2015 AMC 12A 真题

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1.

求下式的值:(201+52+0)1×5(2^0-1+5^2+0)^{-1}\times 5\text{?}

What is the value of (201+52+0)1×5?(2^0-1+5^2+0)^{-1}\times 5?

125-125

120-120

15\dfrac{1}{5}

524\dfrac{5}{24}

2525

答案:C
知识点:运算顺序指数
难度评级:890
小提示:

先计算括号内的值,并使用 20=12^0=1

Evaluate inside the parentheses first, using 20=12^0=1

大提示:

指数 1-1 表示先取倒数,再乘以 55

A 1-1 exponent means take the reciprocal before multiplying by 55

解答:

在括号内,201+52+0=11+25+0=25 \begin{aligned} &2^0-1+5^2+0 \\ &\quad = 1-1+25+0 = 25 \end{aligned}\text{。}

于是 (25)1×5=525=15(25)^{-1}\times 5 = \dfrac{5}{25} = \dfrac{1}{5}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 C

Inside the parentheses, 201+52+0=11+25+0=25. \begin{aligned} &2^0-1+5^2+0 \\ &\quad = 1-1+25+0 = 25. \end{aligned}

Then (25)1×5=525=15.(25)^{-1}\times 5 = \dfrac{5}{25} = \dfrac{1}{5}.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

2.

一个三角形的三条边中有两条分别为 20201515。下列哪个数不可能是这个三角形的周长?

Two of the three sides of a triangle are 2020 and 15.15. Which of the following numbers is not a possible perimeter of the triangle?

5252

5757

6262

6767

7272

答案:E
难度评级:1020
小提示:

第三边严格介于 201520-1520+1520+15 之间

The third side lies strictly between 201520-15 and 20+1520+15

大提示:

20+1520+15 加到这个范围上,就能得到周长的范围

Add 20+1520+15 to that range to bound the perimeter

解答:

根据三角形不等式,第三边 ss 满足 2015<s<20+1520-15 \lt s \lt 20+15,也就是 5<s<355 \lt s \lt 35

周长为 35+s35 + s,所以它严格介于 40407070 之间。选项中只有 7272 落在这个范围之外。

因此,正确答案是 E

By the Triangle Inequality, the third side ss satisfies 2015<s<20+15,20-15 \lt s \lt 20+15, that is 5<s<35.5 \lt s \lt 35.

The perimeter is 35+s,35 + s, so it lies strictly between 4040 and 70.70. Among the choices, only 7272 falls outside this range.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

3.

Patrick 先生教 1515 名学生数学。他批改试卷时发现,在批完除 Payton 以外所有人的试卷后,全班平均分为 8080。批完 Payton 的试卷后,全班平均分变为 8181。Payton 这次考试得了多少分?

Mr. Patrick teaches math to 1515 students. He was grading tests and found that when he graded everyone’s test except Payton’s, the average grade for the class was 80.80. After he graded Payton’s test, the class average became 81.81. What was Payton’s score on the test?

8181

8585

9191

9494

9595

答案:E
知识点:平均数
难度评级:1130
小提示:

其他 1414 名学生的总分是 14×8014\times 80

The other 1414 students together scored 14×8014\times 80

大提示:

全部 1515 个分数的总和是 15×8115\times 81;相减即可

All 1515 scores together total 15×8115\times 81; subtract

解答:

其他 1414 个分数的总和是 1480=112014\cdot 80 = 1120。全部 1515 个分数的总和是 1581=121515\cdot 81 = 1215

因此 Payton 的分数是 12151120=951215 - 1120 = 95

因此,正确答案是 E

The sum of the 1414 other scores was 1480=1120.14\cdot 80 = 1120. The sum of all 1515 scores was 1581=1215.15\cdot 81 = 1215.

Therefore Payton’s score was 12151120=95.1215 - 1120 = 95.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

4.

两个正数的和是它们差的 55 倍。较大数与较小数的比是多少?

The sum of two positive numbers is 55 times their difference. What is the ratio of the larger number to the smaller number?

54\dfrac{5}{4}

32\dfrac{3}{2}

95\dfrac{9}{5}

22

52\dfrac{5}{2}

答案:B
难度评级:1200
小提示:

设这两个数为 x>yx \gt y,并写出 x+y=5(xy)x+y=5(x-y)

Let the numbers be x>yx \gt y and write x+y=5(xy)x+y=5(x-y)

大提示:

变形得到 xxyy 的关系,然后求 xy\dfrac{x}{y}

Rearrange to relate xx and yy, then form xy\dfrac{x}{y}

解答:

设这两个数为 xxyy,其中 x>y>0x \gt y \gt 0,则 x+y=5(xy)x+y = 5(x-y)

展开得 x+y=5x5yx+y = 5x-5y,所以 6y=4x6y = 4x,于是 xy=32\dfrac{x}{y} = \dfrac{3}{2}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 B

Let xx and yy be the numbers with x>y>0.x \gt y \gt 0. Then x+y=5(xy).x+y = 5(x-y).

Expanding gives x+y=5x5y,x+y = 5x-5y, so 6y=4x6y = 4x and xy=32.\dfrac{x}{y} = \dfrac{3}{2}.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

5.

Amelia 需要估算 abc\dfrac{a}{b}-c,其中 aabb,和 cc 都是很大的正整数。她把每个整数都取整,使计算更容易心算。在哪种情况下,她的答案一定会大于精确值 abc\dfrac{a}{b}-c

Amelia needs to estimate the quantity abc,\dfrac{a}{b}-c, where a,a, b,b, and cc are large positive integers. She rounds each of the integers so that the calculation will be easier to do mentally. In which of these situations will her answer necessarily be greater than the exact value of abc?\dfrac{a}{b}-c?

她把三个数都向上取整。

She rounds all three numbers up.

她把 aabb 向上取整,把 cc 向下取整。

She rounds aa and bb up, and she rounds cc down.

她把 aacc 向上取整,把 bb 向下取整。

She rounds aa and cc up, and she rounds bb down.

她把 aa 向上取整,把 bbcc 向下取整。

She rounds aa up, and she rounds bb and cc down.

她把 cc 向上取整,把 aabb 向下取整。

She rounds cc up, and she rounds aa and bb down.

答案:D
知识点:估算不等式
难度评级:1270
小提示:

增大 aa 或减小 bb 都会使 ab\dfrac{a}{b} 变大

Increasing aa or decreasing bb makes ab\dfrac{a}{b} larger

大提示:

减小 cc 会使 c-c 变大;找出每个变化都会提高结果的选项

Decreasing cc makes c-c larger; find the choice where every change raises the result

解答:

要使 ab\dfrac{a}{b} 变大,应把分子 aa 向上取整,把分母 bb 向下取整。要使 c-c 变大,应把 cc 向下取整。

只有选项 (D)\text{(D)} 同时做到这三点:把 aa 向上取整,同时把 bbcc 向下取整,因此每个变化都会使估算值高于精确值。其他选项中至少有一个变化方向相反,所以不能保证估算值更大。

因此,正确答案是 D

To make ab\dfrac{a}{b} larger, round the numerator aa up and the denominator bb down. To make c-c larger, round cc down.

Only choice (D)\text{(D)} does all three: it rounds aa up while rounding bb and cc down, so every change pushes the estimate above the exact value. In the other choices at least one change works the wrong way, so the estimate is not guaranteed to be larger.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

6.

两年前,Pete 的年龄是他的堂妹 Claire 的三倍。再往前两年,Pete 的年龄是 Claire 的四倍。多少年后,他们年龄的比会是 2:12 : 1

Two years ago Pete was three times as old as his cousin Claire. Two years before that, Pete was four times as old as Claire. In how many years will the ratio of their ages be 2:1?2 : 1?

22

44

55

66

88

答案:B
难度评级:1350
小提示:

p,cp,c 为他们现在的年龄:p2=3(c2)p-2=3(c-2)p4=4(c4)p-4=4(c-4)

Let p,cp,c be their current ages: p2=3(c2)p-2=3(c-2) and p4=4(c4)p-4=4(c-4)

大提示:

先求出 ppcc,再找满足 p+n=2(c+n)p+n = 2(c+n)nn

Solve for pp and c,c, then find nn with p+n=2(c+n)p+n = 2(c+n)

解答:

ppcc 分别为 Pete 和 Claire 现在的年龄。则 p2=3(c2)p-2 = 3(c-2)p4=4(c4)p-4 = 4(c-4)

解得 p=20p = 20c=8c = 8,所以 Pete 比 Claire 大 1212 岁。

当 Claire 为 1212 岁时,年龄比为 2:12 : 1,这距离现在还有 128=412 - 8 = 4 年。

因此,正确答案是 B

Let pp and cc be Pete’s and Claire’s current ages. Then p2=3(c2)p-2 = 3(c-2) and p4=4(c4).p-4 = 4(c-4).

Solving these gives p=20p = 20 and c=8,c = 8, so Pete is 1212 years older than Claire.

The ratio is 2:12 : 1 when Claire is 12,12, which is 128=412 - 8 = 4 years from now.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

7.

两个直圆柱的体积相同。第二个圆柱的半径比第一个圆柱的半径大 10%10\%。这两个圆柱的高之间有什么关系?

Two right circular cylinders have the same volume. The radius of the second cylinder is 10%10\% more than the radius of the first. What is the relationship between the heights of the two cylinders?

第二个高比第一个少 10%10\%

The second height is 10%10\% less than the first.

第一个高比第二个多 10%10\%

The first height is 10%10\% more than the second.

第二个高比第一个少 21%21\%

The second height is 21%21\% less than the first.

第一个高比第二个多 21%21\%

The first height is 21%21\% more than the second.

第二个高是第一个的 80%80\%

The second height is 80%80\% of the first.

答案:D
难度评级:1380
小提示:

体积相等给出 πr2h=πR2H\pi r^2 h = \pi R^2 H,其中 R=1.1rR = 1.1r

Equal volumes give πr2h=πR2H\pi r^2 h = \pi R^2 H with R=1.1rR = 1.1r

大提示:

除以 πr2\pi r^2 来比较 hhHH;注意 1.12=1.211.1^2 = 1.21

Divide by πr2\pi r^2 to compare hh and H;H; note 1.12=1.211.1^2 = 1.21

解答:

设第一个和第二个圆柱的半径、高分别为 r,hr,hR,HR,H。体积相等,所以 πr2h=πR2H\pi r^2 h = \pi R^2 H,且 R=1.1rR = 1.1r

πr2h=π(1.1r)2H\pi r^2 h = \pi(1.1r)^2 H =π(1.21r2)H= \pi(1.21 r^2) H。除以 πr2\pi r^2h=1.21Hh = 1.21H,所以第一个高比第二个多 21%21\%

因此,正确答案是 D

Let r,hr,h and R,HR,H be the radii and heights of the first and second cylinders. The volumes are equal, so πr2h=πR2H,\pi r^2 h = \pi R^2 H, and R=1.1r.R = 1.1r.

Then πr2h=π(1.1r)2H\pi r^2 h = \pi(1.1r)^2 H =π(1.21r2)H.= \pi(1.21 r^2) H. Dividing by πr2\pi r^2 yields h=1.21H,h = 1.21H, so the first height is 21%21\% more than the second.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

8.

一个长方形的长与宽之比为 4:34 : 3。如果该长方形的对角线长度为 dd,那么面积可以表示为 kd2kd^2,其中 kk 为常数。求 kk

The ratio of the length to the width of a rectangle is 4:3.4 : 3. If the rectangle has diagonal of length d,d, then the area may be expressed as kd2kd^2 for some constant k.k. What is k?k?

27\dfrac{2}{7}

37\dfrac{3}{7}

1225\dfrac{12}{25}

1625\dfrac{16}{25}

34\dfrac{3}{4}

答案:C
难度评级:1440
小提示:

设两边为 4a4a3a3a,那么对角线为 5a5a

Let the sides be 4a4a and 3a,3a, so the diagonal is 5a5a

大提示:

d=5ad = 5a 来表示面积 12a212a^2

Write the area 12a212a^2 in terms of d=5ad = 5a

解答:

设长方形的两边为 4a4a3a3a。根据勾股定理,对角线为 5a=d5a = d,所以 a=d5a = \dfrac{d}{5}

面积为 4a3a=12a24a\cdot 3a = 12a^2 =12(d5)2= 12\left(\dfrac{d}{5}\right)^2 =1225d2= \dfrac{12}{25}d^2,所以 k=1225k = \dfrac{12}{25}

因此,正确答案是 C

Let the sides of the rectangle be 4a4a and 3a.3a. By the Pythagorean Theorem the diagonal is 5a=d,5a = d, so a=d5.a = \dfrac{d}{5}.

The area is 4a3a=12a24a\cdot 3a = 12a^2 =12(d5)2= 12\left(\dfrac{d}{5}\right)^2 =1225d2,= \dfrac{12}{25}d^2, so k=1225.k = \dfrac{12}{25}.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

9.

一个盒子里有 22 个红弹珠、22 个绿弹珠和 22 个黄弹珠。Carol 随机从盒中取出 22 个弹珠;然后 Claudia 从剩下的弹珠中随机取出 22 个;最后 Cheryl 拿走最后 22 个弹珠。Cheryl 得到 22 个同色弹珠的概率是多少?

A box contains 22 red marbles, 22 green marbles, and 22 yellow marbles. Carol takes 22 marbles from the box at random; then Claudia takes 22 of the remaining marbles at random; and then Cheryl takes the last 22 marbles. What is the probability that Cheryl gets 22 marbles of the same color?

110\dfrac{1}{10}

16\dfrac{1}{6}

15\dfrac{1}{5}

13\dfrac{1}{3}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

答案:C
难度评级:1500
小提示:

因为所有抽取都是随机的,Cheryl 的弹珠只是六个弹珠中的随机一对

Because all draws are random, Cheryl’s marbles are just a random pair of the six

大提示:

固定她的第一个弹珠;第二个弹珠等可能是其他 55 个中的任意一个

Fix her first marble; her second is equally likely to be any of the other 55

解答:

因为留给 Cheryl 的弹珠是随机决定的,她的两个弹珠等可能是任意一对。固定她的第一个弹珠,第二个弹珠等可能是剩下 55 个弹珠中的任意一个。

55 个中恰好有一个与第一个弹珠颜色相同,所以概率为 15\dfrac{1}{5}

因此,正确答案是 C

Because the marbles left for Cheryl are determined at random, her two marbles are equally likely to be any pair. Fixing her first marble, the second is equally likely to be any of the 55 remaining marbles.

Exactly one of those 55 matches the first marble in color, so the probability is 15.\dfrac{1}{5}.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

10.

整数 xxyy 满足 x>y>0x \gt y \gt 0x+y+xy=80x+y+xy = 80xx 是多少?

Integers xx and yy with x>y>0x \gt y \gt 0 satisfy x+y+xy=80.x+y+xy = 80. What is x?x?

88

1010

1515

1818

2626

答案:E
难度评级:1530
小提示:

两边同时加 11,使左边可以因式分解

Add 11 to both sides so the left side factors

大提示:

(x+1)(y+1)=81(x+1)(y+1) = 81;结合 x>y>0x \gt y \gt 081=3481 = 3^4

(x+1)(y+1)=81;(x+1)(y+1) = 81; use x>y>0x \gt y \gt 0 with 81=3481 = 3^4

解答:

两边同时加 11 并因式分解,得 (x+1)(y+1)=81=34(x+1)(y+1) = 81 = 3^4\text{。}

因为 xxyy 是不同的正整数且 x>yx \gt y,唯一可能是 x+1=33=27x+1 = 3^3 = 27y+1=3y+1 = 3。因此 x=26x = 26

因此,正确答案是 E

Adding 11 to both sides and factoring gives (x+1)(y+1)=81=34.(x+1)(y+1) = 81 = 3^4.

Because xx and yy are distinct positive integers with x>y,x \gt y, the only possibility is x+1=33=27x+1 = 3^3 = 27 and y+1=3.y+1 = 3. Therefore x=26.x = 26.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

11.

Isabella 在一张纸上画了一个半径为 22 的圆、一个半径为 33 的圆,以及所有同时与这两个圆相切的可能直线。Isabella 注意到她一共画了 k0k \ge 0 条直线。kk 可能有多少个不同的值?

On a sheet of paper, Isabella draws a circle of radius 2,2, a circle of radius 3,3, and all possible lines simultaneously tangent to both circles. Isabella notices that she has drawn exactly k0k \ge 0 lines. How many different values of kk are possible?

22

33

44

55

66

答案:D
难度评级:1570
小提示:

公切线的数量取决于两个圆的位置关系

The number of common tangents depends on how the two circles are positioned

大提示:

把两个圆从一个在另一个内部移动到完全分离,并在每个阶段计数

Move the circles from one inside the other out to fully separated and count at each stage

解答:

公切线的数量取决于两个圆的相对位置:

如果小圆在大圆内部,则有 00 条切线。如果它们内切,则有 11 条。如果两个圆相交于两点,则有 22 条。如果它们外切,则有 33 条。如果它们分离,则有 44 条。

因此 kk 可以是 0,1,2,3,40, 1, 2, 3, 4 中任意一个,共有 55 个可能值。

因此,正确答案是 D

The number of common tangent lines depends on the relative position of the two circles:

If the smaller circle is inside the larger, there are 00 tangents. If it is internally tangent, there is 1.1. If the circles intersect at two points, there are 2.2. If they are externally tangent, there are 3.3. If they are separated, there are 4.4.

Thus kk can be any of 0,1,2,3,4,0, 1, 2, 3, 4, which gives 55 possible values.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

12.

抛物线 y=ax22y = ax^2 - 2y=4bx2y = 4 - bx^2 与坐标轴恰好交于四个点,这四个点是一只面积为 1212 的风筝形的顶点。求 a+ba + b

The parabolas y=ax22y = ax^2 - 2 and y=4bx2y = 4 - bx^2 intersect the coordinate axes in exactly four points, and these four points are the vertices of a kite of area 12.12. What is a+b?a + b?

11

1.51.5

22

2.52.5

33

答案:B
难度评级:1630
小提示:

两个 yy-截距为 2-244;两个 xx-截距关于 yy-轴对称

The two yy-intercepts are 2-2 and 4;4; the xx-intercepts are symmetric about the yy-axis

大提示:

风筝形的两条对角线是竖直距离 66xx-截距之间的水平宽度

The kite’s diagonals are the vertical distance 66 and the horizontal spread of the xx-intercepts

解答:

两条抛物线的 yy-截距为 2-244。为了与 xx-轴相交,第一条抛物线开口向上,第二条开口向下,所以它们的 xx-截距为 ±t\pm t,其中 t>0t \gt 0

这个风筝形沿 yy-轴的一条对角线长度为 4(2)=64 - (-2) = 6,另一条长度为 2t2t。面积为 1262t=6t=12\dfrac{1}{2}\cdot 6\cdot 2t = 6t = 12,所以 t=2t = 2

因此 xx-截距为 ±2\pm 2。对第一条抛物线,0=a(2)220 = a(2)^2 - 2a=12a = \dfrac{1}{2};对第二条,0=4b(2)20 = 4 - b(2)^2b=1b = 1。因此 a+b=1.5a + b = 1.5

因此,正确答案是 B

The yy-intercepts of the two parabolas are 2-2 and 4.4. To intersect the xx-axis, the first parabola opens upward and the second opens downward, so their xx-intercepts are ±t\pm t for some t>0.t \gt 0.

The kite has one diagonal of length 4(2)=64 - (-2) = 6 along the yy-axis and the other of length 2t.2t. Its area is 1262t=6t=12,\dfrac{1}{2}\cdot 6\cdot 2t = 6t = 12, so t=2.t = 2.

Thus the xx-intercepts are ±2.\pm 2. For the first parabola, 0=a(2)220 = a(2)^2 - 2 gives a=12;a = \dfrac{1}{2}; for the second, 0=4b(2)20 = 4 - b(2)^2 gives b=1.b = 1. Therefore a+b=1.5.a + b = 1.5.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

13.

一个有 1212 支队伍的联赛进行循环赛,每支队伍与其他每支队伍恰好比赛一次。比赛要么一队获胜,要么以平局结束。每赢一场得 22 分,每平一场得 11 分。关于这 1212 个得分组成的列表,下列哪一项不一定为真?

A league with 1212 teams holds a round-robin tournament, with each team playing every other team exactly once. Games either end with one team victorious or else end in a draw. A team scores 22 points for every game it wins and 11 point for every game it draws. Which of the following is not a true statement about the list of 1212 scores?

奇数得分的个数一定是偶数。

There must be an even number of odd scores.

偶数得分的个数一定是偶数。

There must be an even number of even scores.

不可能有两个得分为 00 的队伍。

There cannot be two scores of 0.0.

得分总和至少为 100100

The sum of the scores must be at least 100.100.

最高得分至少为 1212

The highest score must be at least 12.12.

答案:E
难度评级:1660
小提示:

每场比赛总共恰好贡献 22 分,所以所有得分的总和是固定的

Every game contributes exactly 22 points in total, so the sum of all scores is fixed

大提示:

考虑如果每一场比赛都以平局结束会怎样

Consider what happens if every single game ends in a draw

解答:

每支队伍都打 1111 场,因此 1212 支队伍共进行 12112=66\dfrac{12\cdot 11}{2} = 66 场比赛。每场比赛给得分列表增加 22 分,所以所有得分的总和为 662=13266\cdot 2 = 132

如果每场比赛都是平局,每支队伍得 1111 分,所以最高得分不必达到 1212;因此命题 (E)\text{(E)} 可能不成立。其他命题总成立:总和 132100132 \ge 100;总和为偶数,迫使奇数得分的个数为偶数,因而偶数得分的个数也为偶数;两支队伍不可能都得 00 分,因为它们之间的比赛至少会给其中一队一分。

因此,正确答案是 E

Each of the 1212 teams plays 1111 games, so 12112=66\dfrac{12\cdot 11}{2} = 66 games are played, and each game adds 22 points to the list. The total of all scores is 662=132.66\cdot 2 = 132.

If every game is a draw, each team scores 11,11, so the highest score need not reach 12;12; thus statement (E)\text{(E)} can fail. The other statements always hold: the sum 132100,132 \ge 100, the sum being even forces an even number of odd scores and hence an even number of even scores, and two teams cannot both score 00 because their mutual game gives at least one of them a point.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

14.

求使下列方程成立的 aa 的值:1log2a+1log3a+1log4a=1\dfrac{1}{\log_2 a} + \dfrac{1}{\log_3 a} + \dfrac{1}{\log_4 a} = 1\text{?}

What is the value of aa for which 1log2a+1log3a+1log4a=1?\dfrac{1}{\log_2 a} + \dfrac{1}{\log_3 a} + \dfrac{1}{\log_4 a} = 1?

99

1212

1818

2424

3636

答案:D
知识点:对数
难度评级:1730
小提示:

1logba=logab\dfrac{1}{\log_b a} = \log_a b

1logba=logab\dfrac{1}{\log_b a} = \log_a b

大提示:

这个和变为 loga(234)\log_a(2\cdot 3\cdot 4)

The sum becomes loga(234)\log_a(2\cdot 3\cdot 4)

解答:

根据换底公式,1logba=logab\dfrac{1}{\log_b a} = \log_a b。因此 1=loga2+loga3+loga4=loga24 \begin{aligned} &1 = \log_a 2 + \log_a 3 \\ &\quad {}+ \log_a 4 = \log_a 24 \end{aligned}\text{。}

由此可得 a=24a = 24

因此,正确答案是 D

By the change-of-base formula, 1logba=logab.\dfrac{1}{\log_b a} = \log_a b. Therefore 1=loga2+loga3+loga4=loga24. \begin{aligned} &1 = \log_a 2 + \log_a 3 \\ &\quad {}+ \log_a 4 = \log_a 24. \end{aligned}

It follows that a=24.a = 24.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

15.

要把分数 12345678922654\dfrac{123456789}{2^{26}\cdot 5^4} 表示成小数,小数点右边最少需要多少位数字?

What is the minimum number of digits to the right of the decimal point needed to express the fraction 12345678922654\dfrac{123456789}{2^{26}\cdot 5^4} as a decimal?

44

2222

2626

3030

104104

答案:C
难度评级:1800
小提示:

分子与分母没有共同的因子 2255

The numerator shares no factor of 22 or 55 with the denominator

大提示:

同时乘分子和分母,把分母变成 1010 的幂

Multiply the top and bottom to turn the denominator into a power of 1010

解答:

分子和分母没有公因数。要把这个分数写成小数,就把它改写成分母为 1010 的幂的形式;最小可用的是 102610^{26}12345678922654=1234567895221026\dfrac{123456789}{2^{26}\cdot 5^4} = \dfrac{123456789\cdot 5^{22}}{10^{26}}\text{。}

因为分子 123456789522123456789\cdot 5^{22} 不能被 1010 整除,所以小数点后恰好有 2626 位。

因此,正确答案是 C

The numerator and denominator share no common factors. To write the fraction as a decimal, rewrite it with a power of 1010 in the denominator; the smallest that works is 1026:10^{26}: 12345678922654=1234567895221026.\dfrac{123456789}{2^{26}\cdot 5^4} = \dfrac{123456789\cdot 5^{22}}{10^{26}}.

Since the numerator 123456789522123456789\cdot 5^{22} is not divisible by 10,10, the decimal has exactly 2626 places after the point.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

16.

四面体 ABCDABCD 满足 AB=5AB = 5AC=3AC = 3BC=4BC = 4BD=4BD = 4AD=3AD = 3,且 CD=1252CD = \dfrac{12}{5}\sqrt{2}。这个四面体的体积是多少?

Tetrahedron ABCDABCD has AB=5,AB = 5, AC=3,AC = 3, BC=4,BC = 4, BD=4,BD = 4, AD=3,AD = 3, and CD=1252.CD = \dfrac{12}{5}\sqrt{2}. What is the volume of the tetrahedron?

323\sqrt{2}

252\sqrt{5}

245\dfrac{24}{5}

333\sqrt{3}

2452\dfrac{24}{5}\sqrt{2}

答案:C
难度评级:1840
小提示:

三角形 ABCABCABDABD 都是共用边 ABAB33-44-55 直角三角形

Triangles ABCABC and ABDABD are both 33-44-55 right triangles sharing the edge ABAB

大提示:

CCDDABAB 作高;共同的垂足说明 CDCD 垂直于底面 ABCABC

Drop altitudes from CC and DD to AB;AB; their common foot shows CDCD is perpendicular to base ABCABC

解答:

三角形 ABCABCABDABD 都是 33-44-55 直角三角形,面积为 66,并共用斜边 ABAB。设 EE 为从 CCABAB 所作高的垂足,则 CE=345=125CE = \dfrac{3\cdot 4}{5} = \dfrac{12}{5}。同样,从 DDABAB 所作的高也落在同一点 EE,并且 DE=125DE = \dfrac{12}{5}

三角形 CDECDE 的边长为 125\dfrac{12}{5}125\dfrac{12}{5},和 CD=1252CD = \dfrac{12}{5}\sqrt{2},因此它是以 EE 为直角顶点的等腰直角三角形。所以 DECEDE \perp CEDEABDE \perp AB,从而 DEDE 垂直于平面 ABCABC

四面体的体积为 13[ABC]DE=136125\dfrac{1}{3}\cdot [ABC]\cdot DE = \dfrac{1}{3}\cdot 6\cdot \dfrac{12}{5} =245= \dfrac{24}{5}

因此,正确答案是 C

Triangles ABCABC and ABDABD are 33-44-55 right triangles with area 66 and common hypotenuse AB.AB. Let EE be the foot of the altitude from CC to AB;AB; then CE=345=125.CE = \dfrac{3\cdot 4}{5} = \dfrac{12}{5}. Likewise the altitude from DD meets ABAB at the same point EE with DE=125.DE = \dfrac{12}{5}.

Triangle CDECDE has sides 125,\dfrac{12}{5}, 125,\dfrac{12}{5}, and CD=1252,CD = \dfrac{12}{5}\sqrt{2}, so it is an isosceles right triangle with the right angle at E.E. Thus DECEDE \perp CE and DEAB,DE \perp AB, making DEDE perpendicular to the plane of ABC.ABC.

The tetrahedron’s volume is 13[ABC]DE=136125\dfrac{1}{3}\cdot [ABC]\cdot DE = \dfrac{1}{3}\cdot 6\cdot \dfrac{12}{5} =245.= \dfrac{24}{5}.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

17.

八个人围坐在圆桌旁,每人手中有一枚公平硬币。八个人都抛硬币,抛出正面的人站起来,抛出反面的人仍坐着。没有两个相邻的人都站起来的概率是多少?

Eight people are sitting around a circular table, each holding a fair coin. All eight people flip their coins and those who flip heads stand while those who flip tails remain seated. What is the probability that no two adjacent people will stand?

47256\dfrac{47}{256}

316\dfrac{3}{16}

49256\dfrac{49}{256}

25128\dfrac{25}{128}

51256\dfrac{51}{256}

答案:A
难度评级:1910
小提示:

共有 28=2562^8 = 256 个等可能结果;数出没有相邻正面的结果

There are 28=2562^8 = 256 equally likely outcomes; count those with no two adjacent heads

大提示:

按站起来的人数 (0,1,2,3,4)(0,1,2,3,4) 分类;超过 44 人必然相邻

Group by the number of people standing (0,1,2,3,4);(0,1,2,3,4); more than 44 forces an adjacency

解答:

共有 28=2562^8 = 256 个等可能结果。按站起来的人数分类,数出圆周上 88 个座位中没有两个相邻站立者 (正面)的安排数。

nn 个圆周座位中选 kk 个不相邻座位的方法数为 nnk(nkk)\dfrac{n}{n-k}\dbinom{n-k}{k}。当 n=8n = 8 时,对 k=0,1,2,3,4k = 0,1,2,3,4 分别得到 1,  8,  20,  16,  21,\; 8,\; 20,\; 16,\; 2 种;超过 44 个站立者则不可能避免相邻。

总数为 1+8+20+16+2=471 + 8 + 20 + 16 + 2 = 47, 所以概率是 47256\dfrac{47}{256}

因此,正确答案是 A

There are 28=2562^8 = 256 equally likely outcomes. Count the arrangements of standers (heads) with no two adjacent around the circle of 88 seats, grouped by how many people stand.

The number of ways to choose kk non-adjacent seats from a circle of nn is nnk(nkk).\dfrac{n}{n-k}\dbinom{n-k}{k}. For n=8n = 8 this gives 1,  8,  20,  16,  21,\; 8,\; 20,\; 16,\; 2 for k=0,1,2,3,4,k = 0,1,2,3,4, and more than 44 standers is impossible without an adjacency.

The total is 1+8+20+16+2=47,1 + 8 + 20 + 16 + 2 = 47, so the probability is 47256.\dfrac{47}{256}.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

18.

函数 f(x)=x2ax+2af(x) = x^2 - ax + 2a 的零点都是整数。aa 的所有可能值之和是多少?

The zeros of the function f(x)=x2ax+2af(x) = x^2 - ax + 2a are integers. What is the sum of the possible values of a?a?

77

88

1616

1717

1818

答案:C
难度评级:1990
小提示:

如果整数根为 p,qp,qp+q=ap+q = apq=2apq = 2a

If the integer roots are p,qp,q then p+q=ap+q = a and pq=2apq = 2a

大提示:

消去 aapq=2(p+q)pq = 2(p+q),即 (p2)(q2)=4(p-2)(q-2) = 4

Eliminate aa to get pq=2(p+q),pq = 2(p+q), i.e. (p2)(q2)=4(p-2)(q-2) = 4

解答:

设整数零点为 ppqq。由韦达定理,p+q=ap + q = apq=2apq = 2a,所以 pq=2(p+q)pq = 2(p+q)。整理得 (p2)(q2)=4(p-2)(q-2) = 4\text{。}

44 的整数因子对为 (1,4)(1,4)(2,2)(2,2)(4,1)(4,1)(1,4)(-1,-4)(2,2)(-2,-2)(4,1)(-4,-1)。由此得到的 (p,q)(p,q) 对应的和为 a=9,8,1a = 9, 8, -100

aa 的不同可能值为 9,8,0,19, 8, 0, -1,它们的和为 1616

因此,正确答案是 C

Let the integer zeros be pp and q.q. By Vieta’s formulas p+q=ap + q = a and pq=2a,pq = 2a, so pq=2(p+q).pq = 2(p+q). Rearranging gives (p2)(q2)=4.(p-2)(q-2) = 4.

The integer factor pairs of 44 are (1,4),(1,4), (2,2),(2,2), (4,1),(4,1), (1,4),(-1,-4), (2,2),(-2,-2), (4,1),(-4,-1), which yield (p,q)(p,q) pairs summing to a=9,8,1,a = 9, 8, -1, and 0.0.

The distinct possible values of aa are 9,8,0,1,9, 8, 0, -1, whose sum is 16.16.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

19.

对某些正整数 pp,存在一个四边形 ABCDABCD,它的边长都是正整数,周长为 pp,在 BBCC 处为直角,且 AB=2AB = 2CD=ADCD = AD。满足 p<2015p \lt 2015 的不同周长有多少个?

For some positive integers p,p, there is a quadrilateral ABCDABCD with positive integer side lengths, perimeter p,p, right angles at BB and C,C, AB=2,AB = 2, and CD=AD.CD = AD. How many different values of p<2015p \lt 2015 are possible?

3030

3131

6161

6262

6363

答案:B
难度评级:2010
小提示:

AACD\overline{CD} 作垂线;结合 B,CB,C 处的直角,会形成一个长方形

Drop a perpendicular from AA to CD;\overline{CD}; with right angles at B,C,B,C, that creates a rectangle

大提示:

AE=xAE = xDE=yDE = yx2+y2=(2+y)2x^2 + y^2 = (2+y)^2,这会迫使 xx 为偶数

If AE=xAE = x and DE=yDE = y then x2+y2=(2+y)2,x^2 + y^2 = (2+y)^2, which forces xx to be even

解答:

在每个这样的四边形中,CDABCD \ge AB。设 EE 为从 AACD\overline{CD} 所作垂线的垂足,则 CE=2CE = 2AE=BCAE = BC。令 x=AEx = AEy=DEy = DE,所以 AD=2+yAD = 2 + y

根据勾股定理,x2+y2=(2+y)2x^2 + y^2 = (2+y)^2,所以 x2=4+4yx^2 = 4 + 4y,且 xx 为偶数。写作 x=2zx = 2zy=z21y = z^2 - 1,周长为 x+2y+6=2z2+2z+4x + 2y + 6 = 2z^2 + 2z + 4\text{。}

递增的 z=1,2,3,z = 1, 2, 3, \dots 给出满足条件且周长递增的四边形。当 z=31z = 31 时周长为 19881988,当 z=32z = 32 时为 21162116。因此 p<2015p \lt 2015 的可能值有 3131 个。

因此,正确答案是 B

In every such quadrilateral CDAB.CD \ge AB. Let EE be the foot of the perpendicular from AA to CD;\overline{CD}; then CE=2CE = 2 and AE=BC.AE = BC. Let x=AEx = AE and y=DE,y = DE, so AD=2+y.AD = 2 + y.

By the Pythagorean Theorem x2+y2=(2+y)2,x^2 + y^2 = (2+y)^2, so x2=4+4yx^2 = 4 + 4y and xx is even. Writing x=2zx = 2z gives y=z21,y = z^2 - 1, and the perimeter is x+2y+6=2z2+2z+4.x + 2y + 6 = 2z^2 + 2z + 4.

Increasing values z=1,2,3,z = 1, 2, 3, \dots give the required quadrilaterals with increasing perimeter. For z=31z = 31 the perimeter is 1988,1988, and for z=32z = 32 it is 2116.2116. Therefore there are 3131 possible values of p<2015.p \lt 2015.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

20.

等腰三角形 TTTT' 不全等,但面积和周长都相同。TT 的三边长为 555588,而 TT' 的三边长为 aaaabb。下列哪个数最接近 bb

Isosceles triangles TT and TT' are not congruent but have the same area and the same perimeter. The sides of TT have lengths 5,5, 5,5, and 8,8, while those of TT' have lengths a,a, a,a, and b.b. Which of the following numbers is closest to b?b?

33

44

55

66

88

答案:A
难度评级:2110
小提示:

TT 的周长为 1818,面积为 1212;为 TT' 写出同样的两个条件

TT has perimeter 1818 and area 12;12; write those same two conditions for TT'

大提示:

2a+b=182a + b = 18 消去 aa;会得到一个三次式,其中可分解出对应全等情形的根 b=8b = 8

Eliminate aa using 2a+b=18;2a + b = 18; you reach a cubic with the extraneous root b=8b = 8 to factor out

解答:

TT 到底边 88 的高为 5242=3\sqrt{5^2 - 4^2} = 3,所以 TT 的面积为 1283=12\dfrac{1}{2}\cdot 8\cdot 3 = 12,周长为 1818

TT',需要 2a+b=182a + b = 18,且面积 14b4a2b2=12\dfrac{1}{4}b\sqrt{4a^2 - b^2} = 12。代入 a=18b2a = \dfrac{18 - b}{2} 并平方,可得 (b8)(b2b8)=0(b - 8)(b^2 - b - 8) = 0\text{。}

因为 TTTT' 不全等,b8b \ne 8,所以 b2b8=0b^2 - b - 8 = 0,且 b=1+332b = \dfrac{1 + \sqrt{33}}{2}。因为 25<33<3625 \lt 33 \lt 36,这个数介于 333.53.5 之间,所以最接近的整数是 33

因此,正确答案是 A

The altitude of TT to its base of length 88 is 5242=3,\sqrt{5^2 - 4^2} = 3, so TT has area 1283=12\dfrac{1}{2}\cdot 8\cdot 3 = 12 and perimeter 18.18.

For TT' we need 2a+b=182a + b = 18 and area 14b4a2b2=12.\dfrac{1}{4}b\sqrt{4a^2 - b^2} = 12. Substituting a=18b2a = \dfrac{18 - b}{2} and squaring leads to (b8)(b2b8)=0.(b - 8)(b^2 - b - 8) = 0.

Since TT and TT' are not congruent, b8,b \ne 8, so b2b8=0b^2 - b - 8 = 0 and b=1+332.b = \dfrac{1 + \sqrt{33}}{2}. Because 25<33<36,25 \lt 33 \lt 36, this is between 33 and 3.5,3.5, so the closest integer is 3.3.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

21.

一个半径为 rr 的圆经过椭圆 x2+16y2=16x^2 + 16y^2 = 16 的两个焦点,并且恰好经过该椭圆上的四个点。所有可能的 rr 组成区间 [a,b)[a, b)。求 a+ba + b

A circle of radius rr passes through both foci of, and exactly four points on, the ellipse with equation x2+16y2=16.x^2 + 16y^2 = 16. The set of all possible values of rr is an interval [a,b).[a, b). What is a+b?a + b?

52+45\sqrt{2} + 4

17+7\sqrt{17} + 7

62+36\sqrt{2} + 3

15+8\sqrt{15} + 8

1212

答案:D
难度评级:2170
小提示:

椭圆为 x216+y2=1\dfrac{x^2}{16} + y^2 = 1,焦点在 (±15,0)(\pm\sqrt{15}, 0)

The ellipse is x216+y2=1,\dfrac{x^2}{16} + y^2 = 1, with foci at (±15,0)(\pm\sqrt{15}, 0)

大提示:

经过两个焦点的圆心在 (0,k)(0, k);要求它的最低点在椭圆外部

A circle through both foci is centered at (0,k);(0, k); require its bottom point to lie outside the ellipse

解答:

椭圆 x216+y2=1\dfrac{x^2}{16} + y^2 = 1 的半轴长为 4411,所以 c2=161=15c^2 = 16 - 1 = 15,焦点为 (±15,0)(\pm\sqrt{15}, 0)

经过两个焦点的圆的圆心在 yy-轴上,设为 (0,k)(0, k),半径为 k2+15\sqrt{k^2 + 15}。它的最高点总在椭圆外。要有四个交点,它的最低点 (0,kk2+15)(0, k - \sqrt{k^2 + 15}) 必须低于 y=1y = -1,这恰好在 0k<70 \le k \lt 7 时发生。

kk[0,7)[0, 7) 中变化时,半径 k2+15\sqrt{k^2 + 15} 的取值范围为 [15,8)[\sqrt{15}, 8),所以 a+b=15+8a + b = \sqrt{15} + 8

因此,正确答案是 D

The ellipse x216+y2=1\dfrac{x^2}{16} + y^2 = 1 has semi-axes 44 and 1,1, so c2=161=15c^2 = 16 - 1 = 15 and the foci are (±15,0).(\pm\sqrt{15}, 0).

A circle through both foci has its center on the yy-axis, say (0,k),(0, k), with radius k2+15.\sqrt{k^2 + 15}. Its top point always lies outside the ellipse. For four intersection points, its bottom point (0,kk2+15)(0, k - \sqrt{k^2 + 15}) must be below y=1,y = -1, which happens exactly when 0k<7.0 \le k \lt 7.

As kk ranges over [0,7),[0, 7), the radius k2+15\sqrt{k^2 + 15} ranges over [15,8),[\sqrt{15}, 8), so a+b=15+8.a + b = \sqrt{15} + 8.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

22.

对每个正整数 nn,令 S(n)S(n) 表示只由字母 AABB 组成、长度为 nn 的序列数,其中连续的 AA 不超过三个,连续的 BB 也不超过三个。S(2015)S(2015) 除以 1212 的余数是多少?

For each positive integer n,n, let S(n)S(n) be the number of sequences of length nn consisting solely of the letters AA and B,B, with no more than three AAs in a row and no more than three BBs in a row. What is the remainder when S(2015)S(2015) is divided by 12?12?

00

44

66

88

1010

答案:D
难度评级:2270
小提示:

一个合法序列以长度为 1122,或 33 的同字母段结尾,因此 S(n)=S(n1)S(n) = S(n-1) +S(n2)+ S(n-2) +S(n3)+ S(n-3)

A valid sequence ends in a run of 1,1, 2,2, or 33 equal letters, giving S(n)=S(n1)S(n) = S(n-1) +S(n2)+ S(n-2) +S(n3)+ S(n-3)

大提示:

分别模 33 和模 44 化简递推式以寻找周期

Reduce the recurrence modulo 33 and modulo 44 separately to find its period

解答:

注意 S(1)=2S(1) = 2S(2)=4S(2) = 4S(3)=8S(3) = 8。每个合法序列都以一段长度为一、二或三的同字母段结尾;去掉这段后,剩下长度为 n1n-1n2n-2,或 n3n-3 的合法序列。S(n)=S(n1)+S(n2)+S(n3) \begin{aligned} &S(n) = S(n-1) + S(n-2) \\ &\quad {}+ S(n-3) \end{aligned}\text{。}

33 时,前 1313 项为 2,1,2,2,2,0,1,0,1,2,0,0,22,1,2,2,2,0,1,0,1,2,0,0,2\text{。}接下来的三项是 2,1,22,1,2,与初始状态相同,所以递推式以 1313 为周期重复。因为 2015=131552015 = 13\cdot 155,可得 S(2015)S(13)2(mod3)S(2015) \equiv S(13) \equiv 2 \pmod 3

44 时,各项按 2,0,0,22,0,0,2 循环,因为这四项之后的三项状态又回到 (2,0,0)(2,0,0)。所以周期为 44。因为 2015=4503+32015 = 4\cdot 503 + 3,所以 S(2015)S(3)0(mod4)S(2015) \equiv S(3) \equiv 0 \pmod 4

S(2015)=4kS(2015) = 4k,条件 4k2(mod3)4k \equiv 2 \pmod 3 给出 k2(mod3)k \equiv 2 \pmod 3,因此 S(2015)8(mod12)S(2015) \equiv 8 \pmod{12}

因此,正确答案是 D

Note S(1)=2,S(1) = 2, S(2)=4,S(2) = 4, S(3)=8.S(3) = 8. Every valid sequence ends in a run of one, two, or three equal letters; removing that run leaves a valid sequence of length n1,n-1, n2,n-2, or n3.n-3. Thus S(n)=S(n1)+S(n2)+S(n3). \begin{aligned} &S(n) = S(n-1) + S(n-2) \\ &\quad {}+ S(n-3). \end{aligned}

Modulo 3,3, the first 1313 terms are 2,1,2,2,2,0,1,0,1,2,0,0,2.2,1,2,2,2,0,1,0,1,2,0,0,2. The next three terms are 2,1,2,2,1,2, which reproduce the initial state, so the recurrence repeats with period 13.13. Since 2015=13155,2015 = 13\cdot 155, it follows that S(2015)S(13)2(mod3).S(2015) \equiv S(13) \equiv 2 \pmod 3.

Modulo 4,4, the terms repeat as 2,0,0,2,2,0,0,2, because the next three-term state after these four terms is again (2,0,0).(2,0,0). Thus the period is 4.4. As 2015=4503+3,2015 = 4\cdot 503 + 3, we have S(2015)S(3)0(mod4).S(2015) \equiv S(3) \equiv 0 \pmod 4.

Writing S(2015)=4k,S(2015) = 4k, the condition 4k2(mod3)4k \equiv 2 \pmod 3 gives k2(mod3),k \equiv 2 \pmod 3, so S(2015)8(mod12).S(2015) \equiv 8 \pmod{12}.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

23.

SS 是边长为 11 的正方形。在 SS 的边上独立随机选取两个点。这两点之间的直线距离至少为 12\dfrac12 的概率是 abπc\dfrac{a - b\pi}{c},其中 aabb,和 cc 是正整数且 gcd(a,b,c)=1\gcd(a, b, c) = 1。求 a+b+ca + b + c

Let SS be a square of side length 1.1. Two points are chosen independently at random on the sides of S.S. The probability that the straight-line distance between the points is at least 12\dfrac12 is abπc,\dfrac{a - b\pi}{c}, where a,a, b,b, and cc are positive integers and gcd(a,b,c)=1.\gcd(a, b, c) = 1. What is a+b+c?a + b + c?

5959

6060

6161

6262

6363

答案:A
难度评级:2380
小提示:

根据两个点是否在同一边、对边或相邻边上分类

Condition on whether the two points lie on the same side, opposite sides, or adjacent sides

大提示:

相邻边的情况会通过半径为 12\dfrac12 的四分之一圆产生 π\pi

The adjacent-sides case produces the π\pi term via a quarter-circle of radius 12\dfrac12

解答:

第二个点与第一个点在同一边上的概率为 14\dfrac14, 在对边上的概率为 14\dfrac14, 在相邻边上的概率为 12\dfrac12

对边: 距离总是至少为 1121 \ge \dfrac12,概率为 11

同一边: 对点 (a,0)(a, 0)(b,0)(b, 0), 条件 ab12|a - b| \ge \dfrac12 的概率为 14\dfrac14

相邻边: 对点 (a,0)(a, 0)(0,b)(0, b), 条件 a2+b212\sqrt{a^2 + b^2} \ge \dfrac12 是半径为 12\dfrac12 的四分之一圆外部的区域, 概率为 114π(12)2=1π161 - \dfrac14\pi\left(\dfrac12\right)^2 = 1 - \dfrac{\pi}{16}

总概率为 141+1414+12(1π16)=26π32 \begin{aligned} &\dfrac14\cdot 1 + \dfrac14\cdot\dfrac14 \\ &\quad {}+ \dfrac12\left(1 - \dfrac{\pi}{16}\right) \\ &\quad = \dfrac{26 - \pi}{32}\text{。} \end{aligned} 因此 a+b+c=26+1+32=59a + b + c = 26 + 1 + 32 = 59

因此,正确答案是 A

The second point is on the same side as the first with probability 14,\dfrac14, on the opposite side with probability 14,\dfrac14, and on an adjacent side with probability 12.\dfrac12.

Opposite sides: the distance is at least 1121 \ge \dfrac12 always, probability 1.1.

Same side: for points (a,0)(a, 0) and (b,0),(b, 0), the condition ab12|a - b| \ge \dfrac12 has probability 14.\dfrac14.

Adjacent sides: for points (a,0)(a, 0) and (0,b),(0, b), the condition a2+b212\sqrt{a^2 + b^2} \ge \dfrac12 is the region outside a quarter-circle of radius 12,\dfrac12, with probability 114π(12)2=1π16.1 - \dfrac14\pi\left(\dfrac12\right)^2 = 1 - \dfrac{\pi}{16}.

The total probability is 141+1414+12(1π16)=26π32. \begin{aligned} &\dfrac14\cdot 1 + \dfrac14\cdot\dfrac14 \\ &\quad {}+ \dfrac12\left(1 - \dfrac{\pi}{16}\right) \\ &\quad = \dfrac{26 - \pi}{32}. \end{aligned} Thus a+b+c=26+1+32=59.a + b + c = 26 + 1 + 32 = 59.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

24.

从区间 [0,2)[0, 2) 内所有可以写成分数 nd\dfrac{n}{d} 的有理数中随机选择有理数 aabb,其中 nndd 是整数且 1d51 \le d \le 5。表达式 (cos(aπ)+isin(bπ))4(\cos(a\pi) + i\sin(b\pi))^4 是实数的概率是多少?

Rational numbers aa and bb are chosen at random among all rational numbers in the interval [0,2)[0, 2) that can be written as fractions nd\dfrac{n}{d} where nn and dd are integers with 1d5.1 \le d \le 5. What is the probability that (cos(aπ)+isin(bπ))4(\cos(a\pi) + i\sin(b\pi))^4 is a real number?

350\dfrac{3}{50}

425\dfrac{4}{25}

41200\dfrac{41}{200}

625\dfrac{6}{25}

1350\dfrac{13}{50}

答案:D
难度评级:2520
小提示:

aabb 各有 2020 个允许值;(x+iy)4(x + iy)^4 为实数当且仅当 x=0x = 0y=0y = 0x=±yx = \pm y

There are 2020 allowed values for each of aa and b;b; (x+iy)4(x + iy)^4 is real iff x=0,x = 0, y=0,y = 0, or x=±yx = \pm y

大提示:

把这些条件转化为 cos(aπ)=0\cos(a\pi) = 0sin(bπ)=0\sin(b\pi) = 0,或 cos(aπ)=±sin(bπ)\cos(a\pi) = \pm\sin(b\pi)

Translate those into cos(aπ)=0,\cos(a\pi) = 0, sin(bπ)=0,\sin(b\pi) = 0, or cos(aπ)=±sin(bπ)\cos(a\pi) = \pm\sin(b\pi)

解答:

各有 2020 个可能的 aabb。写成最简分数时,分母 1,2,3,4,51,2,3,4,5 分别贡献 2,2,4,4,82,2,4,4,8 个位于 [0,2)[0,2) 中的值,总计 2020

x=cos(aπ)x = \cos(a\pi)y=sin(bπ)y = \sin(b\pi),四次方 (x+iy)4(x + iy)^4 为实数,当且仅当 x=0x = 0y=0y = 0,或 x=±yx = \pm y

情形 x=0x = 0 意味着 a{12,32}a \in \left\{\dfrac12, \dfrac32\right\},给出 220=402\cdot 20 = 40 对;情形 y=0y = 0 意味着 b{0,1}b \in \{0, 1\},再给出 4040 对,其中 44 对已经计数。

对于剩余条件 cos(aπ)=±sin(bπ)\cos(a\pi) = \pm\sin(b\pi),且两边都非零,允许的 bb 值为 14\dfrac1412\dfrac1234\dfrac3454\dfrac5432\dfrac32,和 74\dfrac74。对应的 aa 值个数依次为 4,2,4,4,2,44,2,4,4,2,4。例如,当 b=14b = \dfrac14 时,各值为 a=14a = \dfrac1434\dfrac3454\dfrac54,和 74\dfrac74;其他各行同样由四分之一周的恒等式得到。因此此条件再贡献 4+2+4+4+2+4=204+2+4+4+2+4=20 对。

总共有 40+404+20=9640 + 40 - 4 + 20 = 96 对有效组合,而全部组合共 400400 对,所以概率为 96400=625\dfrac{96}{400} = \dfrac{6}{25}

因此,正确答案是 D

There are 2020 possible values for each of aa and b.b. In reduced form, denominators 1,2,3,4,51,2,3,4,5 contribute respectively 2,2,4,4,82,2,4,4,8 values in [0,2),[0,2), for a total of 20.20.

Writing x=cos(aπ)x = \cos(a\pi) and y=sin(bπ),y = \sin(b\pi), the fourth power (x+iy)4(x + iy)^4 is real if and only if x=0,x = 0, y=0,y = 0, or x=±y.x = \pm y.

The case x=0x = 0 means a{12,32},a \in \left\{\dfrac12, \dfrac32\right\}, giving 220=402\cdot 20 = 40 pairs; the case y=0y = 0 means b{0,1},b \in \{0, 1\}, giving another 4040 pairs, of which 44 were already counted.

For the remaining condition cos(aπ)=±sin(bπ),\cos(a\pi) = \pm\sin(b\pi), with neither side zero, the allowed values of bb are 14,\dfrac14, 12,\dfrac12, 34,\dfrac34, 54,\dfrac54, 32,\dfrac32, and 74.\dfrac74. The corresponding numbers of allowed values of aa are respectively 4,2,4,4,2,4.4,2,4,4,2,4. For example, when b=14,b = \dfrac14, the values are a=14,a = \dfrac14, 34,\dfrac34, 54,\dfrac54, and 74;\dfrac74; the other rows follow from the same quarter-turn identities. Hence this condition contributes 4+2+4+4+2+4=204+2+4+4+2+4=20 more pairs.

In all there are 40+404+20=9640 + 40 - 4 + 20 = 96 valid pairs out of 400,400, so the probability is 96400=625.\dfrac{96}{400} = \dfrac{6}{25}.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

25.

在上半平面中构造一组圆,所有圆都与 xx-轴相切,构造分层如下。第 L0L_0 层包含两个半径分别为 70270^273273^2 且外切的圆。对 k1k \ge 1,将 j=0k1Lj\bigcup_{j=0}^{k-1} L_j 中的圆按它们与 xx-轴的切点顺序排列。对这个顺序中每一对相邻的圆,构造一个与这一对圆都外切的新圆。第 LkL_k 层由这样构造出的 2k12^{k-1} 个圆组成。令 S=j=06LjS = \bigcup_{j=0}^{6} L_j,对每个圆 CC,用 r(C)r(C) 表示它的半径。求 CS1r(C)\sum_{C \in S} \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{r(C)}}\text{?}

A collection of circles in the upper half-plane, all tangent to the xx-axis, is constructed in layers as follows. Layer L0L_0 consists of two circles of radii 70270^2 and 73273^2 that are externally tangent. For k1,k \ge 1, the circles in j=0k1Lj\bigcup_{j=0}^{k-1} L_j are ordered according to their points of tangency with the xx-axis. For every pair of consecutive circles in this order, a new circle is constructed externally tangent to each of the two circles in the pair. Layer LkL_k consists of the 2k12^{k-1} circles constructed in this way. Let S=j=06Lj,S = \bigcup_{j=0}^{6} L_j, and for every circle CC denote by r(C)r(C) its radius. What is CS1r(C)?\sum_{C \in S} \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{r(C)}}?

28635\dfrac{286}{35}

58370\dfrac{583}{70}

71573\dfrac{715}{73}

14314\dfrac{143}{14}

1573146\dfrac{1573}{146}

答案:D
难度评级:2650
小提示:

对夹在两个同切于一条直线的圆之间的圆,有 1r=1r1+1r2\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{r}} = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{r_1}} + \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{r_2}}

For a circle nestled between two circles tangent to the same line, 1r=1r1+1r2\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{r}} = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{r_1}} + \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{r_2}}

大提示:

x=170+173x = \dfrac{1}{70} + \dfrac{1}{73};各层的和为 xxxx3x3x9x,9x, \dots

Let x=170+173;x = \dfrac{1}{70} + \dfrac{1}{73}; the layer sums are x,x, x,x, 3x,3x, 9x,9x, \dots

解答:

如果半径为 rr 的圆与 xx-轴相切,并嵌在两个半径为 r1r_1r2r_2、也与该轴相切且彼此外切的圆之间,那么 1r=1r1+1r2\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{r}} = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{r_1}} + \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{r_2}}\text{。}

x=1702+1732x = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{70^2}} + \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{73^2}} =170+173= \dfrac{1}{70} + \dfrac{1}{73},这是 L0L_0 上的和。L1L_1 中唯一的圆也贡献 xx。对 k2k \ge 2,每个新圆贡献它两个相邻圆的和;除 L0L_0 的两个圆外,每个较早的圆都被计算两次。因此,LkL_k 上的和为 3k1x3^{k-1}x

因此 CS1r(C)=x+k=163k1x=x(1+3612)=x36+12=365x \begin{gathered} \sum_{C \in S} \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{r(C)}} = x \\ {}+ \sum_{k=1}^{6} 3^{k-1}x \\ = x\left(1 + \dfrac{3^6 - 1}{2}\right) \\ = x\cdot\dfrac{3^6 + 1}{2} \\ = 365x \end{gathered}\text{。}

因为 x=170+173x = \dfrac{1}{70} + \dfrac{1}{73} =1437073= \dfrac{143}{70\cdot 73} =1435110= \dfrac{143}{5110},所以总和为 3651435110=14314365\cdot\dfrac{143}{5110} = \dfrac{143}{14}

因此,正确答案是 D

If a circle of radius rr is tangent to the xx-axis and nestled in the crevice between two circles of radii r1r_1 and r2r_2 that are also tangent to the axis and to each other, then 1r=1r1+1r2.\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{r}} = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{r_1}} + \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{r_2}}.

Let x=1702+1732x = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{70^2}} + \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{73^2}} =170+173,= \dfrac{1}{70} + \dfrac{1}{73}, which is the sum over L0.L_0. The single circle of L1L_1 also contributes x.x. For k2,k \ge 2, each new circle contributes the sum of its two neighbors, and every earlier circle is counted twice except the two circles of L0;L_0; this yields a sum of 3k1x3^{k-1}x over Lk.L_k.

Therefore CS1r(C)=x+k=163k1x=x(1+3612)=x36+12=365x. \begin{gathered} \sum_{C \in S} \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{r(C)}} = x \\ {}+ \sum_{k=1}^{6} 3^{k-1}x \\ = x\left(1 + \dfrac{3^6 - 1}{2}\right) \\ = x\cdot\dfrac{3^6 + 1}{2} \\ = 365x. \end{gathered}

Since x=170+173x = \dfrac{1}{70} + \dfrac{1}{73} =1437073= \dfrac{143}{70\cdot 73} =1435110,= \dfrac{143}{5110}, the sum is 3651435110=14314.365\cdot\dfrac{143}{5110} = \dfrac{143}{14}.

Thus, the correct answer is D.