2015 AMC 12A 第 23 题

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23.

SS 是边长为 11 的正方形。在 SS 的边上独立随机选取两个点。 这两点之间的直线距离至少为 12\dfrac12 的概率是 abπc\dfrac{a - b\pi}{c}, 其中 aabb, 和 cc 是正整数且 gcd(a,b,c)=1\gcd(a, b, c) = 1。 求 a+b+ca + b + c

Let SS be a square of side length 1.1. Two points are chosen independently at random on the sides of S.S. The probability that the straight-line distance between the points is at least 12\dfrac12 is abπc,\dfrac{a - b\pi}{c}, where a,a, b,b, and cc are positive integers and gcd(a,b,c)=1.\gcd(a, b, c) = 1. What is a+b+c?a + b + c?

5959

6060

6161

6262

6363

答案:A
知识点:几何概率分类讨论
难度评级:2380
解答:

第二个点与第一个点在同一边上的概率为 14\dfrac14, 在对边上的概率为 14\dfrac14, 在相邻边上的概率为 12\dfrac12

对边: 距离总是至少为 1121 \ge \dfrac12 概率为 11

同一边: 对点 (a,0)(a, 0)(b,0)(b, 0), 条件 ab12|a - b| \ge \dfrac12 的概率为 14\dfrac14

相邻边: 对点 (a,0)(a, 0)(0,b)(0, b), 条件 a2+b212\sqrt{a^2 + b^2} \ge \dfrac12 是半径为 12\dfrac12 的四分之一圆外部的区域, 概率为 114π(12)2=1π161 - \dfrac14\pi\left(\dfrac12\right)^2 = 1 - \dfrac{\pi}{16}

总概率为 因此 a+b+c=26+1+32=59a + b + c = 26 + 1 + 32 = 59141+1414+12(1π16)=26π32. \begin{aligned} &\dfrac14\cdot 1 + \dfrac14\cdot\dfrac14 \\ &\quad {}+ \dfrac12\left(1 - \dfrac{\pi}{16}\right) \\ &\quad = \dfrac{26 - \pi}{32}. \end{aligned}

因此,正确答案是 A

The second point is on the same side as the first with probability 14,\dfrac14, on the opposite side with probability 14,\dfrac14, and on an adjacent side with probability 12.\dfrac12.

Opposite sides: the distance is at least 1121 \ge \dfrac12 always, probability 1.1.

Same side: for points (a,0)(a, 0) and (b,0),(b, 0), the condition ab12|a - b| \ge \dfrac12 has probability 14.\dfrac14.

Adjacent sides: for points (a,0)(a, 0) and (0,b),(0, b), the condition a2+b212\sqrt{a^2 + b^2} \ge \dfrac12 is the region outside a quarter-circle of radius 12,\dfrac12, with probability 114π(12)2=1π16.1 - \dfrac14\pi\left(\dfrac12\right)^2 = 1 - \dfrac{\pi}{16}.

The total probability is 141+1414+12(1π16)=26π32. \begin{aligned} &\dfrac14\cdot 1 + \dfrac14\cdot\dfrac14 \\ &\quad {}+ \dfrac12\left(1 - \dfrac{\pi}{16}\right) \\ &\quad = \dfrac{26 - \pi}{32}. \end{aligned} Thus a+b+c=26+1+32=59.a + b + c = 26 + 1 + 32 = 59.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

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