2015 AMC 12A 详解
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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
2.
一个三角形的三条边中有两条分别为 和 。下列哪个数不可能是这个三角形的周长?
Two of the three sides of a triangle are and Which of the following numbers is not a possible perimeter of the triangle?
小提示:
第三边严格介于 和 之间
The third side lies strictly between and
大提示:
把 加到这个范围上,就能得到周长的范围
Add to that range to bound the perimeter
解答:
根据三角形不等式,第三边 满足 ,也就是 。
周长为 ,所以它严格介于 和 之间。选项中只有 落在这个范围之外。
因此,正确答案是 E。
By the Triangle Inequality, the third side satisfies that is
The perimeter is so it lies strictly between and Among the choices, only falls outside this range.
Thus, the correct answer is E.
3.
Patrick 先生教 名学生数学。他批改试卷时发现,在批完除 Payton 以外所有人的试卷后,全班平均分为 。批完 Payton 的试卷后,全班平均分变为 。Payton 这次考试得了多少分?
Mr. Patrick teaches math to students. He was grading tests and found that when he graded everyone’s test except Payton’s, the average grade for the class was After he graded Payton’s test, the class average became What was Payton’s score on the test?
小提示:
其他 名学生的总分是 。
The other students together scored
大提示:
全部 个分数的总和是 ;相减即可
All scores together total ; subtract
解答:
其他 个分数的总和是 。全部 个分数的总和是 。
因此 Payton 的分数是 。
因此,正确答案是 E。
The sum of the other scores was The sum of all scores was
Therefore Payton’s score was
Thus, the correct answer is E.
4.
两个正数的和是它们差的 倍。较大数与较小数的比是多少?
The sum of two positive numbers is times their difference. What is the ratio of the larger number to the smaller number?
5.
Amelia 需要估算 ,其中 ,,和 都是很大的正整数。她把每个整数都取整,使计算更容易心算。在哪种情况下,她的答案一定会大于精确值 ?
Amelia needs to estimate the quantity where and are large positive integers. She rounds each of the integers so that the calculation will be easier to do mentally. In which of these situations will her answer necessarily be greater than the exact value of
她把三个数都向上取整。
She rounds all three numbers up.
她把 和 向上取整,把 向下取整。
She rounds and up, and she rounds down.
她把 和 向上取整,把 向下取整。
She rounds and up, and she rounds down.
她把 向上取整,把 和 向下取整。
She rounds up, and she rounds and down.
她把 向上取整,把 和 向下取整。
She rounds up, and she rounds and down.
小提示:
增大 或减小 都会使 变大
Increasing or decreasing makes larger
大提示:
减小 会使 变大;找出每个变化都会提高结果的选项
Decreasing makes larger; find the choice where every change raises the result
解答:
要使 变大,应把分子 向上取整,把分母 向下取整。要使 变大,应把 向下取整。
只有选项 同时做到这三点:把 向上取整,同时把 和 向下取整,因此每个变化都会使估算值高于精确值。其他选项中至少有一个变化方向相反,所以不能保证估算值更大。
因此,正确答案是 D。
To make larger, round the numerator up and the denominator down. To make larger, round down.
Only choice does all three: it rounds up while rounding and down, so every change pushes the estimate above the exact value. In the other choices at least one change works the wrong way, so the estimate is not guaranteed to be larger.
Thus, the correct answer is D.
6.
两年前,Pete 的年龄是他的堂妹 Claire 的三倍。再往前两年,Pete 的年龄是 Claire 的四倍。多少年后,他们年龄的比会是 ?
Two years ago Pete was three times as old as his cousin Claire. Two years before that, Pete was four times as old as Claire. In how many years will the ratio of their ages be
小提示:
设 为他们现在的年龄: 且
Let be their current ages: and
大提示:
先求出 和 ,再找满足 的 。
Solve for and then find with
解答:
设 和 分别为 Pete 和 Claire 现在的年龄。则 且 。
解得 且 ,所以 Pete 比 Claire 大 岁。
当 Claire 为 岁时,年龄比为 ,这距离现在还有 年。
因此,正确答案是 B。
Let and be Pete’s and Claire’s current ages. Then and
Solving these gives and so Pete is years older than Claire.
The ratio is when Claire is which is years from now.
Thus, the correct answer is B.
7.
两个直圆柱的体积相同。第二个圆柱的半径比第一个圆柱的半径大 。这两个圆柱的高之间有什么关系?
Two right circular cylinders have the same volume. The radius of the second cylinder is more than the radius of the first. What is the relationship between the heights of the two cylinders?
第二个高比第一个少 。
The second height is less than the first.
第一个高比第二个多 。
The first height is more than the second.
第二个高比第一个少 。
The second height is less than the first.
第一个高比第二个多 。
The first height is more than the second.
第二个高是第一个的 。
The second height is of the first.
小提示:
体积相等给出 ,其中 。
Equal volumes give with
大提示:
除以 来比较 和 ;注意 。
Divide by to compare and note
解答:
设第一个和第二个圆柱的半径、高分别为 和 。体积相等,所以 ,且 。
则 。除以 得 ,所以第一个高比第二个多 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
Let and be the radii and heights of the first and second cylinders. The volumes are equal, so and
Then Dividing by yields so the first height is more than the second.
Thus, the correct answer is D.
8.
一个长方形的长与宽之比为 。如果该长方形的对角线长度为 ,那么面积可以表示为 ,其中 为常数。求 ?
The ratio of the length to the width of a rectangle is If the rectangle has diagonal of length then the area may be expressed as for some constant What is
小提示:
设两边为 和 ,那么对角线为 。
Let the sides be and so the diagonal is
大提示:
用 来表示面积 。
Write the area in terms of
解答:
设长方形的两边为 和 。根据勾股定理,对角线为 ,所以 。
面积为 ,所以 。
因此,正确答案是 C。
Let the sides of the rectangle be and By the Pythagorean Theorem the diagonal is so
The area is so
Thus, the correct answer is C.
9.
一个盒子里有 个红弹珠、 个绿弹珠和 个黄弹珠。Carol 随机从盒中取出 个弹珠;然后 Claudia 从剩下的弹珠中随机取出 个;最后 Cheryl 拿走最后 个弹珠。Cheryl 得到 个同色弹珠的概率是多少?
A box contains red marbles, green marbles, and yellow marbles. Carol takes marbles from the box at random; then Claudia takes of the remaining marbles at random; and then Cheryl takes the last marbles. What is the probability that Cheryl gets marbles of the same color?
小提示:
因为所有抽取都是随机的,Cheryl 的弹珠只是六个弹珠中的随机一对
Because all draws are random, Cheryl’s marbles are just a random pair of the six
大提示:
固定她的第一个弹珠;第二个弹珠等可能是其他 个中的任意一个
Fix her first marble; her second is equally likely to be any of the other
解答:
因为留给 Cheryl 的弹珠是随机决定的,她的两个弹珠等可能是任意一对。固定她的第一个弹珠,第二个弹珠等可能是剩下 个弹珠中的任意一个。
这 个中恰好有一个与第一个弹珠颜色相同,所以概率为 。
因此,正确答案是 C。
Because the marbles left for Cheryl are determined at random, her two marbles are equally likely to be any pair. Fixing her first marble, the second is equally likely to be any of the remaining marbles.
Exactly one of those matches the first marble in color, so the probability is
Thus, the correct answer is C.
10.
整数 和 满足 且 。 是多少?
Integers and with satisfy What is
小提示:
两边同时加 ,使左边可以因式分解
Add to both sides so the left side factors
大提示:
;结合 和 。
use with
解答:
两边同时加 并因式分解,得
因为 和 是不同的正整数且 ,唯一可能是 且 。因此 。
因此,正确答案是 E。
Adding to both sides and factoring gives
Because and are distinct positive integers with the only possibility is and Therefore
Thus, the correct answer is E.
11.
Isabella 在一张纸上画了一个半径为 的圆、一个半径为 的圆,以及所有同时与这两个圆相切的可能直线。Isabella 注意到她一共画了 条直线。 可能有多少个不同的值?
On a sheet of paper, Isabella draws a circle of radius a circle of radius and all possible lines simultaneously tangent to both circles. Isabella notices that she has drawn exactly lines. How many different values of are possible?
小提示:
公切线的数量取决于两个圆的位置关系
The number of common tangents depends on how the two circles are positioned
大提示:
把两个圆从一个在另一个内部移动到完全分离,并在每个阶段计数
Move the circles from one inside the other out to fully separated and count at each stage
解答:
公切线的数量取决于两个圆的相对位置:
如果小圆在大圆内部,则有 条切线。如果它们内切,则有 条。如果两个圆相交于两点,则有 条。如果它们外切,则有 条。如果它们分离,则有 条。
因此 可以是 中任意一个,共有 个可能值。
因此,正确答案是 D。
The number of common tangent lines depends on the relative position of the two circles:
If the smaller circle is inside the larger, there are tangents. If it is internally tangent, there is If the circles intersect at two points, there are If they are externally tangent, there are If they are separated, there are
Thus can be any of which gives possible values.
Thus, the correct answer is D.
12.
抛物线 和 与坐标轴恰好交于四个点,这四个点是一只面积为 的风筝形的顶点。求 ?
The parabolas and intersect the coordinate axes in exactly four points, and these four points are the vertices of a kite of area What is
小提示:
两个 -截距为 和 ;两个 -截距关于 -轴对称
The two -intercepts are and the -intercepts are symmetric about the -axis
大提示:
风筝形的两条对角线是竖直距离 和 -截距之间的水平宽度
The kite’s diagonals are the vertical distance and the horizontal spread of the -intercepts
解答:
两条抛物线的 -截距为 和 。为了与 -轴相交,第一条抛物线开口向上,第二条开口向下,所以它们的 -截距为 ,其中 。
这个风筝形沿 -轴的一条对角线长度为 ,另一条长度为 。面积为 ,所以 。
因此 -截距为 。对第一条抛物线, 得 ;对第二条, 得 。因此 。
因此,正确答案是 B。
The -intercepts of the two parabolas are and To intersect the -axis, the first parabola opens upward and the second opens downward, so their -intercepts are for some
The kite has one diagonal of length along the -axis and the other of length Its area is so
Thus the -intercepts are For the first parabola, gives for the second, gives Therefore
Thus, the correct answer is B.
13.
一个有 支队伍的联赛进行循环赛,每支队伍与其他每支队伍恰好比赛一次。比赛要么一队获胜,要么以平局结束。每赢一场得 分,每平一场得 分。关于这 个得分组成的列表,下列哪一项不一定为真?
A league with teams holds a round-robin tournament, with each team playing every other team exactly once. Games either end with one team victorious or else end in a draw. A team scores points for every game it wins and point for every game it draws. Which of the following is not a true statement about the list of scores?
奇数得分的个数一定是偶数。
There must be an even number of odd scores.
偶数得分的个数一定是偶数。
There must be an even number of even scores.
不可能有两个得分为 的队伍。
There cannot be two scores of
得分总和至少为 。
The sum of the scores must be at least
最高得分至少为 。
The highest score must be at least
小提示:
每场比赛总共恰好贡献 分,所以所有得分的总和是固定的
Every game contributes exactly points in total, so the sum of all scores is fixed
大提示:
考虑如果每一场比赛都以平局结束会怎样
Consider what happens if every single game ends in a draw
解答:
每支队伍都打 场,因此 支队伍共进行 场比赛。每场比赛给得分列表增加 分,所以所有得分的总和为 。
如果每场比赛都是平局,每支队伍得 分,所以最高得分不必达到 ;因此命题 可能不成立。其他命题总成立:总和 ;总和为偶数,迫使奇数得分的个数为偶数,因而偶数得分的个数也为偶数;两支队伍不可能都得 分,因为它们之间的比赛至少会给其中一队一分。
因此,正确答案是 E。
Each of the teams plays games, so games are played, and each game adds points to the list. The total of all scores is
If every game is a draw, each team scores so the highest score need not reach thus statement can fail. The other statements always hold: the sum the sum being even forces an even number of odd scores and hence an even number of even scores, and two teams cannot both score because their mutual game gives at least one of them a point.
Thus, the correct answer is E.
14.
求使下列方程成立的 的值:
What is the value of for which
小提示:
。
大提示:
这个和变为
The sum becomes
解答:
根据换底公式,。因此
由此可得 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
By the change-of-base formula, Therefore
It follows that
Thus, the correct answer is D.
15.
要把分数 表示成小数,小数点右边最少需要多少位数字?
What is the minimum number of digits to the right of the decimal point needed to express the fraction as a decimal?
小提示:
分子与分母没有共同的因子 或 。
The numerator shares no factor of or with the denominator
大提示:
同时乘分子和分母,把分母变成 的幂
Multiply the top and bottom to turn the denominator into a power of
解答:
分子和分母没有公因数。要把这个分数写成小数,就把它改写成分母为 的幂的形式;最小可用的是 :
因为分子 不能被 整除,所以小数点后恰好有 位。
因此,正确答案是 C。
The numerator and denominator share no common factors. To write the fraction as a decimal, rewrite it with a power of in the denominator; the smallest that works is
Since the numerator is not divisible by the decimal has exactly places after the point.
Thus, the correct answer is C.
16.
四面体 满足 ,,,,,且 。这个四面体的体积是多少?
Tetrahedron has and What is the volume of the tetrahedron?
小提示:
三角形 和 都是共用边 的 -- 直角三角形
Triangles and are both -- right triangles sharing the edge
大提示:
从 和 向 作高;共同的垂足说明 垂直于底面 。
Drop altitudes from and to their common foot shows is perpendicular to base
解答:
三角形 和 都是 -- 直角三角形,面积为 ,并共用斜边 。设 为从 向 所作高的垂足,则 。同样,从 向 所作的高也落在同一点 ,并且 。
三角形 的边长为 ,,和 ,因此它是以 为直角顶点的等腰直角三角形。所以 且 ,从而 垂直于平面 。
四面体的体积为 。
因此,正确答案是 C。
Triangles and are -- right triangles with area and common hypotenuse Let be the foot of the altitude from to then Likewise the altitude from meets at the same point with
Triangle has sides and so it is an isosceles right triangle with the right angle at Thus and making perpendicular to the plane of
The tetrahedron’s volume is
Thus, the correct answer is C.
17.
八个人围坐在圆桌旁,每人手中有一枚公平硬币。八个人都抛硬币,抛出正面的人站起来,抛出反面的人仍坐着。没有两个相邻的人都站起来的概率是多少?
Eight people are sitting around a circular table, each holding a fair coin. All eight people flip their coins and those who flip heads stand while those who flip tails remain seated. What is the probability that no two adjacent people will stand?
小提示:
共有 个等可能结果;数出没有相邻正面的结果
There are equally likely outcomes; count those with no two adjacent heads
大提示:
按站起来的人数 分类;超过 人必然相邻
Group by the number of people standing more than forces an adjacency
解答:
共有 个等可能结果。按站起来的人数分类,数出圆周上 个座位中没有两个相邻站立者 (正面)的安排数。
从 个圆周座位中选 个不相邻座位的方法数为 。当 时,对 分别得到 种;超过 个站立者则不可能避免相邻。
总数为 , 所以概率是 。
因此,正确答案是 A。
There are equally likely outcomes. Count the arrangements of standers (heads) with no two adjacent around the circle of seats, grouped by how many people stand.
The number of ways to choose non-adjacent seats from a circle of is For this gives for and more than standers is impossible without an adjacency.
The total is so the probability is
Thus, the correct answer is A.
18.
函数 的零点都是整数。 的所有可能值之和是多少?
The zeros of the function are integers. What is the sum of the possible values of
小提示:
如果整数根为 则 且 。
If the integer roots are then and
大提示:
消去 得 ,即
Eliminate to get i.e.
解答:
设整数零点为 和 。由韦达定理, 且 ,所以 。整理得
的整数因子对为 、、、、、。由此得到的 对应的和为 和 。
的不同可能值为 ,它们的和为 。
因此,正确答案是 C。
Let the integer zeros be and By Vieta’s formulas and so Rearranging gives
The integer factor pairs of are which yield pairs summing to and
The distinct possible values of are whose sum is
Thus, the correct answer is C.
19.
对某些正整数 ,存在一个四边形 ,它的边长都是正整数,周长为 ,在 和 处为直角,且 、。满足 的不同周长有多少个?
For some positive integers there is a quadrilateral with positive integer side lengths, perimeter right angles at and and How many different values of are possible?
小提示:
从 向 作垂线;结合 处的直角,会形成一个长方形
Drop a perpendicular from to with right angles at that creates a rectangle
大提示:
若 且 则 ,这会迫使 为偶数
If and then which forces to be even
解答:
在每个这样的四边形中,。设 为从 向 所作垂线的垂足,则 且 。令 、,所以 。
根据勾股定理,,所以 ,且 为偶数。写作 得 ,周长为
递增的 给出满足条件且周长递增的四边形。当 时周长为 ,当 时为 。因此 的可能值有 个。
因此,正确答案是 B。
In every such quadrilateral Let be the foot of the perpendicular from to then and Let and so
By the Pythagorean Theorem so and is even. Writing gives and the perimeter is
Increasing values give the required quadrilaterals with increasing perimeter. For the perimeter is and for it is Therefore there are possible values of
Thus, the correct answer is B.
20.
等腰三角形 和 不全等,但面积和周长都相同。 的三边长为 、 和 ,而 的三边长为 、 和 。下列哪个数最接近 ?
Isosceles triangles and are not congruent but have the same area and the same perimeter. The sides of have lengths and while those of have lengths and Which of the following numbers is closest to
小提示:
的周长为 ,面积为 ;为 写出同样的两个条件
has perimeter and area write those same two conditions for
大提示:
用 消去 ;会得到一个三次式,其中可分解出对应全等情形的根
Eliminate using you reach a cubic with the extraneous root to factor out
解答:
到底边 的高为 ,所以 的面积为 ,周长为 。
对 ,需要 ,且面积 。代入 并平方,可得
因为 和 不全等,,所以 ,且 。因为 ,这个数介于 和 之间,所以最接近的整数是 。
因此,正确答案是 A。
The altitude of to its base of length is so has area and perimeter
For we need and area Substituting and squaring leads to
Since and are not congruent, so and Because this is between and so the closest integer is
Thus, the correct answer is A.
21.
一个半径为 的圆经过椭圆 的两个焦点,并且恰好经过该椭圆上的四个点。所有可能的 组成区间 。求 ?
A circle of radius passes through both foci of, and exactly four points on, the ellipse with equation The set of all possible values of is an interval What is
小提示:
椭圆为 ,焦点在
The ellipse is with foci at
大提示:
经过两个焦点的圆心在 ;要求它的最低点在椭圆外部
A circle through both foci is centered at require its bottom point to lie outside the ellipse
解答:
椭圆 的半轴长为 和 ,所以 ,焦点为 。
经过两个焦点的圆的圆心在 -轴上,设为 ,半径为 。它的最高点总在椭圆外。要有四个交点,它的最低点 必须低于 ,这恰好在 时发生。
当 在 中变化时,半径 的取值范围为 ,所以 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
The ellipse has semi-axes and so and the foci are
A circle through both foci has its center on the -axis, say with radius Its top point always lies outside the ellipse. For four intersection points, its bottom point must be below which happens exactly when
As ranges over the radius ranges over so
Thus, the correct answer is D.
22.
对每个正整数 ,令 表示只由字母 和 组成、长度为 的序列数,其中连续的 不超过三个,连续的 也不超过三个。 除以 的余数是多少?
For each positive integer let be the number of sequences of length consisting solely of the letters and with no more than three s in a row and no more than three s in a row. What is the remainder when is divided by
小提示:
一个合法序列以长度为 ,,或 的同字母段结尾,因此
A valid sequence ends in a run of or equal letters, giving
大提示:
分别模 和模 化简递推式以寻找周期
Reduce the recurrence modulo and modulo separately to find its period
解答:
注意 ,,。每个合法序列都以一段长度为一、二或三的同字母段结尾;去掉这段后,剩下长度为 ,,或 的合法序列。
模 时,前 项为 接下来的三项是 ,与初始状态相同,所以递推式以 为周期重复。因为 ,可得 。
模 时,各项按 循环,因为这四项之后的三项状态又回到 。所以周期为 。因为 ,所以 。
写 ,条件 给出 ,因此 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
Note Every valid sequence ends in a run of one, two, or three equal letters; removing that run leaves a valid sequence of length or Thus
Modulo the first terms are The next three terms are which reproduce the initial state, so the recurrence repeats with period Since it follows that
Modulo the terms repeat as because the next three-term state after these four terms is again Thus the period is As we have
Writing the condition gives so
Thus, the correct answer is D.
23.
设 是边长为 的正方形。在 的边上独立随机选取两个点。这两点之间的直线距离至少为 的概率是 ,其中 ,,和 是正整数且 。求 ?
Let be a square of side length Two points are chosen independently at random on the sides of The probability that the straight-line distance between the points is at least is where and are positive integers and What is
小提示:
根据两个点是否在同一边、对边或相邻边上分类
Condition on whether the two points lie on the same side, opposite sides, or adjacent sides
大提示:
相邻边的情况会通过半径为 的四分之一圆产生 项
The adjacent-sides case produces the term via a quarter-circle of radius
解答:
第二个点与第一个点在同一边上的概率为 , 在对边上的概率为 , 在相邻边上的概率为 。
对边: 距离总是至少为 ,概率为 。
同一边: 对点 和 , 条件 的概率为 。
相邻边: 对点 和 , 条件 是半径为 的四分之一圆外部的区域, 概率为 。
总概率为 因此 。
因此,正确答案是 A。
The second point is on the same side as the first with probability on the opposite side with probability and on an adjacent side with probability
Opposite sides: the distance is at least always, probability
Same side: for points and the condition has probability
Adjacent sides: for points and the condition is the region outside a quarter-circle of radius with probability
The total probability is Thus
Thus, the correct answer is A.
24.
从区间 内所有可以写成分数 的有理数中随机选择有理数 和 ,其中 和 是整数且 。表达式 是实数的概率是多少?
Rational numbers and are chosen at random among all rational numbers in the interval that can be written as fractions where and are integers with What is the probability that is a real number?
小提示:
和 各有 个允许值; 为实数当且仅当 、 或 。
There are allowed values for each of and is real iff or
大提示:
把这些条件转化为 ,,或
Translate those into or
解答:
各有 个可能的 和 。写成最简分数时,分母 分别贡献 个位于 中的值,总计 。
令 且 ,四次方 为实数,当且仅当 ,,或 。
情形 意味着 ,给出 对;情形 意味着 ,再给出 对,其中 对已经计数。
对于剩余条件 ,且两边都非零,允许的 值为 ,,,,,和 。对应的 值个数依次为 。例如,当 时,各值为 ,,,和 ;其他各行同样由四分之一周的恒等式得到。因此此条件再贡献 对。
总共有 对有效组合,而全部组合共 对,所以概率为 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
There are possible values for each of and In reduced form, denominators contribute respectively values in for a total of
Writing and the fourth power is real if and only if or
The case means giving pairs; the case means giving another pairs, of which were already counted.
For the remaining condition with neither side zero, the allowed values of are and The corresponding numbers of allowed values of are respectively For example, when the values are and the other rows follow from the same quarter-turn identities. Hence this condition contributes more pairs.
In all there are valid pairs out of so the probability is
Thus, the correct answer is D.
25.
在上半平面中构造一组圆,所有圆都与 -轴相切,构造分层如下。第 层包含两个半径分别为 和 且外切的圆。对 ,将 中的圆按它们与 -轴的切点顺序排列。对这个顺序中每一对相邻的圆,构造一个与这一对圆都外切的新圆。第 层由这样构造出的 个圆组成。令 ,对每个圆 ,用 表示它的半径。求
A collection of circles in the upper half-plane, all tangent to the -axis, is constructed in layers as follows. Layer consists of two circles of radii and that are externally tangent. For the circles in are ordered according to their points of tangency with the -axis. For every pair of consecutive circles in this order, a new circle is constructed externally tangent to each of the two circles in the pair. Layer consists of the circles constructed in this way. Let and for every circle denote by its radius. What is
小提示:
对夹在两个同切于一条直线的圆之间的圆,有 。
For a circle nestled between two circles tangent to the same line,
大提示:
令 ;各层的和为 ,,,。
Let the layer sums are
解答:
如果半径为 的圆与 -轴相切,并嵌在两个半径为 和 、也与该轴相切且彼此外切的圆之间,那么
令 ,这是 上的和。 中唯一的圆也贡献 。对 ,每个新圆贡献它两个相邻圆的和;除 的两个圆外,每个较早的圆都被计算两次。因此, 上的和为 。
因此
因为 ,所以总和为 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
If a circle of radius is tangent to the -axis and nestled in the crevice between two circles of radii and that are also tangent to the axis and to each other, then
Let which is the sum over The single circle of also contributes For each new circle contributes the sum of its two neighbors, and every earlier circle is counted twice except the two circles of this yields a sum of over
Therefore
Since the sum is
Thus, the correct answer is D.