2004 AMC 12A 第 20 题

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20.

独立随机地选取 0011 之间的数 aabb,并令 cc 为它们的和。将 aabb, 和 cc 分别四舍五入到最接近的整数,所得结果为 AABB, 和 CCA+B=CA + B = C 的概率是多少?

Select numbers aa and bb between 00 and 11 independently and at random, and let cc be their sum. Let A,A, B,B, and CC be the results when a,a, b,b, and c,c, respectively, are rounded to the nearest integer. What is the probability that A+B=C?A + B = C?

14\dfrac{1}{4}

13\dfrac{1}{3}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

23\dfrac{2}{3}

34\dfrac{3}{4}

答案:E
知识点:几何概率分类讨论
难度评级:1990
解答:

将选择表示为单位正方形中的点 (a,b)(a, b)aabb 小于 12\tfrac12 时四舍五入为 00,否则四舍五入为 11;而 c=a+bc = a + b 的分界点为 12\tfrac1232\tfrac32

等式 a,b<12a, b \lt \tfrac12 在以下区域成立: 若 a+b12a + b \ge \tfrac1218\tfrac18;若 a,ba, b 中恰有一个至少为 12\tfrac12,且 a+b<32a + b \lt \tfrac32 则那个变量四舍五入为 a,b12a, b \ge \tfrac12;若 18\tfrac18 则 且 。

这些区域由两个面积为 18+18=14\tfrac18 + \tfrac18 = \tfrac14 的角落三角形和两个中央条带组成,合计面积为 114=341 - \tfrac14 = \tfrac34。因为正方形面积为 ,所以概率为 。

所以正确答案是 E

Represent the choices as a point (a,b)(a, b) in the unit square. Each of aa and bb rounds to 00 if below 12\tfrac12 and to 11 otherwise, while c=a+bc = a + b rounds based on 12\tfrac12 and 32.\tfrac32.

The equation fails in exactly two regions. If a,b<12,a, b \lt \tfrac12, it fails when a+b12;a + b \ge \tfrac12; this is a right triangle of area 18.\tfrac18. If a,b12,a, b \ge \tfrac12, it fails when a+b<32;a + b \lt \tfrac32; this is another right triangle of area 18.\tfrac18. When exactly one of a,ba, b is at least 12,\tfrac12, the equation always holds.

Thus the failure probability is 18+18=14,\tfrac18 + \tfrac18 = \tfrac14, so the requested probability is 114=34.1 - \tfrac14 = \tfrac34.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

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