2,3,\ldots。 每个箱子可以有多个球。三个球最终落在不同且等间距的箱子中的概率为 pq\dfrac{p}{q}, 其中 ppqq 是互质正整数。(例如,若球被投入箱子 3,173, 17, 和 1010 则这些箱子是等间距的。)p+qp+q 是多少?

Three balls are randomly and independently tossed into bins numbered with the positive integers so that for each ball, the probability that it is tossed into bin ii is 2i2^{-i} for i=1,2,3,.i=1,2,3,\ldots. More than one ball is allowed in each bin. The probability that the balls end up evenly spaced in distinct bins is pq,\dfrac{p}{q}, where pp and qq are relatively prime positive integers. (For example, the balls are evenly spaced if they are tossed into bins 3,17,3, 17, and 10.10.) What is p+q?p+q?

5555

5656

5757

5858

5959

答案:A
知识点:基本概率等比数列等差数列
难度评级:2390
解答:

不同且等间距的箱子形成等差数列 n,n+d,n+2dn,n+d,n+2d,其中 n,d1n,d\ge 1。 三个编号之和为 3(n+d)3(n+d), 因此把球固定分配到这三个箱子的概率为 23(n+d)2^{-3(n+d)}

三个球可以按 3!=63!=6 种方式对应到这些箱子,所以总概率为 6n1d123(n+d)6\sum_{n\ge 1}\sum_{d\ge 1}2^{-3(n+d)} =6(n118n)2=6\left(\sum_{n\ge 1}\tfrac{1}{8^n}\right)^2 =61717=649=6\cdot\tfrac17\cdot\tfrac17=\tfrac{6}{49}

因为 gcd(6,49)=1\gcd(6,49)=1, 得 p+q=6+49=55p+q=6+49=55

所以正确答案是 A

Evenly spaced distinct bins form an arithmetic progression n,n+d,n+2dn,n+d,n+2d with n,d1.n,d\ge 1. The three labels sum to 3(n+d),3(n+d), so a fixed assignment of balls to these bins has probability 23(n+d).2^{-3(n+d)}.

The three balls can be ordered in 3!=63!=6 ways, so the total probability is 6n1d123(n+d)6\sum_{n\ge 1}\sum_{d\ge 1}2^{-3(n+d)} =6(n118n)2=6\left(\sum_{n\ge 1}\tfrac{1}{8^n}\right)^2 =61717=649.=6\cdot\tfrac17\cdot\tfrac17=\tfrac{6}{49}.

Since gcd(6,49)=1,\gcd(6,49)=1, we get p+q=6+49=55.p+q=6+49=55.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

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