2021 AMC 12B Spring 真题

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1.

有多少个整数 xx 满足 x<3π|x| \lt 3\pi

How many integer values of xx satisfy x<3π?|x| \lt 3\pi?

99

1010

1818

1919

2020

答案:D
知识点:绝对值估算
难度评级:870
小提示:

3π3\pi99 稍大

3π3\pi is a little more than 99

大提示:

数出从 9-999 的所有整数,包括两端

Count the integers from 9-9 to 99 inclusive

解答:

因为 3π9.423\pi \approx 9.42,不等式 x<3π|x| \lt 3\pi 表示 9.42<x<9.42-9.42 \lt x \lt 9.42

这个范围内的整数从 9-999,共有 1919 个。

所以正确答案是 D

Since 3π9.42,3\pi \approx 9.42, the inequality x<3π|x| \lt 3\pi means 9.42<x<9.42.-9.42 \lt x \lt 9.42.

The integers in this range run from 9-9 to 9,9, giving 1919 values.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

2.

在一次数学竞赛中,5757 名学生穿蓝衬衫,另外 7575 名学生穿黄衬衫。这 132132 名学生被分成 6666 对。恰好有 2323 对中的两名学生都穿蓝衬衫。有多少对中的两名学生都穿黄衬衫?

At a math contest, 5757 students are wearing blue shirts, and another 7575 students are wearing yellow shirts. The 132132 students are assigned into 6666 pairs. In exactly 2323 of these pairs, both students are wearing blue shirts. In how many pairs are both students wearing yellow shirts?

2323

3232

3737

4141

6464

答案:B
难度评级:1040
小提示:

2323 对全蓝组合用掉 4646 名蓝衬衫学生

The 2323 all-blue pairs use 4646 blue students

大提示:

先数混合配对中剩下的蓝衬衫学生,再从黄衬衫学生中去掉同样的人数

Count the blue students left in mixed pairs, then remove that many yellow students

解答:

2323 对全蓝组合用了 4646 名蓝衬衫学生,还剩 5746=1157 - 46 = 11 名蓝衬衫学生。

1111 名蓝衬衫学生每人都必须和一名黄衬衫学生配对,所以有 1111 对混合组合,用掉 1111 名黄衬衫学生。

剩下的 7511=6475 - 11 = 64 名黄衬衫学生组成 64÷2=3264 \div 2 = 32 对全黄组合。

所以正确答案是 B

The 2323 all-blue pairs account for 4646 blue students, leaving 5746=1157 - 46 = 11 blue students.

Each of those 1111 blue students must be paired with a yellow student, so there are 1111 mixed pairs, using 1111 yellow students.

The remaining 7511=6475 - 11 = 64 yellow students form 64÷2=3264 \div 2 = 32 all-yellow pairs.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

3.

假设 2+11+12+23+x=144532+\cfrac{1}{1+\cfrac{1}{2+\cfrac{2}{3+x}}}=\dfrac{144}{53}\text{。}

xx 的值是多少?

Suppose 2+11+12+23+x=14453.2+\cfrac{1}{1+\cfrac{1}{2+\cfrac{2}{3+x}}}=\dfrac{144}{53}.

What is the value of x?x?

34\dfrac{3}{4}

78\dfrac{7}{8}

1415\dfrac{14}{15}

3738\dfrac{37}{38}

5253\dfrac{52}{53}

答案:A
知识点:连分数逆推法
难度评级:1170
小提示:

从外向内一层一层剥开,先从 14453\dfrac{144}{53} 中减去 22

Peel off one layer at a time, starting by subtracting 22 from 14453\dfrac{144}{53}

大提示:

144532=3853\dfrac{144}{53}-2=\dfrac{38}{53} 后,取倒数并继续向内化简

After 144532=3853,\dfrac{144}{53}-2=\dfrac{38}{53}, take reciprocals and continue inward

解答:

从外向内计算,144532=3853\dfrac{144}{53}-2=\dfrac{38}{53},所以内层分式等于 3853\dfrac{38}{53}

取倒数得 1+12+23+x=53381+\cfrac{1}{2+\frac{2}{3+x}}=\dfrac{53}{38},所以 12+23+x=1538\cfrac{1}{2+\frac{2}{3+x}}=\dfrac{15}{38}

于是 2+23+x=38152+\dfrac{2}{3+x}=\dfrac{38}{15},所以 23+x=815\dfrac{2}{3+x}=\dfrac{8}{15},得到 3+x=1543+x=\dfrac{15}{4}

因此 x=1543=34x=\dfrac{15}{4}-3=\dfrac{3}{4}

所以正确答案是 A

Working from the outside in, 144532=3853,\dfrac{144}{53}-2=\dfrac{38}{53}, so the inner fraction equals 3853.\dfrac{38}{53}.

Its reciprocal gives 1+12+23+x=5338,1+\cfrac{1}{2+\frac{2}{3+x}}=\dfrac{53}{38}, so 12+23+x=1538.\cfrac{1}{2+\frac{2}{3+x}}=\dfrac{15}{38}.

Then 2+23+x=3815,2+\dfrac{2}{3+x}=\dfrac{38}{15}, so 23+x=815,\dfrac{2}{3+x}=\dfrac{8}{15}, giving 3+x=154.3+x=\dfrac{15}{4}.

Therefore x=1543=34.x=\dfrac{15}{4}-3=\dfrac{3}{4}.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

4.

Blackwell 老师给两个班考试。上午班学生的平均分是 8484,下午班学生的平均分是 7070。上午班人数与下午班人数之比为 34\dfrac{3}{4}。所有学生的平均分是多少?

Ms. Blackwell gives an exam to two classes. The mean of the scores of the students in the morning class is 84,84, and the afternoon class’s mean score is 70.70. The ratio of the number of students in the morning class to the number of students in the afternoon class is 34.\dfrac{3}{4}. What is the mean of the scores of all the students?

7474

7575

7676

7777

7878

答案:C
难度评级:1100
小提示:

取上午班 33 人、下午班 44

Take 33 students in the morning and 44 in the afternoon

大提示:

总平均数是 384+4707\dfrac{3\cdot 84+4\cdot 70}{7}

The overall mean is 384+4707\dfrac{3\cdot 84+4\cdot 70}{7}

解答:

设上午班有 33 名学生,下午班有 44 名学生。

所有分数的总和是 384+4703\cdot 84+4\cdot 70 =252+280=252+280 =532=532

总平均数是 5327=76\dfrac{532}{7}=76

所以正确答案是 C

Suppose there are 33 students in the morning class and 44 in the afternoon class.

The total of all scores is 384+4703\cdot 84+4\cdot 70 =252+280=252+280 =532.=532.

The overall mean is 5327=76.\dfrac{532}{7}=76.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

5.

xyxy 平面中的点 P(a,b)P(a,b) 先绕点 (1,5)(1,5) 逆时针旋转 9090^\circ,再关于直线 y=xy=-x 反射。经过这两个变换后,PP 的像为 (6,3)(-6,3)bab-a 是多少?

The point P(a,b)P(a,b) in the xyxy-plane is first rotated counterclockwise by 9090^\circ around the point (1,5)(1,5) and then reflected about the line y=x.y=-x. The image of PP after these two transformations is at (6,3).(-6,3). What is ba?b-a?

11

33

55

77

99

答案:D
知识点:变换逆推法
难度评级:1330
小提示:

反向撤销变换:把 (6,3)(-6,3) 关于 y=xy=-x 反射,可以撤销最后一步

Undo the transformations: reflecting (6,3)(-6,3) about y=xy=-x reverses the last step

大提示:

关于 y=xy=-x 反射把 (x,y)(x,y) 变为 (y,x)(-y,-x);绕 (1,5)(1,5) 旋转 9090^\circ(a,b)(a,b) 变为 (6b,4+a)(6-b,\,4+a)

Reflecting (x,y)(x,y) about y=xy=-x gives (y,x);(-y,-x); a 9090^\circ rotation about (1,5)(1,5) sends (a,b)(a,b) to (6b,4+a)(6-b,\,4+a)

解答:

(1,5)(1,5) 逆时针旋转 9090^\circ 会把 (a,b)(a,b) 变为 (1(b5),5+(a1))(1-(b-5),\,5+(a-1)) =(6b,4+a)=(6-b,\,4+a)

再关于 y=xy=-x 反射(即把 (x,y)(x,y) 变为 (y,x)(-y,-x)),得到 ((4+a),(6b))(-(4+a),\,-(6-b)) =(4a,b6)=(-4-a,\,b-6)

令它等于 (6,3)(-6,3),得 4a=6-4-a=-6b6=3b-6=3,所以 a=2a=2b=9b=9

因此 ba=92=7b-a=9-2=7

所以正确答案是 D

A 9090^\circ counterclockwise rotation about (1,5)(1,5) sends (a,b)(a,b) to (1(b5),5+(a1))(1-(b-5),\,5+(a-1)) =(6b,4+a).=(6-b,\,4+a).

Reflecting that about y=xy=-x (which maps (x,y)(x,y) to (y,x)(-y,-x)) gives ((4+a),(6b))(-(4+a),\,-(6-b)) =(4a,b6).=(-4-a,\,b-6).

Setting this equal to (6,3)(-6,3) gives 4a=6-4-a=-6 and b6=3,b-6=3, so a=2a=2 and b=9.b=9.

Therefore ba=92=7.b-a=9-2=7.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

6.

一个倒置圆锥的底面半径为 1212 厘米,高为 1818 厘米,里面装满了水。把水倒入一个高圆柱中,这个圆柱的水平底面半径为 2424 厘米。圆柱中水的高度是多少厘米?

An inverted cone with base radius 1212 cm and height 1818 cm is full of water. The water is poured into a tall cylinder whose horizontal base has a radius of 2424 cm. What is the height in centimeters of the water in the cylinder?

1.51.5

33

44

4.54.5

66

答案:A
知识点:圆锥圆柱体积
难度评级:1220
小提示:

圆锥体积是 13πr2h\dfrac13\pi r^2 h,圆柱体积是 πr2h\pi r^2 h

The volume of a cone is 13πr2h\dfrac13\pi r^2 h and of a cylinder is πr2h\pi r^2 h

大提示:

令圆锥体积等于 π242h\pi\cdot 24^2\cdot h,并解出 hh

Set the cone’s volume equal to π242h\pi\cdot 24^2\cdot h and solve for hh

解答:

圆锥中的水量为 13π(12)2(18)=864π\dfrac13\pi(12)^2(18)=864\pi 立方厘米。

倒入圆柱后,水高为 hh,满足 π(24)2h=864π\pi(24)^2 h=864\pi

于是 576h=864576h=864,所以 h=1.5h=1.5

所以正确答案是 A

The cone holds 13π(12)2(18)=864π\dfrac13\pi(12)^2(18)=864\pi cubic centimeters of water.

Poured into the cylinder, this fills to height hh where π(24)2h=864π.\pi(24)^2 h=864\pi.

Then 576h=864,576h=864, so h=1.5.h=1.5.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

7.

N=343463270N=34\cdot 34\cdot 63\cdot 270NN 的奇因数之和与 NN 的偶因数之和的比是多少?

Let N=343463270.N=34\cdot 34\cdot 63\cdot 270. What is the ratio of the sum of the odd divisors of NN to the sum of the even divisors of N?N?

1:161:16

1:151:15

1:141:14

1:81:8

1:31:3

答案:C
难度评级:1370
小提示:

找出整除 NN 的最高 22 次幂

Find the exact power of 22 dividing NN

大提示:

MMNN 的奇数部分,2k2^k 是偶数部分,则每个偶因数都是某个奇因数乘以 2j2^j

If MM is the odd part of NN and 2k2^k the even part, every even divisor is 2j2^j times an odd divisor

解答:

分解质因数,34=21734=2\cdot 1763=32763=3^2\cdot 7,且 270=2335270=2\cdot 3^3\cdot 5,所以 N=233557172N=2^3\cdot 3^5\cdot 5\cdot 7\cdot 17^2

MM 为奇数部分 35571723^5\cdot 5\cdot 7\cdot 17^2。所有因数之和为 (1+2+4+8)σ(M)(1+2+4+8)\,\sigma(M) =15σ(M)=15\,\sigma(M)

奇因数之和为 σ(M)\sigma(M),所以偶因数之和为 15σ(M)σ(M)=14σ(M)15\,\sigma(M)-\sigma(M)=14\,\sigma(M)

所求比为 σ(M):14σ(M)=1:14\sigma(M):14\,\sigma(M)=1:14

所以正确答案是 C

Factoring, 34=217,34=2\cdot 17, 63=327,63=3^2\cdot 7, and 270=2335,270=2\cdot 3^3\cdot 5, so N=233557172.N=2^3\cdot 3^5\cdot 5\cdot 7\cdot 17^2.

Let MM be the odd part 3557172.3^5\cdot 5\cdot 7\cdot 17^2. The sum of all divisors is (1+2+4+8)σ(M)(1+2+4+8)\,\sigma(M) =15σ(M).=15\,\sigma(M).

The odd divisors sum to σ(M),\sigma(M), so the even divisors sum to 15σ(M)σ(M)=14σ(M).15\,\sigma(M)-\sigma(M)=14\,\sigma(M).

The ratio is σ(M):14σ(M)=1:14.\sigma(M):14\,\sigma(M)=1:14.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

8.

三条等间距平行线与一个圆相交,形成三条长度分别为 38383838,和 3434 的弦。相邻两条平行线之间的距离是多少?

Three equally spaced parallel lines intersect a circle, creating three chords of lengths 38,38, 38,38, and 34.34. What is the distance between two adjacent parallel lines?

5125\tfrac{1}{2}

66

6126\tfrac{1}{2}

77

7127\tfrac{1}{2}

答案:B
知识点:勾股定理
难度评级:1500
小提示:

等弦到圆心的距离相等,所以两条 3838 的弦位于高度 ±d2\pm\tfrac{d}{2}

Equal chords are equidistant from the center, so the two 3838 chords sit at heights ±d2\pm\tfrac{d}{2}

大提示:

设间距为 dd,使用 r2(d2)2=192r^2-\left(\tfrac{d}{2}\right)^2=19^2r2(3d2)2=172r^2-\left(\tfrac{3d}{2}\right)^2=17^2

With spacing d,d, use r2(d2)2=192r^2-\left(\tfrac{d}{2}\right)^2=19^2 and r2(3d2)2=172r^2-\left(\tfrac{3d}{2}\right)^2=17^2

解答:

把圆心放在高度 00。两条等弦到圆心距离相等,所以三条等间距直线可放在高度 d2,d2,3d2-\tfrac{d}{2},\tfrac{d}{2},\tfrac{3d}{2},其中两条 3838 的弦在 ±d2\pm\tfrac{d}{2}3434 的弦在 3d2\tfrac{3d}{2}

半弦关系给出 r2(d2)2=192r^2-\left(\tfrac{d}{2}\right)^2=19^2r2(3d2)2=172r^2-\left(\tfrac{3d}{2}\right)^2=17^2

相减得 2d2=192172=722d^2=19^2-17^2=72,所以 d2=36d^2=36d=6d=6

所以正确答案是 B

Place the center at height 0.0. Two equal chords lie at equal distances from the center, so the three equally spaced lines are at heights d2,d2,3d2,-\tfrac{d}{2},\tfrac{d}{2},\tfrac{3d}{2}, with the two 3838-chords at ±d2\pm\tfrac{d}{2} and the 3434-chord at 3d2.\tfrac{3d}{2}.

Half-chord relations give r2(d2)2=192r^2-\left(\tfrac{d}{2}\right)^2=19^2 and r2(3d2)2=172.r^2-\left(\tfrac{3d}{2}\right)^2=17^2.

Subtracting, 2d2=192172=72,2d^2=19^2-17^2=72, so d2=36d^2=36 and d=6.d=6.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

9.

下列表达式的值是多少?log280log402log2160log202\dfrac{\log_2 80}{\log_{40}2}-\dfrac{\log_2 160}{\log_{20}2}

What is the value of the following expression? log280log402log2160log202\dfrac{\log_2 80}{\log_{40}2}-\dfrac{\log_2 160}{\log_{20}2}

00

11

54\dfrac{5}{4}

22

log25\log_2 5

答案:D
知识点:对数代数变形
难度评级:1520
小提示:

1log402=log240\dfrac{1}{\log_{40}2}=\log_2 40,另一个倒数也类似

1log402=log240,\dfrac{1}{\log_{40}2}=\log_2 40, and similarly for the other reciprocal

大提示:

全部写成 t=log25t=\log_2 5 的形式,因为 log280=4+t\log_2 80=4+t,等等

Write everything in terms of t=log25,t=\log_2 5, since log280=4+t,\log_2 80=4+t, etc.

解答:

利用 1log402=log240\dfrac{1}{\log_{40}2}=\log_2 401log202=log220\dfrac{1}{\log_{20}2}=\log_2 20,原式变为 (log280)(log240)(\log_2 80)(\log_2 40) (log2160)(log220)-(\log_2 160)(\log_2 20)

t=log25t=\log_2 5,则 log280=4+t\log_2 80=4+tlog240=3+t\log_2 40=3+tlog2160=5+t\log_2 160=5+tlog220=2+t\log_2 20=2+t

原式为 (4+t)(3+t)(4+t)(3+t) (5+t)(2+t)-(5+t)(2+t) =(12+7t+t2)=(12+7t+t^2) (10+7t+t2)-(10+7t+t^2) =2=2

所以正确答案是 D

Using 1log402=log240\dfrac{1}{\log_{40}2}=\log_2 40 and 1log202=log220,\dfrac{1}{\log_{20}2}=\log_2 20, the expression becomes (log280)(log240)(\log_2 80)(\log_2 40) (log2160)(log220).-(\log_2 160)(\log_2 20).

Let t=log25.t=\log_2 5. Then log280=4+t,\log_2 80=4+t, log240=3+t,\log_2 40=3+t, log2160=5+t,\log_2 160=5+t, log220=2+t.\log_2 20=2+t.

The value is (4+t)(3+t)(4+t)(3+t) (5+t)(2+t)-(5+t)(2+t) =(12+7t+t2)=(12+7t+t^2) (10+7t+t2)-(10+7t+t^2) =2.=2.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

10.

从集合 {1,2,3,4,,36,37}\{1,2,3,4,\ldots,36,37\} 中选出两个不同的数,使剩下 3535 个数的和等于这两个数的乘积。这两个数的差是多少?

Two distinct numbers are selected from the set {1,2,3,4,,36,37}\{1,2,3,4,\ldots,36,37\} so that the sum of the remaining 3535 numbers is the product of these two numbers. What is the difference of these two numbers?

55

77

88

99

1010

答案:E
难度评级:1530
小提示:

整个集合的和是 703703;若选出的两个数是 aabb,则 703ab=ab703-a-b=ab

The full set sums to 703;703; if the two chosen numbers are aa and b,b, then 703ab=ab703-a-b=ab

大提示:

整理为 (a+1)(b+1)=704(a+1)(b+1)=704,然后分解因数

Rearrange to (a+1)(b+1)=704(a+1)(b+1)=704 and factor

解答:

总和为 1+2++37=7031+2+\cdots+37=703。若选出的两个数为 aabb,则 703ab=ab703-a-b=ab

所以 ab+a+b=703ab+a+b=703,两边加 11(a+1)(b+1)=704=2611(a+1)(b+1)=704=2^6\cdot 11

我们需要 a+1,b+1a+1,b+1223838 之间的因数。因数对 2232=70422\cdot 32=704 可行,得到 a=21a=21b=31b=31

它们的差为 3121=1031-21=10

所以正确答案是 E

The sum 1+2++37=703.1+2+\cdots+37=703. If the chosen numbers are aa and b,b, then 703ab=ab.703-a-b=ab.

So ab+a+b=703,ab+a+b=703, and adding 11 gives (a+1)(b+1)=704=2611.(a+1)(b+1)=704=2^6\cdot 11.

We need factors a+1,b+1a+1,b+1 between 22 and 38.38. The pair 2232=70422\cdot 32=704 works, giving a=21,a=21, b=31.b=31.

Their difference is 3121=10.31-21=10.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

11.

三角形 ABCABC 中,AB=13AB=13BC=14BC=14,且 AC=15AC=15。点 PPAC\overline{AC} 上,并且 PC=10PC=10。直线 BPBP 上恰好有两个点 DDEE,使四边形 ABCDABCDABCEABCE 是梯形。距离 DEDE 是多少?

Triangle ABCABC has AB=13,AB=13, BC=14,BC=14, and AC=15.AC=15. Let PP be the point on AC\overline{AC} such that PC=10.PC=10. There are exactly two points DD and EE on line BPBP such that quadrilaterals ABCDABCD and ABCEABCE are trapezoids. What is the distance DE?DE?

425\dfrac{42}{5}

626\sqrt2

845\dfrac{84}{5}

12212\sqrt2

1818

答案:D
难度评级:1690
小提示:

A=(0,0)A=(0,0)C=(15,0)C=(15,0);则 B=(335,565)B=\left(\tfrac{33}{5},\tfrac{56}{5}\right),且 P=(5,0)P=(5,0)

Place A=(0,0),A=(0,0), C=(15,0);C=(15,0); then B=(335,565)B=\left(\tfrac{33}{5},\tfrac{56}{5}\right) and P=(5,0)P=(5,0)

大提示:

一个梯形需要 CDABCD\parallel AB,另一个需要 AEBCAE\parallel BC;找出每条平行线与直线 BPBP 的交点

One trapezoid needs CDAB,CD\parallel AB, the other needs AEBC;AE\parallel BC; find where each parallel line meets line BPBP

解答:

A=(0,0)A=(0,0)C=(15,0)C=(15,0)。则 B=(335,565)B=\left(\tfrac{33}{5},\tfrac{56}{5}\right),且因为 PC=10PC=10P=(5,0)P=(5,0)。直线 BPBP 的斜率为 77,所以其方程为 y=7(x5)y=7(x-5)

要使 ABCDABCD 成为梯形且 DD 在直线 BPBP 上,取 CDABCD\parallel AB。过 CC 作平行于 ABAB 的直线,与 BPBP 相交于 (95,1125)(\tfrac95,-\tfrac{112}{5})

ABCEABCE,其中 EE 在直线 BPBP 上,取 AEBCAE\parallel BC。过 AA 作平行于 BCBC 的直线,与 BPBP 相交于 (215,285)(\tfrac{21}{5},-\tfrac{28}{5})

两点横坐标之差为 125\tfrac{12}{5},纵坐标之差为 845\tfrac{84}{5},所以 DE=15122+842=122DE=\tfrac15\sqrt{12^2+84^2}=12\sqrt2

所以正确答案是 D

Place A=(0,0)A=(0,0) and C=(15,0).C=(15,0). Then B=(335,565),B=\left(\tfrac{33}{5},\tfrac{56}{5}\right), and since PC=10,PC=10, P=(5,0).P=(5,0). Line BPBP has slope 7,7, so it is y=7(x5).y=7(x-5).

For ABCDABCD to be a trapezoid with DD on line BP,BP, take CDAB.CD\parallel AB. The line through CC parallel to ABAB meets line BPBP at (95,1125).(\tfrac95,-\tfrac{112}{5}).

For ABCEABCE with EE on line BP,BP, take AEBC.AE\parallel BC. The line through AA parallel to BCBC meets line BPBP at (215,285).(\tfrac{21}{5},-\tfrac{28}{5}).

Their coordinate differences are 125\tfrac{12}{5} and 845,\tfrac{84}{5}, so DE=15122+842=122.DE=\tfrac15\sqrt{12^2+84^2}=12\sqrt2.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

12.

假设 SS 是一个由正整数组成的有限集合。如果将 SS 中的最大整数从 SS 中移除,则剩余整数的平均值(算术平均数)为 3232。如果再移除 SS 中的最小整数,则剩余整数的平均值为 3535。如果随后把最大整数放回集合,整数的平均值升至 4040。原集合 SS 中最大整数比 SS 中最小整数大 7272。集合 SS 中所有整数的平均值是多少?

Suppose that SS is a finite set of positive integers. If the greatest integer in SS is removed from S,S, then the average value (arithmetic mean) of the integers remaining is 32.32. If the least integer in SS is also removed, then the average value of the integers remaining is 35.35. If the greatest integer is then returned to the set, the average value of the integers rises to 40.40. The greatest integer in the original set SS is 7272 greater than the least integer in S.S. What is the average value of all the integers in the set S?S?

36.236.2

36.436.4

36.636.6

36.836.8

3737

答案:D
知识点:平均数方程组
难度评级:1630
小提示:

n=Sn=|S|,总和为 TT,最大数为 MM,最小数为 LL;把每个平均值条件写成方程

Let n=S,n=|S|, total T,T, greatest M,M, least L;L; write each average as an equation

大提示:

TLn1=40\dfrac{T-L}{n-1}=40 减去 TMn1=32\dfrac{T-M}{n-1}=32 得到 ML=8(n1)M-L=8(n-1)

Subtracting TMn1=32\dfrac{T-M}{n-1}=32 from TLn1=40\dfrac{T-L}{n-1}=40 gives ML=8(n1)M-L=8(n-1)

解答:

n=Sn=|S|TT 为总和,MM 为最大数,LL 为最小数。则 TMn1=32\dfrac{T-M}{n-1}=32TMLn2=35\dfrac{T-M-L}{n-2}=35,且 TLn1=40\dfrac{T-L}{n-1}=40

用第三个方程减第一个方程:MLn1=8\dfrac{M-L}{n-1}=8。因为 ML=72M-L=72,得 n1=9n-1=9,所以 n=10n=10

于是 TM=288T-M=288,且 TL=360T-L=360。中间的方程给出 TML=358=280T-M-L=35\cdot 8=280,所以 L=288280=8L=288-280=8M=80M=80

因此 T=288+80=368T=288+80=368,平均值为 36810=36.8\dfrac{368}{10}=36.8

所以正确答案是 D

Let n=S,n=|S|, let TT be the total, MM the greatest, and LL the least. Then TMn1=32,\dfrac{T-M}{n-1}=32, TMLn2=35,\dfrac{T-M-L}{n-2}=35, and TLn1=40.\dfrac{T-L}{n-1}=40.

Subtracting the first from the third: MLn1=8.\dfrac{M-L}{n-1}=8. Since ML=72,M-L=72, we get n1=9,n-1=9, so n=10.n=10.

Then TM=288T-M=288 and TL=360.T-L=360. The middle equation gives TML=358=280,T-M-L=35\cdot 8=280, so L=288280=8L=288-280=8 and M=80.M=80.

Thus T=288+80=368,T=288+80=368, and the average is 36810=36.8.\dfrac{368}{10}=36.8.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

13.

区间 0<θ2π0\lt\theta\le 2\pi 中有多少个 θ\theta 的值满足下面的方程? 13sinθ+5cos3θ=01-3\sin\theta+5\cos 3\theta=0

How many values of θ\theta in the interval 0<θ2π0\lt\theta\le 2\pi satisfy the following equation? 13sinθ+5cos3θ=01-3\sin\theta+5\cos 3\theta=0

22

44

55

66

88

答案:D
难度评级:1850
小提示:

5cos3θ5\cos 3\theta5-555 之间摆动,主导了变化较慢的 13sinθ1-3\sin\theta

The term 5cos3θ5\cos 3\theta swings between 5-5 and 5,5, dominating the slowly varying 13sinθ1-3\sin\theta

大提示:

6060^\circ 的各个倍数处检查 f(θ)=13sinθ+5cos3θf(\theta)=1-3\sin\theta+5\cos 3\theta,再用 ff' 排除多余的根

Check f(θ)=13sinθ+5cos3θf(\theta)=1-3\sin\theta+5\cos 3\theta at multiples of 60,60^\circ, then use ff' to rule out extra roots

解答:

f(θ)=13sinθ+5cos3θf(\theta)=1-3\sin\theta+5\cos 3\theta。在 θ=0,π3,2π3,,2π\theta=0,\tfrac\pi3,\tfrac{2\pi}3,\ldots,2\pi 处,其符号依次为 +,,+,,+,,++,-,+,-,+,-,+。因此,相邻两点之间的六个区间各至少有一个根。

在任意根处,5cos3θ=3sinθ15\cos3\theta=3\sin\theta-1。于是 25sin23θcos2θ=23+6sinθ8sin2θ>0 \begin{aligned} &25\sin^2 3\theta-\cos^2\theta \\ &\quad =23+6\sin\theta-8\sin^2\theta>0 \end{aligned}\text{。}所以 15sin3θ>3cosθ15|\sin3\theta|>3|\cos\theta|。在区间 (kπ3,(k+1)π3)(\tfrac{k\pi}{3},\tfrac{(k+1)\pi}{3}) 中,每个根处的 f(θ)=3cosθ15sin3θf'(\theta)=-3\cos\theta-15\sin3\theta 的符号都是 (1)k+1(-1)^{k+1}

因此,同一区间内的每个根都以相同方向穿过横轴。若有两个这样的根,它们之间必有一个反方向的穿越,产生矛盾。所以每个区间恰有一个根,共有 66 个解。

所以正确答案是 D

Let f(θ)=13sinθ+5cos3θ.f(\theta)=1-3\sin\theta+5\cos 3\theta. At θ=0,π3,2π3,,2π,\theta=0,\tfrac\pi3,\tfrac{2\pi}3,\ldots,2\pi, its signs alternate +,,+,,+,,+.+,-,+,-,+,-,+. Therefore there is at least one root in each of the six intervening intervals.

At any root, 5cos3θ=3sinθ1.5\cos3\theta=3\sin\theta-1. Consequently 25sin23θcos2θ=23+6sinθ8sin2θ>0. \begin{aligned} &25\sin^2 3\theta-\cos^2\theta \\ &\quad =23+6\sin\theta-8\sin^2\theta>0. \end{aligned} Hence 15sin3θ>3cosθ.15|\sin3\theta|>3|\cos\theta|. In the interval (kπ3,(k+1)π3),(\tfrac{k\pi}{3},\tfrac{(k+1)\pi}{3}), the sign of f(θ)=3cosθ15sin3θf'(\theta)=-3\cos\theta-15\sin3\theta is therefore (1)k+1(-1)^{k+1} at every root.

Thus every root in a given interval crosses the axis in the same direction. Two such roots would require an intervening crossing in the opposite direction, so each interval has exactly one root. There are 66 solutions in all.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

14.

ABCDABCD 是一个矩形,且线段 DM\overline{DM} 垂直于 ABCDABCD 所在平面。假设 DM\overline{DM} 的长度是整数,并且 MA\overline{MA}MC\overline{MC}MB\overline{MB} 的长度按此顺序是连续的正奇数。棱锥 MABCDMABCD 的体积是多少?

Let ABCDABCD be a rectangle and let DM\overline{DM} be a segment perpendicular to the plane of ABCD.ABCD. Suppose that DM\overline{DM} has integer length, and the lengths of MA,\overline{MA}, MC,\overline{MC}, and MB\overline{MB} are consecutive odd positive integers (in this order). What is the volume of pyramid MABCD?MABCD?

24524\sqrt5

6060

28528\sqrt5

6666

8708\sqrt{70}

答案:A
难度评级:1790
小提示:

DD 放在原点,则 MA2=AD2+DM2MA^2=AD^2+DM^2MC2=CD2+DM2MC^2=CD^2+DM^2MB2=AD2+CD2+DM2MB^2=AD^2+CD^2+DM^2

With DD at the origin, MA2=AD2+DM2,MA^2=AD^2+DM^2, MC2=CD2+DM2,MC^2=CD^2+DM^2, MB2=AD2+CD2+DM2MB^2=AD^2+CD^2+DM^2

大提示:

所以 MB2=MA2+MC2DM2MB^2=MA^2+MC^2-DM^2;令 MA,MC,MB=k,k+2,k+4MA,MC,MB=k,k+2,k+4,解出 kkDMDM

So MB2=MA2+MC2DM2;MB^2=MA^2+MC^2-DM^2; with MA,MC,MB=k,k+2,k+4,MA,MC,MB=k,k+2,k+4, solve for kk and DMDM

解答:

DD 放在原点,令 AACC 沿矩形的两条边,且 MM 正好在 DD 的上方。则 MA2=AD2+DM2MA^2=AD^2+DM^2MC2=CD2+DM2MC^2=CD^2+DM^2,且 MB2=AD2+CD2+DM2MB^2=AD^2+CD^2+DM^2

因此 MB2=MA2+MC2DM2MB^2=MA^2+MC^2-DM^2。写成 MA,MC,MB=k,k+2,k+4MA,MC,MB=k,k+2,k+4,得 DM2=k2+(k+2)2DM^2=k^2+(k+2)^2 (k+4)2-(k+4)^2 =k24k12=k^2-4k-12

DM=tDM=t 是正整数,则 (k2)2t2=16(k-2)^2-t^2=16,所以 (k2t)(k2+t)=16(k-2-t)(k-2+t)=16。能使 t>0t>0 的同奇偶正因数对只有 (2,8)(2,8),由此得到 k=7k=7t=3t=3。于是 AD2=499=40AD^2=49-9=40,且 CD2=819=72CD^2=81-9=72

底面积为 ADCD=4072AD\cdot CD=\sqrt{40}\cdot\sqrt{72} =2880=245=\sqrt{2880}=24\sqrt5,体积为 132453=245\tfrac13\cdot 24\sqrt5\cdot 3=24\sqrt5

所以正确答案是 A

Place DD at the origin with A,A, CC along the rectangle’s edges and MM directly above D.D. Then MA2=AD2+DM2,MA^2=AD^2+DM^2, MC2=CD2+DM2,MC^2=CD^2+DM^2, and MB2=AD2+CD2+DM2.MB^2=AD^2+CD^2+DM^2.

Thus MB2=MA2+MC2DM2.MB^2=MA^2+MC^2-DM^2. Writing MA,MC,MB=k,k+2,k+4,MA,MC,MB=k,k+2,k+4, we get DM2=k2+(k+2)2DM^2=k^2+(k+2)^2 (k+4)2-(k+4)^2 =k24k12.=k^2-4k-12.

If DM=tDM=t is a positive integer, then (k2)2t2=16,(k-2)^2-t^2=16, so (k2t)(k2+t)=16.(k-2-t)(k-2+t)=16. The only positive same-parity factor pair giving t>0t>0 is (2,8),(2,8), which yields k=7k=7 and t=3.t=3. Thus AD2=499=40AD^2=49-9=40 and CD2=819=72.CD^2=81-9=72.

The base area is ADCD=4072AD\cdot CD=\sqrt{40}\cdot\sqrt{72} =2880=245,=\sqrt{2880}=24\sqrt5, and the volume is 132453=245.\tfrac13\cdot 24\sqrt5\cdot 3=24\sqrt5.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

15.

图形由 1111 条线段构成,每条线段长度都是 22。五边形 ABCDEABCDE 的面积可写成 m+n\sqrt m+\sqrt n,其中 mmnn 是正整数。m+nm+n 是多少?

The figure is constructed from 1111 line segments, each of which has length 2.2. The area of pentagon ABCDEABCDE can be written as m+n,\sqrt m+\sqrt n, where mm and nn are positive integers. What is m+n?m+n?

2020

2121

2222

2323

2424

答案:D
难度评级:1890
小提示:

每个内部点到连续三个外部顶点的距离都是 22,所以它是这三个顶点的外接圆圆心

Each interior point is distance 22 from three consecutive outer vertices, so it is their circumcenter

大提示:

ABABBCBC 的长度等于半径 22,所以 AC=23AC=2\sqrt3;然后使用对称坐标

Since chords ABAB and BCBC have length equal to the radius 2,2, AC=23;AC=2\sqrt3; then use symmetric coordinates

解答:

右侧内部点到 AABBCC 的距离都是 22,所以这三点位于一个半径为 22 的圆上。弦 ABABBCBC 的长度也都是 22,所以它们各自在圆心处所对的角为 6060^\circ。因此 AC=23AC=2\sqrt3。另一半同样是它的镜像。

C=(1,0)C=(-1,0)D=(1,0)D=(1,0),和 A=(0,11)A=(0,\sqrt{11});则 AC=AD=23AC=AD=2\sqrt3。以 AACC 为圆心的两个半径为 22 的圆的另一个交点是 B=(121123,112+123) B=\left(-\tfrac12-\tfrac{\sqrt{11}}{2\sqrt3}, \tfrac{\sqrt{11}}2+\tfrac{1}{2\sqrt3}\right)\text{,}EE 是它关于 yy 轴的反射。

A,B,C,D,EA,B,C,D,E 使用鞋带公式,得到 [ABCDE]=11+23[ABCDE]=\sqrt{11}+2\sqrt3,等于 11+12\sqrt{11}+\sqrt{12}

所以 m+n=11+12=23m+n=11+12=23

因此,正确答案是 D

The right interior point is distance 22 from A,A, B,B, and C,C, so these three points lie on a circle of radius 2.2. Chords ABAB and BCBC also have length 2,2, so each subtends 6060^\circ at the center. Thus AC=23.AC=2\sqrt3. Similarly, the other half is its mirror image.

Put C=(1,0),C=(-1,0), D=(1,0),D=(1,0), and A=(0,11);A=(0,\sqrt{11}); then AC=AD=23.AC=AD=2\sqrt3. The other intersection of the radius-22 circles centered at AA and CC is B=(121123,112+123), B=\left(-\tfrac12-\tfrac{\sqrt{11}}{2\sqrt3}, \tfrac{\sqrt{11}}2+\tfrac{1}{2\sqrt3}\right), and EE is its reflection across the yy-axis.

Applying the shoelace formula to A,B,C,D,EA,B,C,D,E gives [ABCDE]=11+23,[ABCDE]=\sqrt{11}+2\sqrt3, which equals 11+12.\sqrt{11}+\sqrt{12}.

So m+n=11+12=23.m+n=11+12=23.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

16.

g(x)g(x) 是首项系数为 11 的多项式,它的三个根是 f(x)=x3+ax2+bx+cf(x)=x^3+ax^2+bx+c 的三个根的倒数,其中 1<a<b<c1\lt a\lt b\lt c。用 aabbcc 表示 g(1)g(1) 是什么?

Let g(x)g(x) be a polynomial with leading coefficient 1,1, whose three roots are the reciprocals of the three roots of f(x)=x3+ax2+bx+c,f(x)=x^3+ax^2+bx+c, where 1<a<b<c.1\lt a\lt b\lt c. What is g(1)g(1) in terms of a,a, b,b, and c?c?

1+a+b+cc\dfrac{1+a+b+c}{c}

1+a+b+c1+a+b+c

1+a+b+cc2\dfrac{1+a+b+c}{c^2}

a+b+cc2\dfrac{a+b+c}{c^2}

1+a+b+ca+b+c\dfrac{1+a+b+c}{a+b+c}

答案:A
难度评级:1720
小提示:

ff 的根为 r,s,tr,s,t,则 g(1)=(11r)(11s)(11t)g(1)=\left(1-\tfrac1r\right)\left(1-\tfrac1s\right)\left(1-\tfrac1t\right)

If ff has roots r,s,t,r,s,t, then g(1)=(11r)(11s)(11t)g(1)=\left(1-\tfrac1r\right)\left(1-\tfrac1s\right)\left(1-\tfrac1t\right)

大提示:

这等于 (r1)(s1)(t1)rst\dfrac{(r-1)(s-1)(t-1)}{rst};把分子与 f(1)f(1) 联系起来,把分母与 cc 联系起来

This equals (r1)(s1)(t1)rst;\dfrac{(r-1)(s-1)(t-1)}{rst}; relate the numerator to f(1)f(1) and the denominator to cc

解答:

ff 的根为 r,s,tr,s,t。因为 gg 是首项系数为一、根为 1r,1s,1t\tfrac1r,\tfrac1s,\tfrac1t 的多项式,g(1)=(11r)(11s)(11t)=(r1)(s1)(t1)rst \begin{aligned} g(1) &= \left(1-\tfrac1r\right)\left(1-\tfrac1s\right) \\ &\quad {}\cdot \left(1-\tfrac1t\right) \\ &= \dfrac{(r-1)(s-1)(t-1)}{rst} \end{aligned}\text{。}

现在 f(1)=(1r)(1s)(1t)f(1)=(1-r)(1-s)(1-t) =1+a+b+c=1+a+b+c,所以 (r1)(s1)(t1)(r-1)(s-1)(t-1) =(1+a+b+c)=-(1+a+b+c)。另外 rst=crst=-c

因此 g(1)g(1) =(1+a+b+c)c=\dfrac{-(1+a+b+c)}{-c} =1+a+b+cc=\dfrac{1+a+b+c}{c}

所以正确答案是 A

Let ff have roots r,s,t.r,s,t. Since gg is monic with roots 1r,1s,1t,\tfrac1r,\tfrac1s,\tfrac1t, g(1)=(11r)(11s)(11t)=(r1)(s1)(t1)rst. \begin{aligned} g(1) &= \left(1-\tfrac1r\right)\left(1-\tfrac1s\right) \\ &\quad {}\cdot \left(1-\tfrac1t\right) \\ &= \dfrac{(r-1)(s-1)(t-1)}{rst}. \end{aligned}

Now f(1)=(1r)(1s)(1t)f(1)=(1-r)(1-s)(1-t) =1+a+b+c,=1+a+b+c, so (r1)(s1)(t1)(r-1)(s-1)(t-1) =(1+a+b+c).=-(1+a+b+c). Also rst=c.rst=-c.

Therefore g(1)g(1) =(1+a+b+c)c=\dfrac{-(1+a+b+c)}{-c} =1+a+b+cc.=\dfrac{1+a+b+c}{c}.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

17.

ABCDABCD 是等腰梯形,平行底边为 AB\overline{AB}CD\overline{CD},且 AB>CDAB\gt CD。从 ABCDABCD 内一点连到各顶点,把梯形分成四个三角形,它们的面积从以 CD\overline{CD} 为底的三角形开始并按顺时针方向如图所示分别为 223344,和 55。比值 ABCD\dfrac{AB}{CD} 是多少?

Let ABCDABCD be an isosceles trapezoid having parallel bases AB\overline{AB} and CD\overline{CD} with AB>CD.AB\gt CD. Line segments from a point inside ABCDABCD to the vertices divide the trapezoid into four triangles whose areas are 2,2, 3,3, 4,4, and 55 starting with the triangle with base CD\overline{CD} and moving clockwise as shown in the diagram below. What is the ratio ABCD?\dfrac{AB}{CD}?

33

2+22+\sqrt2

1+61+\sqrt6

232\sqrt3

323\sqrt2

答案:B
难度评级:2010
小提示:

以底边为底的两个三角形面积为 44(底边 ABAB)和 22(底边 CDCD);写成 12aha\tfrac12 a h_a12bhb\tfrac12 b h_b

The triangles on the bases have areas 44 (base ABAB) and 22 (base CDCD); write them as 12aha\tfrac12 a h_a and 12bhb\tfrac12 b h_b

大提示:

已知 aha=8a h_a=8bhb=4b h_b=4,且 (a+b)(ha+hb)=28(a+b)(h_a+h_b)=28,交叉项 ahba h_bbhab h_a 满足一个二次方程

With aha=8,a h_a=8, bhb=4,b h_b=4, and (a+b)(ha+hb)=28,(a+b)(h_a+h_b)=28, the cross terms ahba h_b and bhab h_a satisfy a quadratic

解答:

AB=aAB=aCD=bCD=b,并设内点到 ABABCDCD 的高度分别为 hah_ahbh_b。底边三角形给出 12aha=4\tfrac12 a h_a=412bhb=2\tfrac12 b h_b=2,所以 aha=8a h_a=8bhb=4b h_b=4

总面积为 2+3+4+5=142+3+4+5=14 =12(a+b)(ha+hb)=\tfrac12(a+b)(h_a+h_b),所以 (a+b)(ha+hb)=28(a+b)(h_a+h_b)=28。展开得 aha+bhb+ahb+bha=28a h_a+b h_b+a h_b+b h_a=28,因此 ahb+bha=16a h_b+b h_a=16

u=ahbu=a h_bv=bhav=b h_a,则 u+v=16u+v=16,且 uv=(aha)(bhb)=32uv=(a h_a)(b h_b)=32,所以 u,v=8±42u,v=8\pm 4\sqrt2

最后 ABCD\dfrac{AB}{CD} =ab=\dfrac{a}{b} =ahbbhb=\dfrac{a h_b}{b h_b} =u4=\dfrac{u}{4} =8+424=\dfrac{8+4\sqrt2}{4} =2+2=2+\sqrt2

所以正确答案是 B

Let AB=a,AB=a, CD=b,CD=b, and let the interior point be at heights hah_a from ABAB and hbh_b from CD.CD. The base triangles give 12aha=4\tfrac12 a h_a=4 and 12bhb=2,\tfrac12 b h_b=2, so aha=8a h_a=8 and bhb=4.b h_b=4.

The total area is 2+3+4+5=142+3+4+5=14 =12(a+b)(ha+hb),=\tfrac12(a+b)(h_a+h_b), so (a+b)(ha+hb)=28.(a+b)(h_a+h_b)=28. Expanding, aha+bhb+ahb+bha=28,a h_a+b h_b+a h_b+b h_a=28, giving ahb+bha=16.a h_b+b h_a=16.

Let u=ahbu=a h_b and v=bha.v=b h_a. Then u+v=16u+v=16 and uv=(aha)(bhb)=32,uv=(a h_a)(b h_b)=32, so u,v=8±42.u,v=8\pm 4\sqrt2.

Finally ABCD\dfrac{AB}{CD} =ab=\dfrac{a}{b} =ahbbhb=\dfrac{a h_b}{b h_b} =u4=\dfrac{u}{4} =8+424=\dfrac{8+4\sqrt2}{4} =2+2.=2+\sqrt2.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

18.

zz 是满足 12z212|z|^2 =2z+22+z2+12+31=2|z+2|^2+|z^2+1|^2+31 的复数。z+6zz+\dfrac{6}{z} 的值是多少?

Let zz be a complex number satisfying 12z212|z|^2 =2z+22+z2+12+31.=2|z+2|^2+|z^2+1|^2+31. What is the value of z+6z?z+\dfrac{6}{z}?

2-2

1-1

12\dfrac{1}{2}

11

44

答案:A
知识点:复数配方法
难度评级:1940
小提示:

p=z2p=|z|^2s=z+zˉs=z+\bar z;用 w2=wwˉ|w|^2=w\bar w 展开每个模长平方

Let p=z2p=|z|^2 and s=z+zˉ;s=z+\bar z; expand every modulus using w2=wwˉ|w|^2=w\bar w

大提示:

方程会化简为 (p6)2+(s+2)2=0(p-6)^2+(s+2)^2=0

The equation collapses to (p6)2+(s+2)2=0(p-6)^2+(s+2)^2=0

解答:

p=z2=zzˉp=|z|^2=z\bar zs=z+zˉs=z+\bar z。则 z+22=p+2s+4|z+2|^2=p+2s+4,且 z2+12|z^2+1|^2 =p2+(z2+zˉ2)+1=p^2+(z^2+\bar z^2)+1 =p2+(s22p)+1=p^2+(s^2-2p)+1

代入得 12p=2(p+2s+4)12p=2(p+2s+4) +p2+s22p+1+31+p^2+s^2-2p+1+31,化简为 p212p+s2+4s+40=0p^2-12p+s^2+4s+40=0

配方得 (p6)2+(s+2)2=0(p-6)^2+(s+2)^2=0,所以 p=6p=6s=2s=-2

于是 z+6z=z+6zˉz2=z+zˉ=2z+\dfrac{6}{z}=z+\dfrac{6\bar z}{|z|^2}=z+\bar z=-2

所以正确答案是 A

Let p=z2=zzˉp=|z|^2=z\bar z and s=z+zˉ.s=z+\bar z. Then z+22=p+2s+4,|z+2|^2=p+2s+4, and z2+12|z^2+1|^2 =p2+(z2+zˉ2)+1=p^2+(z^2+\bar z^2)+1 =p2+(s22p)+1.=p^2+(s^2-2p)+1.

Substituting, 12p=2(p+2s+4)12p=2(p+2s+4) +p2+s22p+1+31,+p^2+s^2-2p+1+31, which simplifies to p212p+s2+4s+40=0.p^2-12p+s^2+4s+40=0.

Completing the square gives (p6)2+(s+2)2=0,(p-6)^2+(s+2)^2=0, so p=6p=6 and s=2.s=-2.

Then z+6z=z+6zˉz2=z+zˉ=2.z+\dfrac{6}{z}=z+\dfrac{6\bar z}{|z|^2}=z+\bar z=-2.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

19.

掷两个公平骰子,每个骰子至少有 66 个面。每个骰子的各面分别标着从 11 到该骰子面数的不同整数。掷出和为 77 的概率是掷出和为 1010 的概率的 34\dfrac34,且掷出和为 1212 的概率是 112\dfrac{1}{12}。两个骰子的面数总和最小可能是多少?

Two fair dice, each with at least 66 faces are rolled. On each face of each die is printed a distinct integer from 11 to the number of faces on that die, inclusive. The probability of rolling a sum of 77 is 34\dfrac34 of the probability of rolling a sum of 10,10, and the probability of rolling a sum of 1212 is 112.\dfrac{1}{12}. What is the least possible number of faces on the two dice combined?

1616

1717

1818

1919

2020

答案:B
难度评级:2120
小提示:

因为每个骰子至少有 66 个面,和为 77 总有 66 种方式,所以和为 101088 种方式

With at least 66 faces each, a sum of 77 always has 66 ways, so a sum of 1010 has 88 ways

大提示:

设两个骰子分别有 aba\le b 个面;数和为 10101212 的结果数,并使用 方法数(12)=ab12\text{方法数}(12)=\tfrac{ab}{12}

Let the dice have aba\le b faces; count outcomes for sums 1010 and 1212 and use ways(12)=ab12\text{ways}(12)=\tfrac{ab}{12}

解答:

设两个骰子的面数为 aba\le b。因为两个骰子都至少有 66 个面,和为 77 恰有 66 种方式,所以和为 10106÷34=86\div\tfrac34=8 种方式。

掷出 1010 的方式数为 min(a,9)\min(a,9) max(1,10b)+1=8-\max(1,10-b)+1=8。和为 1212 的概率为 112\tfrac{1}{12},所以它有 ab12\tfrac{ab}{12} 种方式。

和为 101088 种结果,要求 a8a\ge8b9b\ge9,所以必有 a+b17a+b\ge17。当 (a,b)=(8,9)(a,b)=(8,9) 时,和为 1010 恰有 88 种结果,而和为 1212 恰有第一枚骰子掷出 3,4,,83,4,\ldots,8 时的 66 种结果。因为 689=112\frac{6}{8\cdot9}=\frac{1}{12},两个条件都成立,从而下界 1717 可以达到。

所以正确答案是 B

Let the dice have aba\le b faces. Since both have at least 66 faces, a sum of 77 occurs in exactly 66 ways, so a sum of 1010 occurs in 6÷34=86\div\tfrac34=8 ways.

The number of ways to roll 1010 is min(a,9)\min(a,9) max(1,10b)+1=8.-\max(1,10-b)+1=8. A sum of 1212 has probability 112,\tfrac{1}{12}, so it occurs in ab12\tfrac{ab}{12} ways.

Having 88 outcomes for a sum of 1010 requires a8a\ge8 and b9,b\ge9, so necessarily a+b17.a+b\ge17. For (a,b)=(8,9),(a,b)=(8,9), a sum of 1010 has 88 outcomes, while a sum of 1212 has the 66 outcomes with the first die showing 3,4,,8.3,4,\ldots,8. Since 689=112,\frac{6}{8\cdot9}=\frac{1}{12}, both conditions hold and the lower bound 1717 is attained.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

20.

Q(z)Q(z)R(z)R(z) 是唯一满足 z2021+1=(z2+z+1)Q(z)+R(z) \begin{aligned} &z^{2021}+1 \\ &\quad = (z^2+z+1)Q(z)+R(z) \end{aligned} RR 的次数小于 22 的多项式。R(z)R(z) 是什么?

Let Q(z)Q(z) and R(z)R(z) be the unique polynomials such that z2021+1=(z2+z+1)Q(z)+R(z) \begin{aligned} &z^{2021}+1 \\ &\quad = (z^2+z+1)Q(z)+R(z) \end{aligned} and the degree of RR is less than 2.2. What is R(z)?R(z)?

z-z

1-1

20212021

z+1z+1

2z+12z+1

答案:A
难度评级:1990
小提示:

z2+z+1z^2+z+1 时有 z31z^3\equiv 1,因为 z31=(z1)(z2+z+1)z^3-1=(z-1)(z^2+z+1)

Modulo z2+z+1z^2+z+1 we have z31,z^3\equiv 1, since z31=(z1)(z2+z+1)z^3-1=(z-1)(z^2+z+1)

大提示:

先把指数 2021202133 取余,再用 z2z1z^2\equiv -z-1 化简 z2z^2

Reduce the exponent 20212021 modulo 3,3, then reduce z2z^2 using z2z1z^2\equiv -z-1

解答:

因为 z31(modz2+z+1)z^3\equiv 1\pmod{z^2+z+1}2021=3673+22021=3\cdot 673+2,所以 z2021z2z^{2021}\equiv z^2

因此 z2021+1z2+1z^{2021}+1\equiv z^2+1。再用 z2z1z^2\equiv -z-1,化简,得到 z1+1=z-z-1+1=-z

所以 R(z)=zR(z)=-z

所以正确答案是 A

Since z31(modz2+z+1)z^3\equiv 1\pmod{z^2+z+1} and 2021=3673+2,2021=3\cdot 673+2, we have z2021z2.z^{2021}\equiv z^2.

So z2021+1z2+1.z^{2021}+1\equiv z^2+1. Reducing further with z2z1,z^2\equiv -z-1, this is z1+1=z.-z-1+1=-z.

Therefore R(z)=z.R(z)=-z.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

21.

SS 是所有满足下式的正实数 xx 的和:x22=22xx^{2^{\sqrt2}}=\sqrt2^{\,2^x}\text{。}

下列哪一项为真?

Let SS be the sum of all positive real numbers xx for which x22=22x.x^{2^{\sqrt2}}=\sqrt2^{\,2^x}.

Which of the following statements is true?

S<2S\lt\sqrt2

S=2S=\sqrt2

2<S<2\sqrt2\lt S\lt 2

2S<62\le S\lt 6

S6S\ge 6

答案:D
难度评级:2260
小提示:

两边取 log2\log_2 得到 22log2x=2x12^{\sqrt2}\log_2 x=2^{x-1}

Take log2\log_2 of both sides to get 22log2x=2x12^{\sqrt2}\log_2 x=2^{x-1}

大提示:

x=2x=\sqrt2 是一个解;分析 2x122log2x2^{x-1}-2^{\sqrt2}\log_2 x 的符号来定位另一个解

x=2x=\sqrt2 is one solution; analyze the sign of 2x122log2x2^{x-1}-2^{\sqrt2}\log_2 x to locate the other

解答:

两边取 log2\log_2,方程变为 22log2x=2x12^{\sqrt2}\log_2 x=2^{x-1}。代入 x=2x=\sqrt22212=2212^{\sqrt2}\cdot\tfrac12=2^{\sqrt2-1} 成立,所以 x=2x=\sqrt2 是一个解。

f(x)=2x122log2xf(x)=2^{x-1}-2^{\sqrt2}\log_2 x。则 f(1)>0f(1)\gt 0f(2)=0f(\sqrt2)=0f(2)<0f(2)\lt 0,且 f(4)>0f(4)\gt 0,所以在 2244 之间有第二个根 x0x_0

为证明没有其他解,将方程除以 2x2^x,并在 x>1x\gt1 时考察 h(x)=lnx2xh(x)=\frac{\ln x}{2^x}。它的导数符号与 1x(ln2)(lnx)\frac{1}{x}-(\ln2)(\ln x) 相同,而后者严格递减。因此,hh 先增后减一次,任意水平线与其图像至多相交两次。前面找到的两个根就是全部解。因为 2<x0<42\lt x_0\lt4,所以 2<S=2+x0<62\lt S=\sqrt2+x_0\lt6

所以正确答案是 D

Taking log2,\log_2, the equation becomes 22log2x=2x1.2^{\sqrt2}\log_2 x=2^{x-1}. Substituting x=2x=\sqrt2 gives 2212=221,2^{\sqrt2}\cdot\tfrac12=2^{\sqrt2-1}, which holds, so x=2x=\sqrt2 is a solution.

Let f(x)=2x122log2x.f(x)=2^{x-1}-2^{\sqrt2}\log_2 x. Then f(1)>0,f(1)\gt 0, f(2)=0,f(\sqrt2)=0, f(2)<0,f(2)\lt 0, and f(4)>0,f(4)\gt 0, so there is a second root x0x_0 between 22 and 4.4.

To prove there are no others, divide the equation by 2x2^x and consider h(x)=lnx2xh(x)=\frac{\ln x}{2^x} for x>1.x\gt1. Its derivative has the sign of 1x(ln2)(lnx),\frac{1}{x}-(\ln2)(\ln x), a strictly decreasing expression. Thus hh increases once and then decreases, so a horizontal line meets its graph at most twice. The two roots already found are all the solutions. Since 2<x0<4,2\lt x_0\lt4, we have 2<S=2+x0<6.2\lt S=\sqrt2+x_0\lt6.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

22.

Arjun 和 Beth 玩一个游戏:他们轮流从若干堵砖墙中的一堵移走一块砖,或移走两块相邻的砖;移走后产生的空隙可能形成新的砖墙。每堵砖墙都只有一块砖高。例如,大小为 4422 的一组砖墙可以通过一步变成以下任意一种:(3,2)(3,2) (2,1,2)\ (2,1,2) (4)\ (4) (4,1)\ (4,1) (2,2)\ (2,2)(1,1,2)(1,1,2)

Arjun 先手,移走最后一块砖的玩家获胜。对于哪一个初始配置,Beth 有必胜策略?

Arjun and Beth play a game in which they take turns removing one brick or two adjacent bricks from one “wall” among a set of several walls of bricks, with gaps possibly creating new walls. The walls are one brick tall. For example, a set of walls of sizes 44 and 22 can be changed into any of the following by one move: (3,2),(3,2),  (2,1,2),\ (2,1,2),  (4),\ (4),  (4,1),\ (4,1),  (2,2),\ (2,2), or (1,1,2).(1,1,2).

Arjun plays first, and the player who removes the last brick wins. For which starting configuration is there a strategy that guarantees a win for Beth?

(6,1,1)(6,1,1)

(6,2,1)(6,2,1)

(6,2,2)(6,2,2)

(6,3,1)(6,3,1)

(6,3,2)(6,3,2)

答案:B
难度评级:2390
小提示:

计算长度为 nn 的单堵砖墙的 Grundy 值,其中一步可以移走 11 块或 22 块相邻砖,并可能把砖墙分裂

Compute the Grundy value of a single wall of length n,n, where a move removes 11 or 22 adjacent bricks and may split the wall

大提示:

Beth(后手)获胜当且仅当各堵砖墙 Grundy 值的异或为 00

Beth (the second player) wins exactly when the XOR of the walls’ Grundy values is 00

解答:

把每堵砖墙看作一个类似 Nim 的堆,并赋予 Grundy 值。一步移走 11 块或 22 块相邻砖,可能把一堵墙分成长度为 a,ba,b 的两堵。因此,g(n)g(n) 是所有满足 a+b=n1a+b=n-1a+b=n2a+b=n-2g(a)g(b)g(a)\oplus g(b) 的最小未出现非负整数。

g(0)=0g(0)=0 开始,这个递推给出 g(1),g(2),,g(6)g(1),g(2),\ldots,g(6) 依次为 1,2,3,1,4,31,2,3,1,4,3

后手 Beth 获胜当且仅当各墙 Grundy 值的异或为 00。检查每个选项,只有 (6,2,1)(6,2,1) 给出 g(6)g(2)g(1)g(6)\oplus g(2)\oplus g(1) =321=0=3\oplus 2\oplus 1=0

所以正确答案是 B

Treat each wall as a Nim-like heap with a Grundy value. A move removes 11 or 22 adjacent bricks, possibly splitting a wall into lengths a,b.a,b. Thus g(n)g(n) is the mex of g(a)g(b)g(a)\oplus g(b) over a+b=n1a+b=n-1 or a+b=n2.a+b=n-2.

Starting with g(0)=0,g(0)=0, this recurrence gives g(1),g(2),,g(6)g(1),g(2),\ldots,g(6) equal to 1,2,3,1,4,3,1,2,3,1,4,3, respectively.

The second player Beth wins exactly when the XOR of the walls’ Grundy values is 0.0. Checking each option, only (6,2,1)(6,2,1) gives g(6)g(2)g(1)g(6)\oplus g(2)\oplus g(1) =321=0.=3\oplus 2\oplus 1=0.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

23.

三个球被随机且相互独立地投入编号为正整数的箱子中。对每个球,它被投入箱子 ii 的概率为 2i2^{-i},其中 i=1i=12233\ldots。每个箱子可以有多个球。三个球最终落在不同且等间距的箱子中的概率为 pq\dfrac{p}{q},其中 ppqq 是互质正整数。(例如,若球被投入箱子 3317171010,则这些箱子是等间距的。)p+qp+q 是多少?

Three balls are randomly and independently tossed into bins numbered with the positive integers so that for each ball, the probability that it is tossed into bin ii is 2i2^{-i} for i=1,i=1, 2,2, 3,3, .\ldots. More than one ball is allowed in each bin. The probability that the balls end up evenly spaced in distinct bins is pq,\dfrac{p}{q}, where pp and qq are relatively prime positive integers. (For example, the balls are evenly spaced if they are tossed into bins 3,3, 17,17, and 10.10.) What is p+q?p+q?

5555

5656

5757

5858

5959

答案:A
难度评级:2390
小提示:

等间距表示箱子编号为 n,n+d,n+2dn, n+d, n+2d,其中 n,d1n,d\ge 1;它们的编号和为 3(n+d)3(n+d)

Evenly spaced means the bins are n,n+d,n+2dn, n+d, n+2d for some n,d1;n,d\ge 1; their labels sum to 3(n+d)3(n+d)

大提示:

每种这样的有序投放概率为 23(n+d)2^{-3(n+d)},三个球有 3!3! 种排列方式

Each such ordered assignment has probability 23(n+d),2^{-3(n+d)}, and there are 3!3! orderings of the three balls

解答:

不同且等间距的箱子形成等差数列 n,n+d,n+2dn,n+d,n+2d,其中 n,d1n,d\ge 1。三个编号之和为 3(n+d)3(n+d),因此把球固定分配到这三个箱子的概率为 23(n+d)2^{-3(n+d)}

三个球可以按 3!=63!=6 种方式对应到这些箱子,所以总概率为 6n1d123(n+d)6\sum_{n\ge 1}\sum_{d\ge 1}2^{-3(n+d)} =6(n118n)2=6\left(\sum_{n\ge 1}\tfrac{1}{8^n}\right)^2 =61717=649=6\cdot\tfrac17\cdot\tfrac17=\tfrac{6}{49}

因为 gcd(6,49)=1\gcd(6,49)=1,得 p+q=6+49=55p+q=6+49=55

所以正确答案是 A

Evenly spaced distinct bins form an arithmetic progression n,n+d,n+2dn,n+d,n+2d with n,d1.n,d\ge 1. The three labels sum to 3(n+d),3(n+d), so a fixed assignment of balls to these bins has probability 23(n+d).2^{-3(n+d)}.

The three balls can be ordered in 3!=63!=6 ways, so the total probability is 6n1d123(n+d)6\sum_{n\ge 1}\sum_{d\ge 1}2^{-3(n+d)} =6(n118n)2=6\left(\sum_{n\ge 1}\tfrac{1}{8^n}\right)^2 =61717=649.=6\cdot\tfrac17\cdot\tfrac17=\tfrac{6}{49}.

Since gcd(6,49)=1,\gcd(6,49)=1, we get p+q=6+49=55.p+q=6+49=55.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

24.

ABCDABCD 是面积为 1515 的平行四边形。点 PPQQ 分别是 AACC 在直线 BDBD 上的投影;点 RRSS 分别是 BBDD 在直线 ACAC 上的投影。见图,图中也显示了这些点的相对位置。

假设 PQ=6PQ=6RS=8RS=8,并令 dd 表示 BD\overline{BD} 的长度,即 ABCDABCD 的较长对角线。则 d2d^2 可写成 m+npm+n\sqrt p 的形式,其中 mmnn,和 pp 是正整数,且 pp 不被任何质数的平方整除。m+n+pm+n+p 是多少?

Let ABCDABCD be a parallelogram with area 15.15. Points PP and QQ are the projections of AA and C,C, respectively, onto the line BD;BD; and points RR and SS are the projections of BB and D,D, respectively, onto the line AC.AC. See the figure, which also shows the relative locations of these points.

Suppose PQ=6PQ=6 and RS=8,RS=8, and let dd denote the length of BD,\overline{BD}, the longer diagonal of ABCD.ABCD. Then d2d^2 can be written in the form m+np,m+n\sqrt p, where m,m, n,n, and pp are positive integers and pp is not divisible by the square of any prime. What is m+n+p?m+n+p?

8181

8989

9797

105105

113113

答案:A
难度评级:2480
小提示:

θ\theta 为两条对角线的夹角;则 PQ=ACcosθPQ=AC\cos\thetaRS=BDcosθRS=BD\cos\theta

Let θ\theta be the angle between the diagonals; then PQ=ACcosθPQ=AC\cos\theta and RS=BDcosθRS=BD\cos\theta

大提示:

面积为 12ACBDsinθ=15\tfrac12\cdot AC\cdot BD\sin\theta=15,结合 ACcosθ=6AC\cos\theta=6BDcosθ=8BD\cos\theta=8

The area is 12ACBDsinθ=15,\tfrac12\cdot AC\cdot BD\sin\theta=15, which combines with ACcosθ=6,AC\cos\theta=6, BDcosθ=8BD\cos\theta=8

解答:

设两条对角线交于 OO,夹角为 θ\theta。从 AACCBDBD 的垂足关于 OO 对称,所以 PQ=ACcosθ=6PQ=AC\cos\theta=6;同理 RS=BDcosθ=8RS=BD\cos\theta=8

平行四边形面积为 12ACBDsinθ=15\tfrac12\cdot AC\cdot BD\sin\theta=15,所以 ACBDsinθ=30AC\cdot BD\sin\theta=30。于是 48sinθcos2θ=30\dfrac{48\sin\theta}{\cos^2\theta}=30,得 sinθcos2θ=58\dfrac{\sin\theta}{\cos^2\theta}=\dfrac58

s=sinθs=\sin\theta,则 8s=5(1s2)8s=5(1-s^2),解得 s=4+415s=\dfrac{-4+\sqrt{41}}{5},所以 cos2θ=1s2=8(414)25\cos^2\theta=1-s^2=\dfrac{8(\sqrt{41}-4)}{25}

因此 d2=BD2d^2=BD^2 =64cos2θ=\dfrac{64}{\cos^2\theta} =8(41+4)=8(\sqrt{41}+4) =32+841=32+8\sqrt{41},所以 m+n+p=32+8+41=81m+n+p=32+8+41=81

所以正确答案是 A

Let the diagonals meet at OO at angle θ.\theta. The feet of the perpendiculars from AA and CC to BDBD are symmetric about O,O, so PQ=ACcosθ=6;PQ=AC\cos\theta=6; likewise RS=BDcosθ=8.RS=BD\cos\theta=8.

The parallelogram’s area is 12ACBDsinθ=15,\tfrac12\cdot AC\cdot BD\sin\theta=15, so ACBDsinθ=30.AC\cdot BD\sin\theta=30. Then 48sinθcos2θ=30,\dfrac{48\sin\theta}{\cos^2\theta}=30, giving sinθcos2θ=58.\dfrac{\sin\theta}{\cos^2\theta}=\dfrac58.

Writing s=sinθ,s=\sin\theta, 8s=5(1s2)8s=5(1-s^2) gives s=4+415,s=\dfrac{-4+\sqrt{41}}{5}, so cos2θ=1s2=8(414)25.\cos^2\theta=1-s^2=\dfrac{8(\sqrt{41}-4)}{25}.

Then d2=BD2d^2=BD^2 =64cos2θ=\dfrac{64}{\cos^2\theta} =8(41+4)=8(\sqrt{41}+4) =32+841,=32+8\sqrt{41}, so m+n+p=32+8+41=81.m+n+p=32+8+41=81.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

25.

SS 是坐标平面中的格点集合,其两个坐标都是从 113030 的整数(含端点)。SS 中恰有 300300 个点位于方程为 y=mxy=mx 的直线上或其下方。mm 的可能值构成一个长度为 ab\dfrac{a}{b} 的区间,其中 aabb 是互质正整数。a+ba+b 是多少?

Let SS be the set of lattice points in the coordinate plane, both of whose coordinates are integers between 11 and 30,30, inclusive. Exactly 300300 points in SS lie on or below a line with equation y=mx.y=mx. The possible values of mm lie in an interval of length ab,\dfrac{a}{b}, where aa and bb are relatively prime positive integers. What is a+b?a+b?

3131

4747

6262

7272

8585

答案:E
知识点:格点取整函数
难度评级:2600
小提示:

对给定的 mm,第 xx 列贡献 min(30,mx)\min(30,\lfloor mx\rfloor) 个位于该直线上或其下方的点

For a given m,m, column xx contributes min(30,mx)\min(30,\lfloor mx\rfloor) points at or below the line

大提示:

随着 mm 增大,计数会在斜率 yx\tfrac{y}{x} 处跳变;找出夹住计数 300300 的两个相邻跳变斜率

As mm increases, the count jumps at slopes yx;\tfrac{y}{x}; find the two consecutive such slopes bracketing a count of 300300

解答:

对斜率 mm,第 xx 列(其中 1x301\le x\le 30)贡献 min(30,mx)\min(30,\lfloor mx\rfloor) 个在直线 y=mxy=mx 上或其下方的点,我们需要总数等于 300300

m=23m=\tfrac23 时,3030 的上限尚未起作用,并且 x=1302x3=300\sum_{x=1}^{30}\lfloor \frac{2x}{3}\rfloor=300。计数会保持不变,直到遇到下一个更大的斜率 yx\frac{y}{x},其中 x30x\le30

yx>23\frac{y}{x}>\frac{2}{3},则 3y2x3y-2x 是正整数。最接近的情形满足 3y2x=13y-2x=1;在约束 x30x\le30 下取满足这个同余式的最大横坐标,得到 (y,x)=(19,28)(y,x)=(19,28)。若这个正整数至少为 22,斜率差会更大。因此,所求区间是 [23,1928)[\tfrac23,\tfrac{19}{28}),长度为 192823=184\tfrac{19}{28}-\tfrac23=\tfrac1{84}

因为 gcd(1,84)=1\gcd(1,84)=1,所以 a+b=1+84=85a+b=1+84=85

所以正确答案是 E

For slope m,m, column xx (with 1x301\le x\le 30) contributes min(30,mx)\min(30,\lfloor mx\rfloor) points on or below y=mx,y=mx, and we need the total to equal 300.300.

At m=23,m=\tfrac23, the cap at 3030 is inactive and x=1302x3=300.\sum_{x=1}^{30}\lfloor \frac{2x}{3}\rfloor=300. The count remains fixed until the next larger slope yx\frac{y}{x} with x30.x\le30.

If yx>23,\frac{y}{x}>\frac{2}{3}, then 3y2x3y-2x is a positive integer. The closest possibility has 3y2x=1;3y-2x=1; maximizing x30x\le30 in this congruence gives (y,x)=(19,28).(y,x)=(19,28). Any numerator at least 22 gives a larger gap. Hence the interval is [23,1928),[\tfrac23,\tfrac{19}{28}), whose length is 192823=184.\tfrac{19}{28}-\tfrac23=\tfrac1{84}.

Since gcd(1,84)=1,\gcd(1,84)=1, a+b=1+84=85.a+b=1+84=85.

Thus, the correct answer is E.