2024 AMC 12B 第 23 题

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23.

一个直棱锥的底面是边长为 11 的正八边形 ABCDEFGHABCDEFGH,顶点为 VV。线段 AV\overline{AV}DV\overline{DV} 垂直。该棱锥高度的平方是多少?

A right pyramid has regular octagon ABCDEFGHABCDEFGH with side length 11 as its base and apex V.V. Segments AV\overline{AV} and DV\overline{DV} are perpendicular. What is the square of the height of the pyramid?

11

1+22\dfrac{1 + \sqrt2}{2}

2\sqrt2

32\dfrac{3}{2}

2+23\dfrac{2 + \sqrt2}{3}

答案:B
知识点:棱锥正多边形立体几何
难度评级:2300
解答:

RR 为正八边形外接圆半径,LL 为每条侧棱长,则 L2=h2+R2L^2 = h^2 + R^2。由于 AVD=90\angle AVD = 90^\circAD2=2L2AD^2 = 2L^2

顶点 AADD 相隔三步,圆心角为 135135^\circ,所以 AD2AD^2 =2R2(1cos135)= 2R^2(1 - \cos 135^\circ) =R2(2+2)= R^2(2 + \sqrt2)。结合上式得 R2(2+2)=2(h2+R2)R^2(2 + \sqrt2) = 2(h^2 + R^2),即 2h2=R222h^2 = R^2\sqrt2

边长为 11 的正八边形满足 R2=12sin2(22.5)=2+22R^2 = \dfrac{1}{2\sin^2(22.5^\circ)} = \dfrac{2 + \sqrt2}{2}。因此 h2h^2 =R222= \dfrac{R^2\sqrt2}{2} =(2+2)24= \dfrac{(2 + \sqrt2)\sqrt2}{4} =22+24= \dfrac{2\sqrt2 + 2}{4} =1+22= \dfrac{1 + \sqrt2}{2}

所以正确答案是 B

Let RR be the circumradius of the octagon and LL the length of each lateral edge, so L2=h2+R2.L^2 = h^2 + R^2. Since AVD=90,\angle AVD = 90^\circ, AD2=2L2.AD^2 = 2L^2.

Vertices AA and DD are three steps apart, a central angle of 135,135^\circ, so AD2AD^2 =2R2(1cos135)= 2R^2(1 - \cos 135^\circ) =R2(2+2).= R^2(2 + \sqrt2). Setting R2(2+2)=2(h2+R2)R^2(2 + \sqrt2) = 2(h^2 + R^2) gives 2h2=R22.2h^2 = R^2\sqrt2.

For a regular octagon of side 1,1, R2=12sin2(22.5)=2+22.R^2 = \dfrac{1}{2\sin^2(22.5^\circ)} = \dfrac{2 + \sqrt2}{2}. Therefore h2h^2 =R222= \dfrac{R^2\sqrt2}{2} =(2+2)24= \dfrac{(2 + \sqrt2)\sqrt2}{4} =22+24= \dfrac{2\sqrt2 + 2}{4} =1+22.= \dfrac{1 + \sqrt2}{2}.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

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