2021 AMC 12B Spring 真题
计时
1:15:00
1.
有多少个整数 满足 ?
How many integer values of satisfy
2.
在一次数学竞赛中, 名学生穿蓝衬衫,另外 名学生穿黄衬衫。这 名学生被分成 对。恰好有 对中的两名学生都穿蓝衬衫。有多少对中的两名学生都穿黄衬衫?
At a math contest, students are wearing blue shirts, and another students are wearing yellow shirts. The students are assigned into pairs. In exactly of these pairs, both students are wearing blue shirts. In how many pairs are both students wearing yellow shirts?
小提示:
对全蓝组合用掉 名蓝衬衫学生
The all-blue pairs use blue students
大提示:
先数混合配对中剩下的蓝衬衫学生,再从黄衬衫学生中去掉同样的人数
Count the blue students left in mixed pairs, then remove that many yellow students
解答:
对全蓝组合用了 名蓝衬衫学生,还剩 名蓝衬衫学生。
这 名蓝衬衫学生每人都必须和一名黄衬衫学生配对,所以有 对混合组合,用掉 名黄衬衫学生。
剩下的 名黄衬衫学生组成 对全黄组合。
所以正确答案是 B。
The all-blue pairs account for blue students, leaving blue students.
Each of those blue students must be paired with a yellow student, so there are mixed pairs, using yellow students.
The remaining yellow students form all-yellow pairs.
Thus, the correct answer is B.
3.
假设
的值是多少?
Suppose
What is the value of
小提示:
从外向内一层一层剥开,先从 中减去 。
Peel off one layer at a time, starting by subtracting from
大提示:
在 后,取倒数并继续向内化简
After take reciprocals and continue inward
解答:
从外向内计算,,所以内层分式等于 。
取倒数得 ,所以 。
于是 ,所以 ,得到 。
因此 。
所以正确答案是 A。
Working from the outside in, so the inner fraction equals
Its reciprocal gives so
Then so giving
Therefore
Thus, the correct answer is A.
4.
Blackwell 老师给两个班考试。上午班学生的平均分是 ,下午班学生的平均分是 。上午班人数与下午班人数之比为 。所有学生的平均分是多少?
Ms. Blackwell gives an exam to two classes. The mean of the scores of the students in the morning class is and the afternoon class’s mean score is The ratio of the number of students in the morning class to the number of students in the afternoon class is What is the mean of the scores of all the students?
小提示:
取上午班 人、下午班 人
Take students in the morning and in the afternoon
大提示:
总平均数是 。
The overall mean is
解答:
设上午班有 名学生,下午班有 名学生。
所有分数的总和是 。
总平均数是 。
所以正确答案是 C。
Suppose there are students in the morning class and in the afternoon class.
The total of all scores is
The overall mean is
Thus, the correct answer is C.
5.
平面中的点 先绕点 逆时针旋转 ,再关于直线 反射。经过这两个变换后, 的像为 。 是多少?
The point in the -plane is first rotated counterclockwise by around the point and then reflected about the line The image of after these two transformations is at What is
小提示:
反向撤销变换:把 关于 反射,可以撤销最后一步
Undo the transformations: reflecting about reverses the last step
大提示:
关于 反射把 变为 ;绕 旋转 把 变为
Reflecting about gives a rotation about sends to
解答:
绕 逆时针旋转 会把 变为 。
再关于 反射(即把 变为 ),得到 。
令它等于 ,得 且 ,所以 ,。
因此 。
所以正确答案是 D。
A counterclockwise rotation about sends to
Reflecting that about (which maps to ) gives
Setting this equal to gives and so and
Therefore
Thus, the correct answer is D.
6.
一个倒置圆锥的底面半径为 厘米,高为 厘米,里面装满了水。把水倒入一个高圆柱中,这个圆柱的水平底面半径为 厘米。圆柱中水的高度是多少厘米?
An inverted cone with base radius cm and height cm is full of water. The water is poured into a tall cylinder whose horizontal base has a radius of cm. What is the height in centimeters of the water in the cylinder?
小提示:
圆锥体积是 ,圆柱体积是
The volume of a cone is and of a cylinder is
大提示:
令圆锥体积等于 ,并解出 。
Set the cone’s volume equal to and solve for
解答:
圆锥中的水量为 立方厘米。
倒入圆柱后,水高为 ,满足 。
于是 ,所以 。
所以正确答案是 A。
The cone holds cubic centimeters of water.
Poured into the cylinder, this fills to height where
Then so
Thus, the correct answer is A.
7.
设 。 的奇因数之和与 的偶因数之和的比是多少?
Let What is the ratio of the sum of the odd divisors of to the sum of the even divisors of
小提示:
找出整除 的最高 次幂
Find the exact power of dividing
大提示:
若 是 的奇数部分, 是偶数部分,则每个偶因数都是某个奇因数乘以 。
If is the odd part of and the even part, every even divisor is times an odd divisor
解答:
分解质因数,,,且 ,所以 。
令 为奇数部分 。所有因数之和为 。
奇因数之和为 ,所以偶因数之和为 。
所求比为 。
所以正确答案是 C。
Factoring, and so
Let be the odd part The sum of all divisors is
The odd divisors sum to so the even divisors sum to
The ratio is
Thus, the correct answer is C.
8.
三条等间距平行线与一个圆相交,形成三条长度分别为 ,,和 的弦。相邻两条平行线之间的距离是多少?
Three equally spaced parallel lines intersect a circle, creating three chords of lengths and What is the distance between two adjacent parallel lines?
小提示:
等弦到圆心的距离相等,所以两条 的弦位于高度 。
Equal chords are equidistant from the center, so the two chords sit at heights
大提示:
设间距为 ,使用 和
With spacing use and
解答:
把圆心放在高度 。两条等弦到圆心距离相等,所以三条等间距直线可放在高度 ,其中两条 的弦在 , 的弦在 。
半弦关系给出 和 。
相减得 ,所以 ,。
所以正确答案是 B。
Place the center at height Two equal chords lie at equal distances from the center, so the three equally spaced lines are at heights with the two -chords at and the -chord at
Half-chord relations give and
Subtracting, so and
Thus, the correct answer is B.
9.
下列表达式的值是多少?
What is the value of the following expression?
10.
从集合 中选出两个不同的数,使剩下 个数的和等于这两个数的乘积。这两个数的差是多少?
Two distinct numbers are selected from the set so that the sum of the remaining numbers is the product of these two numbers. What is the difference of these two numbers?
答案:E
小提示:
整个集合的和是 ;若选出的两个数是 和 ,则 。
The full set sums to if the two chosen numbers are and then
大提示:
整理为 ,然后分解因数
Rearrange to and factor
解答:
总和为 。若选出的两个数为 和 ,则 。
所以 ,两边加 得 。
我们需要 是 到 之间的因数。因数对 可行,得到 ,。
它们的差为 。
所以正确答案是 E。
The sum If the chosen numbers are and then
So and adding gives
We need factors between and The pair works, giving
Their difference is
Thus, the correct answer is E.
11.
三角形 中,,,且 。点 在 上,并且 。直线 上恰好有两个点 和 ,使四边形 和 是梯形。距离 是多少?
Triangle has and Let be the point on such that There are exactly two points and on line such that quadrilaterals and are trapezoids. What is the distance
小提示:
令 ,;则 ,且
Place then and
大提示:
一个梯形需要 ,另一个需要 ;找出每条平行线与直线 的交点
One trapezoid needs the other needs find where each parallel line meets line
解答:
令 ,。则 ,且因为 ,。直线 的斜率为 ,所以其方程为 。
要使 成为梯形且 在直线 上,取 。过 作平行于 的直线,与 相交于 。
对 ,其中 在直线 上,取 。过 作平行于 的直线,与 相交于 。
两点横坐标之差为 ,纵坐标之差为 ,所以 。
所以正确答案是 D。
Place and Then and since Line has slope so it is
For to be a trapezoid with on line take The line through parallel to meets line at
For with on line take The line through parallel to meets line at
Their coordinate differences are and so
Thus, the correct answer is D.
12.
假设 是一个由正整数组成的有限集合。如果将 中的最大整数从 中移除,则剩余整数的平均值(算术平均数)为 。如果再移除 中的最小整数,则剩余整数的平均值为 。如果随后把最大整数放回集合,整数的平均值升至 。原集合 中最大整数比 中最小整数大 。集合 中所有整数的平均值是多少?
Suppose that is a finite set of positive integers. If the greatest integer in is removed from then the average value (arithmetic mean) of the integers remaining is If the least integer in is also removed, then the average value of the integers remaining is If the greatest integer is then returned to the set, the average value of the integers rises to The greatest integer in the original set is greater than the least integer in What is the average value of all the integers in the set
小提示:
令 ,总和为 ,最大数为 ,最小数为 ;把每个平均值条件写成方程
Let total greatest least write each average as an equation
大提示:
用 减去 得到
Subtracting from gives
解答:
令 , 为总和, 为最大数, 为最小数。则 ,,且 。
用第三个方程减第一个方程:。因为 ,得 ,所以 。
于是 ,且 。中间的方程给出 ,所以 ,。
因此 ,平均值为 。
所以正确答案是 D。
Let let be the total, the greatest, and the least. Then and
Subtracting the first from the third: Since we get so
Then and The middle equation gives so and
Thus and the average is
Thus, the correct answer is D.
13.
区间 中有多少个 的值满足下面的方程?
How many values of in the interval satisfy the following equation?
小提示:
项 在 和 之间摆动,主导了变化较慢的
The term swings between and dominating the slowly varying
大提示:
在 的各个倍数处检查 ,再用 排除多余的根
Check at multiples of then use to rule out extra roots
解答:
令 。在 处,其符号依次为 。因此,相邻两点之间的六个区间各至少有一个根。
在任意根处,。于是 所以 。在区间 中,每个根处的 的符号都是 。
因此,同一区间内的每个根都以相同方向穿过横轴。若有两个这样的根,它们之间必有一个反方向的穿越,产生矛盾。所以每个区间恰有一个根,共有 个解。
所以正确答案是 D。
Let At its signs alternate Therefore there is at least one root in each of the six intervening intervals.
At any root, Consequently Hence In the interval the sign of is therefore at every root.
Thus every root in a given interval crosses the axis in the same direction. Two such roots would require an intervening crossing in the opposite direction, so each interval has exactly one root. There are solutions in all.
Thus, the correct answer is D.
14.
设 是一个矩形,且线段 垂直于 所在平面。假设 的长度是整数,并且 , 和 的长度按此顺序是连续的正奇数。棱锥 的体积是多少?
Let be a rectangle and let be a segment perpendicular to the plane of Suppose that has integer length, and the lengths of and are consecutive odd positive integers (in this order). What is the volume of pyramid
小提示:
把 放在原点,则 ,,。
With at the origin,
大提示:
所以 ;令 ,解出 和 。
So with solve for and
解答:
把 放在原点,令 , 沿矩形的两条边,且 正好在 的上方。则 ,,且 。
因此 。写成 ,得 。
若 是正整数,则 ,所以 。能使 的同奇偶正因数对只有 ,由此得到 和 。于是 ,且 。
底面积为 ,体积为 。
所以正确答案是 A。
Place at the origin with along the rectangle’s edges and directly above Then and
Thus Writing we get
If is a positive integer, then so The only positive same-parity factor pair giving is which yields and Thus and
The base area is and the volume is
Thus, the correct answer is A.
15.
图形由 条线段构成,每条线段长度都是 。五边形 的面积可写成 ,其中 和 是正整数。 是多少?
The figure is constructed from line segments, each of which has length The area of pentagon can be written as where and are positive integers. What is
答案:D
小提示:
每个内部点到连续三个外部顶点的距离都是 ,所以它是这三个顶点的外接圆圆心
Each interior point is distance from three consecutive outer vertices, so it is their circumcenter
大提示:
弦 和 的长度等于半径 ,所以 ;然后使用对称坐标
Since chords and have length equal to the radius then use symmetric coordinates
解答:
右侧内部点到 、 和 的距离都是 ,所以这三点位于一个半径为 的圆上。弦 和 的长度也都是 ,所以它们各自在圆心处所对的角为 。因此 。另一半同样是它的镜像。
取 ,,和 ;则 。以 和 为圆心的两个半径为 的圆的另一个交点是 而 是它关于 轴的反射。
对 使用鞋带公式,得到 ,等于 。
所以 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
The right interior point is distance from and so these three points lie on a circle of radius Chords and also have length so each subtends at the center. Thus Similarly, the other half is its mirror image.
Put and then The other intersection of the radius- circles centered at and is and is its reflection across the -axis.
Applying the shoelace formula to gives which equals
So
Thus, the correct answer is D.
16.
设 是首项系数为 的多项式,它的三个根是 的三个根的倒数,其中 。用 , 和 表示 是什么?
Let be a polynomial with leading coefficient whose three roots are the reciprocals of the three roots of where What is in terms of and
17.
设 是等腰梯形,平行底边为 和 ,且 。从 内一点连到各顶点,把梯形分成四个三角形,它们的面积从以 为底的三角形开始并按顺时针方向如图所示分别为 ,,,和 。比值 是多少?
Let be an isosceles trapezoid having parallel bases and with Line segments from a point inside to the vertices divide the trapezoid into four triangles whose areas are and starting with the triangle with base and moving clockwise as shown in the diagram below. What is the ratio
小提示:
以底边为底的两个三角形面积为 (底边 )和 (底边 );写成 与 。
The triangles on the bases have areas (base ) and (base ); write them as and
大提示:
已知 ,,且 ,交叉项 和 满足一个二次方程
With and the cross terms and satisfy a quadratic
解答:
令 、,并设内点到 和 的高度分别为 与 。底边三角形给出 和 ,所以 ,。
总面积为 ,所以 。展开得 ,因此 。
令 ,,则 ,且 ,所以 。
最后 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Let and let the interior point be at heights from and from The base triangles give and so and
The total area is so Expanding, giving
Let and Then and so
Finally
Thus, the correct answer is B.
18.
设 是满足 的复数。 的值是多少?
Let be a complex number satisfying What is the value of
19.
掷两个公平骰子,每个骰子至少有 个面。每个骰子的各面分别标着从 到该骰子面数的不同整数。掷出和为 的概率是掷出和为 的概率的 ,且掷出和为 的概率是 。两个骰子的面数总和最小可能是多少?
Two fair dice, each with at least faces are rolled. On each face of each die is printed a distinct integer from to the number of faces on that die, inclusive. The probability of rolling a sum of is of the probability of rolling a sum of and the probability of rolling a sum of is What is the least possible number of faces on the two dice combined?
小提示:
因为每个骰子至少有 个面,和为 总有 种方式,所以和为 有 种方式
With at least faces each, a sum of always has ways, so a sum of has ways
大提示:
设两个骰子分别有 个面;数和为 与 的结果数,并使用
Let the dice have faces; count outcomes for sums and and use
解答:
设两个骰子的面数为 。因为两个骰子都至少有 个面,和为 恰有 种方式,所以和为 有 种方式。
掷出 的方式数为 。和为 的概率为 ,所以它有 种方式。
和为 有 种结果,要求 且 ,所以必有 。当 时,和为 恰有 种结果,而和为 恰有第一枚骰子掷出 时的 种结果。因为 ,两个条件都成立,从而下界 可以达到。
所以正确答案是 B。
Let the dice have faces. Since both have at least faces, a sum of occurs in exactly ways, so a sum of occurs in ways.
The number of ways to roll is A sum of has probability so it occurs in ways.
Having outcomes for a sum of requires and so necessarily For a sum of has outcomes, while a sum of has the outcomes with the first die showing Since both conditions hold and the lower bound is attained.
Thus, the correct answer is B.
20.
设 和 是唯一满足 且 的次数小于 的多项式。 是什么?
Let and be the unique polynomials such that and the degree of is less than What is
21.
设 是所有满足下式的正实数 的和:
下列哪一项为真?
Let be the sum of all positive real numbers for which
Which of the following statements is true?
小提示:
两边取 得到 。
Take of both sides to get
大提示:
是一个解;分析 的符号来定位另一个解
is one solution; analyze the sign of to locate the other
解答:
两边取 ,方程变为 。代入 得 成立,所以 是一个解。
令 。则 、、,且 ,所以在 与 之间有第二个根 。
为证明没有其他解,将方程除以 ,并在 时考察 。它的导数符号与 相同,而后者严格递减。因此, 先增后减一次,任意水平线与其图像至多相交两次。前面找到的两个根就是全部解。因为 ,所以 。
所以正确答案是 D。
Taking the equation becomes Substituting gives which holds, so is a solution.
Let Then and so there is a second root between and
To prove there are no others, divide the equation by and consider for Its derivative has the sign of a strictly decreasing expression. Thus increases once and then decreases, so a horizontal line meets its graph at most twice. The two roots already found are all the solutions. Since we have
Thus, the correct answer is D.
22.
Arjun 和 Beth 玩一个游戏:他们轮流从若干堵砖墙中的一堵移走一块砖,或移走两块相邻的砖;移走后产生的空隙可能形成新的砖墙。每堵砖墙都只有一块砖高。例如,大小为 和 的一组砖墙可以通过一步变成以下任意一种:、、、、 或 。
Arjun 先手,移走最后一块砖的玩家获胜。对于哪一个初始配置,Beth 有必胜策略?
Arjun and Beth play a game in which they take turns removing one brick or two adjacent bricks from one “wall” among a set of several walls of bricks, with gaps possibly creating new walls. The walls are one brick tall. For example, a set of walls of sizes and can be changed into any of the following by one move: or
Arjun plays first, and the player who removes the last brick wins. For which starting configuration is there a strategy that guarantees a win for Beth?
小提示:
计算长度为 的单堵砖墙的 Grundy 值,其中一步可以移走 块或 块相邻砖,并可能把砖墙分裂
Compute the Grundy value of a single wall of length where a move removes or adjacent bricks and may split the wall
大提示:
Beth(后手)获胜当且仅当各堵砖墙 Grundy 值的异或为 。
Beth (the second player) wins exactly when the XOR of the walls’ Grundy values is
解答:
把每堵砖墙看作一个类似 Nim 的堆,并赋予 Grundy 值。一步移走 块或 块相邻砖,可能把一堵墙分成长度为 的两堵。因此, 是所有满足 或 的 的最小未出现非负整数。
从 开始,这个递推给出 依次为 。
后手 Beth 获胜当且仅当各墙 Grundy 值的异或为 。检查每个选项,只有 给出 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Treat each wall as a Nim-like heap with a Grundy value. A move removes or adjacent bricks, possibly splitting a wall into lengths Thus is the mex of over or
Starting with this recurrence gives equal to respectively.
The second player Beth wins exactly when the XOR of the walls’ Grundy values is Checking each option, only gives
Thus, the correct answer is B.
23.
三个球被随机且相互独立地投入编号为正整数的箱子中。对每个球,它被投入箱子 的概率为 ,其中 ,,,。每个箱子可以有多个球。三个球最终落在不同且等间距的箱子中的概率为 ,其中 和 是互质正整数。(例如,若球被投入箱子 、 和 ,则这些箱子是等间距的。) 是多少?
Three balls are randomly and independently tossed into bins numbered with the positive integers so that for each ball, the probability that it is tossed into bin is for More than one ball is allowed in each bin. The probability that the balls end up evenly spaced in distinct bins is where and are relatively prime positive integers. (For example, the balls are evenly spaced if they are tossed into bins and ) What is
小提示:
等间距表示箱子编号为 ,其中 ;它们的编号和为
Evenly spaced means the bins are for some their labels sum to
大提示:
每种这样的有序投放概率为 ,三个球有 种排列方式
Each such ordered assignment has probability and there are orderings of the three balls
解答:
不同且等间距的箱子形成等差数列 ,其中 。三个编号之和为 ,因此把球固定分配到这三个箱子的概率为 。
三个球可以按 种方式对应到这些箱子,所以总概率为 。
因为 ,得 。
所以正确答案是 A。
Evenly spaced distinct bins form an arithmetic progression with The three labels sum to so a fixed assignment of balls to these bins has probability
The three balls can be ordered in ways, so the total probability is
Since we get
Thus, the correct answer is A.
24.
设 是面积为 的平行四边形。点 和 分别是 和 在直线 上的投影;点 和 分别是 和 在直线 上的投影。见图,图中也显示了这些点的相对位置。
假设 ,,并令 表示 的长度,即 的较长对角线。则 可写成 的形式,其中 ,,和 是正整数,且 不被任何质数的平方整除。 是多少?
Let be a parallelogram with area Points and are the projections of and respectively, onto the line and points and are the projections of and respectively, onto the line See the figure, which also shows the relative locations of these points.
Suppose and and let denote the length of the longer diagonal of Then can be written in the form where and are positive integers and is not divisible by the square of any prime. What is
小提示:
设 为两条对角线的夹角;则 ,。
Let be the angle between the diagonals; then and
大提示:
面积为 ,结合 ,。
The area is which combines with
解答:
设两条对角线交于 ,夹角为 。从 和 到 的垂足关于 对称,所以 ;同理 。
平行四边形面积为 ,所以 。于是 ,得 。
令 ,则 ,解得 ,所以 。
因此 ,所以 。
所以正确答案是 A。
Let the diagonals meet at at angle The feet of the perpendiculars from and to are symmetric about so likewise
The parallelogram’s area is so Then giving
Writing gives so
Then so
Thus, the correct answer is A.
25.
设 是坐标平面中的格点集合,其两个坐标都是从 到 的整数(含端点)。 中恰有 个点位于方程为 的直线上或其下方。 的可能值构成一个长度为 的区间,其中 和 是互质正整数。 是多少?
Let be the set of lattice points in the coordinate plane, both of whose coordinates are integers between and inclusive. Exactly points in lie on or below a line with equation The possible values of lie in an interval of length where and are relatively prime positive integers. What is
小提示:
对给定的 ,第 列贡献 个位于该直线上或其下方的点
For a given column contributes points at or below the line
大提示:
随着 增大,计数会在斜率 处跳变;找出夹住计数 的两个相邻跳变斜率
As increases, the count jumps at slopes find the two consecutive such slopes bracketing a count of
解答:
对斜率 ,第 列(其中 )贡献 个在直线 上或其下方的点,我们需要总数等于 。
在 时, 的上限尚未起作用,并且 。计数会保持不变,直到遇到下一个更大的斜率 ,其中 。
若 ,则 是正整数。最接近的情形满足 ;在约束 下取满足这个同余式的最大横坐标,得到 。若这个正整数至少为 ,斜率差会更大。因此,所求区间是 ,长度为 。
因为 ,所以 。
所以正确答案是 E。
For slope column (with ) contributes points on or below and we need the total to equal
At the cap at is inactive and The count remains fixed until the next larger slope with
If then is a positive integer. The closest possibility has maximizing in this congruence gives Any numerator at least gives a larger gap. Hence the interval is whose length is
Since
Thus, the correct answer is E.