2024 AMC 12B 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

一长队人从左到右排列。从左数第 10131013 个人也是从右数第 10101010 个人。队伍中共有多少人?

In a long line of people arranged left to right, the 10131013th person from the left is also the 10101010th person from the right. How many people are in the line?

20212021

20222022

20232023

20242024

20252025

知识点:区间内整数计数基本计数
难度评级:890
小提示:

目标人物左边的人、右边的人,再加上这个人本身,组成整条队伍。

The people to the left of the target person and the people to the right, plus the person themself, make up the whole line

大提示:

左边有 10121012 人,右边有 10091009 人;再加上目标人物。

There are 10121012 people to the left and 10091009 to the right; add these to the target person

解答:

目标人物左边有 10131=10121013 - 1 = 1012 人,右边有 10101=10091010 - 1 = 1009 人。包括此人自己,总人数为 1012+1009+1=20221012 + 1009 + 1 = 2022

所以正确答案是 B

The target person has 10131=10121013 - 1 = 1012 people to the left and 10101=10091010 - 1 = 1009 people to the right. Including the person themself, the line has 1012+1009+1=20221012 + 1009 + 1 = 2022 people.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

2.

10!7!6!10! - 7! \cdot 6! 的值。

What is 10!7!6!?10! - 7! \cdot 6!?

120-120

00

120120

600600

720720

知识点:阶乘
难度评级:1020
小提示:

写出 7!6!7! \cdot 6!,看看它是否能重组为 10!10!

Write 7!6!7! \cdot 6! and see whether it can be rebuilt into 10!10!

大提示:

因为 6!=720=89106! = 720 = 8 \cdot 9 \cdot 10,所以 7!6!=7!8910=10!7! \cdot 6! = 7! \cdot 8 \cdot 9 \cdot 10 = 10!

Since 6!=720=8910,6! = 720 = 8 \cdot 9 \cdot 10, we get 7!6!=7!8910=10!7! \cdot 6! = 7! \cdot 8 \cdot 9 \cdot 10 = 10!

解答:

注意 6!=720=89106! = 720 = 8 \cdot 9 \cdot 10。因此 7!6!=7!(8910)=10!7! \cdot 6! = 7! \cdot (8 \cdot 9 \cdot 10) = 10!\text{。} 所以 10!7!6!=10!10!=010! - 7! \cdot 6! = 10! - 10! = 0

所以正确答案是 B

Note that 6!=720=8910.6! = 720 = 8 \cdot 9 \cdot 10. Therefore 7!6!=7!(8910)=10!.7! \cdot 6! = 7! \cdot (8 \cdot 9 \cdot 10) = 10!. So 10!7!6!=10!10!=0.10! - 7! \cdot 6! = 10! - 10! = 0.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

3.

有多少个整数 xx 满足 2x7π|2x| \le 7\pi

For how many integer values of xx is 2x7π?|2x| \le 7\pi?

1616

1717

1919

2020

2121

难度评级:1130
小提示:

改写为 x7π2|x| \le \dfrac{7\pi}{2},并估算 7π2\dfrac{7\pi}{2} 的小数值。

Rewrite as x7π2|x| \le \dfrac{7\pi}{2} and estimate 7π2\dfrac{7\pi}{2} as a decimal

大提示:

因为 7π210.99\dfrac{7\pi}{2} \approx 10.99,所以只需数出从 10-101010 的整数。

Since 7π210.99,\dfrac{7\pi}{2} \approx 10.99, count the integers from 10-10 to 1010

解答:

不等式 2x7π|2x| \le 7\pi 等价于 x7π210.99|x| \le \dfrac{7\pi}{2} \approx 10.99。满足条件的整数从 10-101010,共有 10+10+1=2110 + 10 + 1 = 21 个。

所以正确答案是 E

The inequality 2x7π|2x| \le 7\pi is equivalent to x7π210.99.|x| \le \dfrac{7\pi}{2} \approx 10.99. The integers satisfying this run from 10-10 to 10,10, which is 10+10+1=2110 + 10 + 1 = 21 values.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

4.

编号为 112233\ldots 的球按如下步骤放入标为 AABBCCDDEE55 个箱子。球 11 放入箱 AA,球 2233 放入箱 BB。接下来的三个球放入箱 CC,接下来的 44 个球放入箱 DD,如此继续,放入箱 EE 后再循环回箱 AA。(例如球 22222323\ldots2828 在此过程第 77 步放入箱 BB。)球 20242024 放入哪个箱?

Balls numbered 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, \ldots are deposited in 55 bins, labeled A,A, B,B, C,C, D,D, and E,E, using the following procedure. Ball 11 is deposited in bin A,A, and balls 22 and 33 are deposited in B.B. The next three balls are deposited in bin C,C, the next 44 in bin D,D, and so on, cycling back to bin AA after balls are deposited in bin E.E. (For example, 22,22, 23,23, ,\ldots, 2828 are deposited in bin BB at step 77 of this process.) In which bin is ball 20242024 deposited?

AA

BB

CC

DD

EE

难度评级:1270
小提示:

kk 步恰好放入 kk 个球,所以 kk 步后共放入 k(k+1)2\dfrac{k(k+1)}{2} 个球。

At step k,k, exactly kk balls are deposited, so after kk steps a total of k(k+1)2\dfrac{k(k+1)}{2} balls have been placed

大提示:

找到包含球 20242024 的步骤,再注意第 kk 步使用循环 A,B,C,D,EA, B, C, D, E 中位置 (k1)mod5(k-1)\bmod 5 的箱。

Find the step containing ball 2024,2024, then note that step kk uses the bin at position (k1)mod5(k-1)\bmod 5 in the cycle A,B,C,D,EA, B, C, D, E

解答:

kk 步放入 kk 个球,所以第 kk 步后共放入 k(k+1)2\dfrac{k(k+1)}{2} 个球。又 63642=2016\dfrac{63 \cdot 64}{2} = 201664652=2080\dfrac{64 \cdot 65}{2} = 2080,所以球 20242024 在第 6464 步。

步骤按 A,B,C,D,EA, B, C, D, E 循环,所以第 kk 步使用位置 (k1)mod5(k-1) \bmod 5 的箱。这里 (641)mod5=63mod5=3(64 - 1) \bmod 5 = 63 \bmod 5 = 3,即第四个箱 DD

所以正确答案是 D

Step kk deposits kk balls, so after step kk a total of k(k+1)2\dfrac{k(k+1)}{2} balls have been placed. Since 63642=2016\dfrac{63 \cdot 64}{2} = 2016 and 64652=2080,\dfrac{64 \cdot 65}{2} = 2080, ball 20242024 falls in step 64.64.

The steps cycle through the bins A,B,C,D,E,A, B, C, D, E, so step kk uses position (k1)mod5.(k-1) \bmod 5. Here (641)mod5=63mod5=3,(64 - 1) \bmod 5 = 63 \bmod 5 = 3, which is the fourth bin, D.D.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

5.

在下面的表达式中,Melanie 把若干个加号改成了减号:

1+3+5+7++97+991 + 3 + 5 + 7 + \cdots + 97 + 99

新表达式求值后为负数。Melanie 至少需要把多少个加号改成减号?

In the following expression, Melanie changed some of the plus signs to minus signs:

1+3+5+7++97+991 + 3 + 5 + 7 + \cdots + 97 + 99

When the new expression was evaluated, it was negative. What is the least number of plus signs that Melanie could have changed to minus signs?

1414

1515

1616

1717

1818

难度评级:1340
小提示:

原和为 1+3++99=502=25001 + 3 + \cdots + 99 = 50^2 = 2500;把值为 vv 的项翻成负号会让总和减少 2v2v

The original sum is 1+3++99=502=2500;1 + 3 + \cdots + 99 = 50^2 = 2500; flipping a term of value vv lowers the total by 2v2v

大提示:

要使结果为负,被翻号的项之和必须超过 12501250;优先翻最大的奇数,最大 kk 项之和为 k(100k)k(100-k)

To go negative the flipped terms must total more than 1250;1250; flip the largest odd numbers first, where the largest kk of them sum to k(100k)k(100-k)

解答:

原表达式是前 5050 个正奇数之和,等于 502=250050^2 = 2500。把值为 vv 的项从 ++ 改为 -,总和会减少 2v2v,所以要使结果为负,翻号项的和必须大于 25002=1250\dfrac{2500}{2} = 1250

为使项数尽量少,应从 99,97,95,99, 97, 95, \ldots 开始翻号。最大的 kk 个奇数之和为 k(100k)k(100 - k)。当 k=14k = 14 时,1486=1204125014 \cdot 86 = 1204 \le 1250;当 k=15k = 15 时,1585=1275>125015 \cdot 85 = 1275 \gt 1250。所以 1515 个足够,而 1414 个不够。

所以正确答案是 B

The original expression sums the first 5050 odd numbers, giving 502=2500.50^2 = 2500. Changing a term of value vv from ++ to - decreases the total by 2v,2v, so to make the result negative the flipped terms must total more than 25002=1250.\dfrac{2500}{2} = 1250.

To use as few terms as possible, flip the largest odd numbers 99,97,95,99, 97, 95, \ldots The largest kk of them sum to k(100k).k(100 - k). With k=14k = 14 this is 1486=12041250,14 \cdot 86 = 1204 \le 1250, but with k=15k = 15 it is 1585=1275>1250.15 \cdot 85 = 1275 \gt 1250. So 1515 sign changes suffice and 1414 do not.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

6.

美国国债预计到 20332033 年将达到 510135 \cdot 10^{13} 美元。这个美元数用 55 进制数字写出时有多少位?(本题中取 log105\log_{10} 5 近似为 0.70.7 已足够。)

The national debt of the United States is on track to reach 510135 \cdot 10^{13} dollars by 2033.2033. How many digits does this number of dollars have when written as a numeral in base 5?5? (The approximation of log105\log_{10} 5 as 0.70.7 is sufficient for this problem.)

1818

2020

2222

2424

2626

知识点:对数进制
难度评级:1370
小提示:

NN55 进制位数是 log5N+1\lfloor \log_5 N \rfloor + 1

The number of base-55 digits of NN is log5N+1\lfloor \log_5 N \rfloor + 1

大提示:

使用 log5N=log10Nlog105\log_5 N = \dfrac{\log_{10} N}{\log_{10} 5},其中 log105=0.7\log_{10} 5 = 0.7,且 log10(51013)=13+log105\log_{10}(5\cdot 10^{13}) = 13 + \log_{10} 5

Use log5N=log10Nlog105\log_5 N = \dfrac{\log_{10} N}{\log_{10} 5} with log105=0.7\log_{10} 5 = 0.7 and log10(51013)=13+log105\log_{10}(5\cdot 10^{13}) = 13 + \log_{10} 5

解答:

NN55 进制位数是 log5N+1\lfloor \log_5 N \rfloor + 1。对于 N=51013N = 5 \cdot 10^{13},有 log10N=13+log105=13.7\log_{10} N = 13 + \log_{10} 5 = 13.7\text{。} 换底可得 log5N\log_5 N =13.7log105= \dfrac{13.7}{\log_{10} 5} =13.70.7= \dfrac{13.7}{0.7} =19.57= 19.57\ldots

因此位数为 19.57+1=19+1=20\lfloor 19.57 \rfloor + 1 = 19 + 1 = 20

所以正确答案是 B

The number of digits of NN in base 55 is log5N+1.\lfloor \log_5 N \rfloor + 1. With N=51013,N = 5 \cdot 10^{13}, log10N=13+log105=13.7.\log_{10} N = 13 + \log_{10} 5 = 13.7. Converting bases, log5N\log_5 N =13.7log105= \dfrac{13.7}{\log_{10} 5} =13.70.7= \dfrac{13.7}{0.7} =19.57= 19.57\ldots

Thus the number of digits is 19.57+1=19+1=20.\lfloor 19.57 \rfloor + 1 = 19 + 1 = 20.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

7.

下图中,WXYZWXYZ 是一个长方形,且 WX=4WX = 4WZ=8WZ = 8。点 MMXY\overline{XY} 上,点 AAYZ\overline{YZ} 上,且 WMA\angle WMA 是直角。三角形 WXM\triangle WXMWAZ\triangle WAZ 的面积相等。求 WMA\triangle WMA 的面积。

In the figure below WXYZWXYZ is a rectangle with WX=4WX = 4 and WZ=8.WZ = 8. Point MM lies on XY,\overline{XY}, point AA lies on YZ,\overline{YZ}, and WMA\angle WMA is a right angle. The areas of WXM\triangle WXM and WAZ\triangle WAZ are equal. What is the area of WMA?\triangle WMA?

1313

1414

1515

1616

1717

难度评级:1420
小提示:

X=(0,0)X = (0,0)W=(0,4)W = (0,4)Y=(8,0)Y = (8,0)Z=(8,4)Z = (8,4),并令 M=(m,0)M = (m, 0)A=(8,a)A = (8, a)

Place X=(0,0),X = (0,0), W=(0,4),W = (0,4), Y=(8,0),Y = (8,0), Z=(8,4),Z = (8,4), with M=(m,0)M = (m, 0) and A=(8,a)A = (8, a)

大提示:

直角条件给出 MWMA=0\overrightarrow{MW} \cdot \overrightarrow{MA} = 0,等面积条件给出第二个方程;解出 mmaa

The right angle gives MWMA=0,\overrightarrow{MW} \cdot \overrightarrow{MA} = 0, and the equal-area condition gives a second equation; solve for mm and aa

解答:

X=(0,0)X = (0,0)W=(0,4)W = (0,4)Y=(8,0)Y = (8,0)Z=(8,4)Z = (8,4),其中 M=(m,0)M = (m, 0)XY\overline{XY} 上,A=(8,a)A = (8, a)YZ\overline{YZ} 上。

因为 WMA=90\angle WMA = 90^\circ,所以 MWMA\overrightarrow{MW} \cdot \overrightarrow{MA} =(m)(8m)= (-m)(8-m) +4a=0+ 4a = 0,即 4a=m(8m)4a = m(8-m)。面积为 [WXM]=124m=2m[\triangle WXM] = \tfrac12 \cdot 4 \cdot m = 2m[WAZ][\triangle WAZ] =128(4a)= \tfrac12 \cdot 8 \cdot (4 - a) =4(4a)= 4(4 - a)。面积相等给出 m=82am = 8 - 2a

a=8m2a = \tfrac{8-m}{2} 代入 4a=m(8m)4a = m(8-m),得 2(8m)=m(8m)2(8-m) = m(8-m),所以 m=2m = 2a=3a = 3。另一个代数根 m=8m=8 会导致 M=A=YM=A=Y,此时 WMA\angle WMA 没有定义,所以不成立。于是取 W=(0,4)W = (0,4)M=(2,0)M = (2,0)A=(8,3)A = (8,3),得 [WMA]=122(34)+8(40)=12(30)=15 \begin{aligned} [\triangle WMA] &= \tfrac12\,\bigl|2(3 - 4) + 8(4 - 0)\bigr| \\ &= \tfrac12 (30) = 15 \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

Set X=(0,0),X = (0,0), W=(0,4),W = (0,4), Y=(8,0),Y = (8,0), Z=(8,4),Z = (8,4), with M=(m,0)M = (m, 0) on XY\overline{XY} and A=(8,a)A = (8, a) on YZ.\overline{YZ}.

Since WMA=90,\angle WMA = 90^\circ, MWMA\overrightarrow{MW} \cdot \overrightarrow{MA} =(m)(8m)= (-m)(8-m) +4a=0,+ 4a = 0, so 4a=m(8m).4a = m(8-m). The areas give [WXM]=124m=2m[\triangle WXM] = \tfrac12 \cdot 4 \cdot m = 2m and [WAZ][\triangle WAZ] =128(4a)= \tfrac12 \cdot 8 \cdot (4 - a) =4(4a).= 4(4 - a). Setting these equal yields m=82a.m = 8 - 2a.

Substituting a=8m2a = \tfrac{8-m}{2} into 4a=m(8m)4a = m(8-m) gives 2(8m)=m(8m),2(8-m) = m(8-m), so m=2m = 2 and a=3.a = 3. The other algebraic root, m=8,m=8, gives M=A=YM=A=Y and no defined angle WMA,\angle WMA, so it is invalid. Then with W=(0,4),W = (0,4), M=(2,0),M = (2,0), A=(8,3),A = (8,3), [WMA]=122(34)+8(40)=12(30)=15. \begin{aligned} [\triangle WMA] &= \tfrac12\,\bigl|2(3 - 4) + 8(4 - 0)\bigr| \\ &= \tfrac12 (30) = 15. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is C.

8.

哪个 xx 值满足

log2xlog3xlog2x+log3x=2\frac{\log_2 x \cdot \log_3 x}{\log_2 x + \log_3 x} = 2\text{?}

What value of xx satisfies

log2xlog3xlog2x+log3x=2?\frac{\log_2 x \cdot \log_3 x}{\log_2 x + \log_3 x} = 2?

2525

3232

3636

4242

4848

知识点:对数
难度评级:1460
小提示:

分子分母同除以 log2xlog3x\log_2 x \cdot \log_3 x,把左边化成 11log2x+1log3x\dfrac{1}{\frac{1}{\log_2 x} + \frac{1}{\log_3 x}}

Divide numerator and denominator by log2xlog3x\log_2 x \cdot \log_3 x to turn the left side into 11log2x+1log3x\dfrac{1}{\frac{1}{\log_2 x} + \frac{1}{\log_3 x}}

大提示:

因为 1log2x=logx2\dfrac{1}{\log_2 x} = \log_x 21log3x=logx3\dfrac{1}{\log_3 x} = \log_x 3,方程变为 logx6=12\log_x 6 = \dfrac12

Since 1log2x=logx2\dfrac{1}{\log_2 x} = \log_x 2 and 1log3x=logx3,\dfrac{1}{\log_3 x} = \log_x 3, the equation becomes logx6=12\log_x 6 = \dfrac12

解答:

分子分母同除以 log2xlog3x\log_2 x \cdot \log_3 x,左边变为 11log2x+1log3x=1logx2+logx3=1logx6 \begin{gathered} \frac{1}{\dfrac{1}{\log_2 x} + \dfrac{1}{\log_3 x}} \\ = \frac{1}{\log_x 2 + \log_x 3} \\ = \frac{1}{\log_x 6} \end{gathered}\text{。} 因此 1logx6=2\dfrac{1}{\log_x 6} = 2,即 logx6=12\log_x 6 = \dfrac12,也就是 x12=6x^{\frac{1}{2}} = 6

因此 x=36x = 36

所以正确答案是 C

Dividing top and bottom by log2xlog3x,\log_2 x \cdot \log_3 x, the left side becomes 11log2x+1log3x=1logx2+logx3=1logx6. \begin{gathered} \frac{1}{\dfrac{1}{\log_2 x} + \dfrac{1}{\log_3 x}} \\ = \frac{1}{\log_x 2 + \log_x 3} \\ = \frac{1}{\log_x 6}. \end{gathered} So 1logx6=2,\dfrac{1}{\log_x 6} = 2, meaning logx6=12,\log_x 6 = \dfrac12, i.e. x12=6.x^{\frac{1}{2}} = 6.

Therefore x=36.x = 36.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

9.

一个飞镖靶是坐标平面中的区域 BB,由满足 x+y8|x| + |y| \le 8 的点 (x,y)(x, y) 组成。目标区域 TT 由满足 (x2+y225)249(x^2 + y^2 - 25)^2 \le 49 的点组成。飞镖随机落在 BB 中一点。飞镖落在 TT 中的概率可表示为 mnπ\dfrac{m}{n} \cdot \pi,其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

A dartboard is the region BB in the coordinate plane consisting of points (x,y)(x, y) such that x+y8.|x| + |y| \le 8. A target TT is the region where (x2+y225)249.(x^2 + y^2 - 25)^2 \le 49. A dart is thrown and lands at a random point in B.B. The probability that the dart lands in TT can be expressed as mnπ,\dfrac{m}{n} \cdot \pi, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. What is m+n?m + n?

3939

7171

7373

7575

135135

知识点:几何概率圆环
难度评级:1540
小提示:

区域 BB 是对角线长为 1616 的正方形,且 (x2+y225)249(x^2+y^2-25)^2 \le 49 等价于 18x2+y23218 \le x^2 + y^2 \le 32

The region BB is a square with diagonals of length 16,16, and (x2+y225)249(x^2+y^2-25)^2 \le 49 means 18x2+y23218 \le x^2 + y^2 \le 32

大提示:

环形区域 TT 的面积为 π(3218)\pi(32 - 18);检查其外半径 32\sqrt{32} 恰好到达 BB 的边,所以 TT 完全位于 BB 内。

The annulus TT has area π(3218);\pi(32 - 18); check that its outer radius 32\sqrt{32} exactly reaches the sides of B,B, so TT lies entirely inside BB

解答:

飞镖靶 x+y8|x| + |y| \le 8 是一个对角线长为 1616 的正方形,面积为 121616=128\tfrac12 \cdot 16 \cdot 16 = 128。目标条件 (x2+y225)249(x^2 + y^2 - 25)^2 \le 49 等价于 7x2+y2257-7 \le x^2 + y^2 - 25 \le 7,即 18x2+y23218 \le x^2 + y^2 \le 32,这是一个面积为 π(3218)=14π\pi(32 - 18) = 14\pi 的圆环。

原点到正方形一条边(如 x+y=8x + y = 8)的距离为 82=32\dfrac{8}{\sqrt2} = \sqrt{32},正好等于环形区域外半径,所以整个环形区域都在 BB 内。概率为 14π128=764π\dfrac{14\pi}{128} = \dfrac{7}{64}\pi,因此 m+n=7+64=71m + n = 7 + 64 = 71

所以正确答案是 B

The dartboard x+y8|x| + |y| \le 8 is a square with diagonals 16,16, so its area is 121616=128.\tfrac12 \cdot 16 \cdot 16 = 128. The target condition (x2+y225)249(x^2 + y^2 - 25)^2 \le 49 means 7x2+y2257,-7 \le x^2 + y^2 - 25 \le 7, i.e. 18x2+y232,18 \le x^2 + y^2 \le 32, an annulus of area π(3218)=14π.\pi(32 - 18) = 14\pi.

The distance from the origin to a side of the square (for instance x+y=8x + y = 8) is 82=32,\dfrac{8}{\sqrt2} = \sqrt{32}, exactly the annulus’s outer radius. So the annulus is tangent to the square and lies entirely within B.B. The probability is 14π128=764π,\dfrac{14\pi}{128} = \dfrac{7}{64}\pi, giving m+n=7+64=71.m + n = 7 + 64 = 71.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

10.

一个含 99 个实数的列表包括 112.22.23.23.25.25.26.26.277,以及满足 xyzx \le y \le zxxyyzz。列表的极差为 77,且平均数和中位数都是正整数。有多少个有序三元组 (x,y,z)(x, y, z) 可行?

A list of 99 real numbers consists of 1,1, 2.2,2.2, 3.2,3.2, 5.2,5.2, 6.2,6.2, and 7,7, as well as x,x, y,y, zz with xyz.x \le y \le z. The range of the list is 7,7, and the mean and median are both positive integers. How many ordered triples (x,y,z)(x, y, z) are possible?

11

22

33

44

无限多个

infinitely many

难度评级:1600
小提示:

六个固定数之和为 24.824.8,所以平均数为整数时,x+y+zx + y + z 的小数部分必须为 0.20.2

The six fixed numbers sum to 24.8,24.8, so the mean is an integer only when x+y+zx + y + z ends in 0.20.2

大提示:

极差条件给出三种情形:(min,max)=(0,7), (1,8)(\min,\max)=(0,7),\ (1,8),或 (t,t+7)(t,t+7),其中 0<t<10\lt t\lt1

The range condition gives three cases: (min,max)=(0,7), (1,8),(\min,\max)=(0,7),\ (1,8), or (t,t+7)(t,t+7) with 0<t<10\lt t\lt1

解答:

六个固定数之和为 24.824.8,取值范围为 [1,7][1,7]。整个列表的最小值与最大值有三种可能的安排。

若最小值与最大值为 0077,则 x=0x=0z7z\le7。此时平均数为整数只能取 3344,分别要求 y+z=2.2y+z=2.211.211.2。前者使中位数变成 2.22.2。后者若要中位数为整数,必须 y=5y=5,从而 z=6.2z=6.2。这给出 (0,5,6.2)(0,5,6.2)

若最小值与最大值为 1188,则 z=8z=8,而平均数为整数要求 x+y=3.2x+y=3.212.212.2。前者使中位数变成 3.23.2;后者只有在 x=6, y=6.2x=6,\ y=6.2 时中位数才是整数。这给出 (6,6.2,8)(6,6.2,8)

最后,若两个极值都由新数给出,写成 x=t, z=t+7x=t,\ z=t+7,其中 0<t<10\lt t\lt1。平均数必须为 44,所以 y=4.22ty=4.2-2t。中位数是 1,2.2,3.2,5.2,6.2,7,y1,2.2,3.2,5.2,6.2,7,y 中的第四个数;只有当 y=4y=4 时它才是整数,此时 t=0.1t=0.1。于是第三个三元组是 (0.1,4,7.1)(0.1,4,7.1),总共恰有 33 个。

所以正确答案是 C

The six fixed numbers sum to 24.824.8 and span [1,7].[1,7]. There are three possible arrangements of the overall extremes.

If the extremes are 00 and 7,7, then x=0x=0 and z7.z\le7. The only possible integer means are 33 and 4,4, requiring y+z=2.2y+z=2.2 or 11.2.11.2. The first makes the median 2.2.2.2. In the second, an integer median forces y=5,y=5, hence z=6.2.z=6.2. This gives (0,5,6.2).(0,5,6.2).

If the extremes are 11 and 8,8, then z=8z=8 and the integer mean forces x+y=3.2x+y=3.2 or 12.2.12.2. The first makes the median 3.2;3.2; the second has an integer median only for x=6, y=6.2.x=6,\ y=6.2. This gives (6,6.2,8).(6,6.2,8).

Finally, if both extremes are new, write x=t, z=t+7x=t,\ z=t+7 with 0<t<1.0\lt t\lt1. The mean must be 4,4, so y=4.22t.y=4.2-2t. The median is the fourth number among 1,2.2,3.2,5.2,6.2,7,y;1,2.2,3.2,5.2,6.2,7,y; it is an integer only when y=4,y=4, giving t=0.1.t=0.1. Thus the third triple is (0.1,4,7.1),(0.1,4,7.1), and there are exactly 33 in all.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

11.

xn=sin2(n)x_n = \sin^2(n^\circ)。求 x1x_1x2x_2x3x_3\ldotsx90x_{90} 的平均数。

Let xn=sin2(n).x_n = \sin^2(n^\circ). What is the mean of x1,x_1, x2,x_2, x3,x_3, ,\ldots, x90?x_{90}?

1145\dfrac{11}{45}

2245\dfrac{22}{45}

89180\dfrac{89}{180}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

91180\dfrac{91}{180}

难度评级:1610
小提示:

使用 sin2θ=1cos2θ2\sin^2\theta = \dfrac{1 - \cos 2\theta}{2} 改写这个和。

Use sin2θ=1cos2θ2\sin^2\theta = \dfrac{1 - \cos 2\theta}{2} to rewrite the sum

大提示:

余弦项 cos2,cos4,,cos180\cos 2^\circ, \cos 4^\circ, \ldots, \cos 180^\circcos(180θ)=cosθ\cos(180^\circ - \theta) = -\cos\theta 成对抵消,只剩 cos180=1\cos 180^\circ = -1

The cosine terms cos2,cos4,,cos180\cos 2^\circ, \cos 4^\circ, \ldots, \cos 180^\circ cancel in pairs via cos(180θ)=cosθ,\cos(180^\circ - \theta) = -\cos\theta, leaving only cos180=1\cos 180^\circ = -1

解答:

sin2θ=1cos2θ2\sin^2\theta = \dfrac{1 - \cos 2\theta}{2},可得 n=190sin2(n)=90212n=190cos(2n) \begin{aligned} \sum_{n=1}^{90} \sin^2(n^\circ) &= \frac{90}{2} \\ &\quad {}- \frac12 \sum_{n=1}^{90}\cos(2n^\circ)\text{。} \end{aligned} 在余弦和中,nn90n90 - n 的项满足 cos(2n)+cos(1802n)=0\cos(2n^\circ) + \cos(180^\circ - 2n^\circ) = 0,且 cos90=0\cos 90^\circ = 0,最后只剩 cos180=1\cos 180^\circ = -1

所以总和为 4512(1)=45.545 - \tfrac12(-1) = 45.5,平均数为 45.590=91180\dfrac{45.5}{90} = \dfrac{91}{180}

所以正确答案是 E

Using sin2θ=1cos2θ2,\sin^2\theta = \dfrac{1 - \cos 2\theta}{2}, n=190sin2(n)=90212n=190cos(2n). \begin{aligned} \sum_{n=1}^{90} \sin^2(n^\circ) &= \frac{90}{2} \\ &\quad {}- \frac12 \sum_{n=1}^{90}\cos(2n^\circ). \end{aligned} In the cosine sum, the terms for nn and 90n90 - n satisfy cos(2n)+cos(1802n)=0,\cos(2n^\circ) + \cos(180^\circ - 2n^\circ) = 0, and cos90=0,\cos 90^\circ = 0, so everything cancels except cos180=1.\cos 180^\circ = -1.

Hence the sum is 4512(1)=45.5,45 - \tfrac12(-1) = 45.5, and the mean is 45.590=91180.\dfrac{45.5}{90} = \dfrac{91}{180}.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

12.

zz 是一个虚部为正、实部大于 11、且 z=2|z| = 2 的复数。在复平面中,四点 00zzz2z^2z3z^3 是一个面积为 1515 的四边形的顶点。zz 的虚部是多少?

Suppose zz is a complex number with positive imaginary part, with real part greater than 1,1, and with z=2.|z| = 2. In the complex plane, the four points 0,0, z,z, z2,z^2, and z3z^3 are the vertices of a quadrilateral with area 15.15. What is the imaginary part of z?z?

34\dfrac{3}{4}

11

43\dfrac{4}{3}

32\dfrac{3}{2}

53\dfrac{5}{3}

知识点:复数鞋带公式
难度评级:1670
小提示:

四边形 0zz2z30 \to z \to z^2 \to z^3 的有向面积为 12Im(zˉz2+z2z3)\tfrac12\,\bigl|\operatorname{Im}(\bar z z^2 + \overline{z^2}\, z^3)\bigr|

The signed area of the quadrilateral 0zz2z30 \to z \to z^2 \to z^3 is 12Im(zˉz2+z2z3)\tfrac12\,\bigl|\operatorname{Im}(\bar z z^2 + \overline{z^2}\, z^3)\bigr|

大提示:

因为 zˉz2=z2z\bar z z^2 = |z|^2 zz2z3=z4z\overline{z^2} z^3 = |z|^4 z,面积为 12(z2+z4)Im(z)\tfrac12(|z|^2 + |z|^4)\operatorname{Im}(z);再用 z=2|z| = 2

Since zˉz2=z2z\bar z z^2 = |z|^2 z and z2z3=z4z,\overline{z^2} z^3 = |z|^4 z, the area is 12(z2+z4)Im(z);\tfrac12(|z|^2 + |z|^4)\operatorname{Im}(z); plug in z=2|z| = 2

解答:

对顶点 0,z,z2,z30, z, z^2, z^3,鞋带公式给出面积 12Im(zˉz2+z2z3)=12Im((z2+z4)z)=12(z2+z4)Im(z) \begin{aligned} &\tfrac12\,\bigl|\operatorname{Im}(\bar z z^2 + \overline{z^2}\,z^3)\bigr| \\ &= \tfrac12\,\bigl|\operatorname{Im}\bigl((|z|^2 + |z|^4)z\bigr)\bigr| \\ &= \tfrac12(|z|^2 + |z|^4)\operatorname{Im}(z) \end{aligned}\text{。}

z=2|z| = 2,面积为 12(4+16)Im(z)=10Im(z)\tfrac12(4 + 16)\operatorname{Im}(z) = 10\operatorname{Im}(z)。令 10Im(z)=1510\operatorname{Im}(z) = 15,得 Im(z)=32\operatorname{Im}(z) = \dfrac32。又 Re(z)=494=72>1\operatorname{Re}(z) = \sqrt{4 - \tfrac94} = \tfrac{\sqrt7}{2} \gt 1,满足条件。

所以正确答案是 D

For vertices 0,z,z2,z30, z, z^2, z^3 the shoelace formula gives area 12Im(zˉz2+z2z3)=12Im((z2+z4)z)=12(z2+z4)Im(z). \begin{aligned} &\tfrac12\,\bigl|\operatorname{Im}(\bar z z^2 + \overline{z^2}\,z^3)\bigr| \\ &= \tfrac12\,\bigl|\operatorname{Im}\bigl((|z|^2 + |z|^4)z\bigr)\bigr| \\ &= \tfrac12(|z|^2 + |z|^4)\operatorname{Im}(z). \end{aligned}

With z=2,|z| = 2, this is 12(4+16)Im(z)=10Im(z).\tfrac12(4 + 16)\operatorname{Im}(z) = 10\operatorname{Im}(z). Setting 10Im(z)=1510\operatorname{Im}(z) = 15 gives Im(z)=32.\operatorname{Im}(z) = \dfrac32. (Then Re(z)=494=72>1,\operatorname{Re}(z) = \sqrt{4 - \tfrac94} = \tfrac{\sqrt7}{2} \gt 1, as required.)

Thus, the correct answer is D.

13.

实数 xxyyhhkk 满足方程组

x2+y26x8y=hx^2 + y^2 - 6x - 8y = h

x2+y210x+4y=kx^2 + y^2 - 10x + 4y = k\text{。}

h+kh + k 的最小可能值。

There are real numbers x,x, y,y, h,h, and kk that satisfy the system of equations

x2+y26x8y=hx^2 + y^2 - 6x - 8y = h

x2+y210x+4y=k.x^2 + y^2 - 10x + 4y = k.

What is the minimum possible value of h+k?h + k?

54-54

46-46

34-34

16-16

1616

知识点:配方法最优化
难度评级:1640
小提示:

将两个方程相加,把 h+kh + k 写成关于 xxyy 的一个表达式。

Add the two equations to get h+kh + k as a single expression in xx and yy

大提示:

配方得 h+k=2(x4)2h + k = 2(x-4)^2 +2(y1)234+ 2(y-1)^2 - 34,当两个平方项都为零时最小。

Complete the square: h+k=2(x4)2h + k = 2(x-4)^2 +2(y1)234,+ 2(y-1)^2 - 34, which is smallest when both squares vanish

解答:

两式相加,得 h+k=2x2+2y216x4y=2(x4)2+2(y1)234 \begin{aligned} h + k &= 2x^2 + 2y^2 - 16x - 4y \\ &= 2(x - 4)^2 \\ &\quad {}+ 2(y - 1)^2 - 34\text{。} \end{aligned} 两个平方项都非负,所以最小值在 x=4x = 4y=1y = 1 时取得,为 h+k=34h + k = -34

所以正确答案是 C

Adding the equations, h+k=2x2+2y216x4y=2(x4)2+2(y1)234. \begin{aligned} h + k &= 2x^2 + 2y^2 - 16x - 4y \\ &= 2(x - 4)^2 \\ &\quad {}+ 2(y - 1)^2 - 34. \end{aligned} Both squared terms are nonnegative, so the minimum occurs at x=4,x = 4, y=1,y = 1, giving h+k=34.h + k = -34.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

14.

一个整数的 100100 次方除以 125125 时,可能得到多少种不同余数?

How many different remainders can result when the 100100th power of an integer is divided by 125?125?

11

22

55

2525

125125

难度评级:1760
小提示:

分为与 55 互质的整数,以及被 55 整除的整数。

Split into integers coprime to 55 and integers divisible by 55

大提示:

因为 φ(125)=100\varphi(125) = 100,Euler 定理说明当 gcd(n,5)=1\gcd(n,5)=1 时,n1001(mod125)n^{100} \equiv 1 \pmod{125};而 55 的倍数满足 n100n^{100}125125 整除。

Since φ(125)=100,\varphi(125) = 100, Euler’s theorem gives n1001(mod125)n^{100} \equiv 1 \pmod{125} when gcd(n,5)=1;\gcd(n,5)=1; a multiple of 55 has n100n^{100} divisible by 125125

解答:

nn55 互质,则由 φ(125)=100\varphi(125) = 100 和 Euler 定理可得 n1001(mod125)n^{100} \equiv 1 \pmod{125}。若 nn55 的倍数,则 n100n^{100}51005^{100} 整除,因而也被 125125 整除,余数为 00

因此只可能出现余数 0011,共 22 种。

所以正确答案是 B

If nn is coprime to 5,5, then since φ(125)=100,\varphi(125) = 100, Euler’s theorem gives n1001(mod125).n^{100} \equiv 1 \pmod{125}. If nn is a multiple of 5,5, then n100n^{100} is divisible by 5100,5^{100}, hence by 125,125, leaving remainder 0.0.

So the only possible remainders are 00 and 1,1, which is 22 distinct values.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

15.

坐标平面中一个三角形的顶点为 A(log21,log22)A(\log_2 1, \log_2 2)B(log23,log24)B(\log_2 3, \log_2 4),和 C(log27,log28)C(\log_2 7, \log_2 8)ABC\triangle ABC 的面积是多少?

A triangle in the coordinate plane has vertices A(log21,log22),A(\log_2 1, \log_2 2), B(log23,log24),B(\log_2 3, \log_2 4), and C(log27,log28).C(\log_2 7, \log_2 8). What is the area of ABC?\triangle ABC?

log237\log_2 \dfrac{\sqrt3}{7}

log237\log_2 \dfrac{3}{\sqrt7}

log273\log_2 \dfrac{7}{\sqrt3}

log2117\log_2 \dfrac{11}{\sqrt7}

log2113\log_2 \dfrac{11}{\sqrt3}

难度评级:1800
小提示:

顶点为 (0,1)(0, 1)(log23,2)(\log_2 3, 2)(log27,3)(\log_2 7, 3)

The vertices are (0,1),(0, 1), (log23,2),(\log_2 3, 2), and (log27,3)(\log_2 7, 3)

大提示:

使用鞋带公式,并用 2log23log27=log2972\log_2 3 - \log_2 7 = \log_2 \dfrac{9}{7} 化简,再把对数减半。

Apply the shoelace formula and simplify with 2log23log27=log297,2\log_2 3 - \log_2 7 = \log_2 \dfrac{9}{7}, then halve the logarithm

解答:

顶点为 A=(0,1)A = (0, 1)B=(log23,2)B = (\log_2 3, 2)C=(log27,3)C = (\log_2 7, 3)。由鞋带公式,[ABC]=122log23log27 \begin{gathered} [\triangle ABC]\\ {}=\tfrac12\,\bigl|2\log_2 3-\log_2 7\bigr| \end{gathered}\text{。}

该式等于 12log297=log297=log237\tfrac12\log_2 \dfrac{9}{7} = \log_2 \sqrt{\tfrac{9}{7}} = \log_2 \dfrac{3}{\sqrt7}

所以正确答案是 B

The vertices are A=(0,1),A = (0, 1), B=(log23,2),B = (\log_2 3, 2), C=(log27,3).C = (\log_2 7, 3). By the shoelace formula, [ABC]=122log23log27. \begin{gathered} [\triangle ABC]\\ {}=\tfrac12\,\bigl|2\log_2 3-\log_2 7\bigr|. \end{gathered}

This equals 12log297=log297=log237.\tfrac12\log_2 \dfrac{9}{7} = \log_2 \sqrt{\tfrac{9}{7}} = \log_2 \dfrac{3}{\sqrt7}.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

16.

1616 个人要被分成 44 个不可区分的 44 人委员会。每个委员会有一名主席和一名秘书。不同分配方式数可写为 3rM3^r M,其中 rrMM 是正整数,且 MM 不被 33 整除。求 rr

A group of 1616 people will be partitioned into 44 indistinguishable 44-person committees. Each committee will have one chairperson and one secretary. The number of different ways to make these assignments can be written as 3rM,3^r M, where rr and MM are positive integers and MM is not divisible by 3.3. What is r?r?

55

66

77

88

99

难度评级:1860
小提示:

分配数为 16!(4!)44!124\dfrac{16!}{(4!)^4\, 4!} \cdot 12^4,因为每个委员会有 43=124 \cdot 3 = 12 种主席和秘书的选择。

The number of assignments is 16!(4!)44!124,\dfrac{16!}{(4!)^4\, 4!} \cdot 12^4, where each committee contributes 43=124 \cdot 3 = 12 chair-and-secretary choices

大提示:

只追踪 33 的幂:16!16! 给出 363^6,分母 (4!)44!(4!)^4\,4! 给出 353^512412^4 给出 343^4

Track only powers of 3:3: 16!16! gives 36,3^6, the denominator (4!)44!(4!)^4\,4! gives 35,3^5, and 12412^4 gives 343^4

解答:

1616 人分成 44 个不可区分的 44 人组有 16!(4!)44!\dfrac{16!}{(4!)^4\, 4!} 种。每个委员会选主席和秘书有 43=124 \cdot 3 = 12 种选择,贡献因子 12412^4。所以总数为 16!(4!)44!124\dfrac{16!}{(4!)^4\,4!}\cdot 12^4

只计数因子 3316!16! 贡献 163+169=6\lfloor \frac{16}{3}\rfloor + \lfloor \frac{16}{9}\rfloor = 6 个;分母 (4!)44!(4!)^4\,4! 贡献 4+1=54 + 1 = 5 个;而 124=(223)412^4 = (2^2\cdot 3)^4 贡献 44 个。因此 r=65+4=5r = 6 - 5 + 4 = 5

所以正确答案是 A

The number of ways to split 1616 people into 44 indistinguishable groups of 44 is 16!(4!)44!.\dfrac{16!}{(4!)^4\, 4!}. Each committee then chooses a chairperson and a secretary in 43=124 \cdot 3 = 12 ways, contributing 124.12^4. So the total is 16!(4!)44!124.\dfrac{16!}{(4!)^4\,4!}\cdot 12^4.

Counting factors of 3:3: 16!16! contributes 163+169=6.\lfloor \frac{16}{3}\rfloor + \lfloor \frac{16}{9}\rfloor = 6. The denominator (4!)44!(4!)^4\,4! contributes 4+1=5.4 + 1 = 5. And 124=(223)412^4 = (2^2\cdot 3)^4 contributes 4.4. Thus r=65+4=5.r = 6 - 5 + 4 = 5.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

17.

从绝对值不超过 1010 的整数集合中,不放回地随机选取整数 aabb。多项式 x3+ax2+bx+6x^3 + ax^2 + bx + 633 个不同整数根的概率是多少?

Integers aa and bb are randomly chosen without replacement from the set of integers with absolute value not exceeding 10.10. What is the probability that the polynomial x3+ax2+bx+6x^3 + ax^2 + bx + 6 has 33 distinct integer roots?

1240\dfrac{1}{240}

1221\dfrac{1}{221}

1105\dfrac{1}{105}

184\dfrac{1}{84}

163\dfrac{1}{63}

难度评级:1910
小提示:

若根为不同整数 p,q,rp, q, r,则 pqr=6pqr = -6a=(p+q+r)a = -(p+q+r)b=pq+qr+rpb = pq + qr + rp

If the roots are distinct integers p,q,r,p, q, r, then pqr=6,pqr = -6, a=(p+q+r),a = -(p+q+r), and b=pq+qr+rpb = pq + qr + rp

大提示:

列出把 6-6 写成三个不同整数乘积的方式,去掉导致 a>10|a|\gt 10b>10|b| \gt 10 的情形,再除以 212021 \cdot 20 个有序选择。

List the ways to write 6-6 as a product of three distinct integers, discard any giving a>10|a|\gt 10 or b>10,|b| \gt 10, and divide by 212021 \cdot 20 ordered choices

解答:

集合中有 2121 个整数,所以有 2120=42021 \cdot 20 = 420 个有序选择 (a,b)(a, b)。若多项式有不同整数根 p,q,rp, q, r,则 pqr=6pqr = -6a=(p+q+r)a = -(p + q + r)b=pq+qr+rpb = pq + qr + rp

乘积为 6-6 的不同整数根三元组为 {1,2,3}\{1, 2, -3\}{1,2,3}\{1, -2, 3\}{1,2,3}\{-1, 2, 3\}{1,2,3}\{-1, -2, -3\},以及 {1,1,6}\{1, -1, 6\}。它们给出 (a,b)=(0,7)(a, b) = (0, -7)(2,5)(-2, -5)(4,1)(-4, 1)(6,11)(6, 11),和 (6,1)(-6, -1)。第四组有 b=11>10b = 11 \gt 10,无效;其余四组有效且互不相同。

所求概率为 4420=1105\dfrac{4}{420} = \dfrac{1}{105}

所以正确答案是 C

The set has 2121 integers, so there are 2120=42021 \cdot 20 = 420 ordered choices of (a,b).(a, b). If the polynomial has distinct integer roots p,q,r,p, q, r, then pqr=6,pqr = -6, a=(p+q+r),a = -(p + q + r), and b=pq+qr+rp.b = pq + qr + rp.

The triples of distinct integers with product 6-6 are {1,2,3},\{1, 2, -3\}, {1,2,3},\{1, -2, 3\}, {1,2,3},\{-1, 2, 3\}, {1,2,3},\{-1, -2, -3\}, and {1,1,6}.\{1, -1, 6\}. These give (a,b)=(0,7),(a, b) = (0, -7), (2,5),(-2, -5), (4,1),(-4, 1), (6,11),(6, 11), and (6,1).(-6, -1). The fourth has b=11>10,b = 11 \gt 10, so it is invalid; the other four are valid and distinct.

The probability is 4420=1105.\dfrac{4}{420} = \dfrac{1}{105}.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

18.

Fibonacci 数定义为 F1=1F_1 = 1F2=1F_2 = 1,且对 n3n \ge 3,有 Fn=Fn1+Fn2F_n = F_{n-1} + F_{n-2}。求

F2F1+F4F2+F6F3++F20F10\frac{F_2}{F_1} + \frac{F_4}{F_2} + \frac{F_6}{F_3} + \cdots + \frac{F_{20}}{F_{10}}\text{?}

The Fibonacci numbers are defined by F1=1,F_1 = 1, F2=1,F_2 = 1, and Fn=Fn1+Fn2F_n = F_{n-1} + F_{n-2} for n3.n \ge 3. What is

F2F1+F4F2+F6F3++F20F10?\frac{F_2}{F_1} + \frac{F_4}{F_2} + \frac{F_6}{F_3} + \cdots + \frac{F_{20}}{F_{10}}?

318318

319319

320320

321321

322322

难度评级:1930
小提示:

每项都可化简:F2kFk\dfrac{F_{2k}}{F_k} 是整数;先算几项,如 F2F1=1\dfrac{F_2}{F_1} = 1F4F2=3\dfrac{F_4}{F_2} = 3F6F3=4\dfrac{F_6}{F_3} = 4

Each term simplifies: F2kFk\dfrac{F_{2k}}{F_k} is an integer; compute the first few, such as F2F1=1,\dfrac{F_2}{F_1} = 1, F4F2=3,\dfrac{F_4}{F_2} = 3, F6F3=4\dfrac{F_6}{F_3} = 4

大提示:

这些值是 Lucas 数 Lk=1,3,4,7,11,L_k = 1, 3, 4, 7, 11, \ldots;求 L1L_1L10L_{10} 的和。

These values are the Lucas numbers Lk=1,3,4,7,11,;L_k = 1, 3, 4, 7, 11, \ldots; sum L1L_1 through L10L_{10}

解答:

因为 F2k=FkLkF_{2k} = F_k L_k,其中 LkL_k 为第 kk 个 Lucas 数,所以 F2kFk=Lk\dfrac{F_{2k}}{F_k} = L_k。所求和为 L1+L2++L10=1+3+4+7+11+18+29+47+76+123=319 \begin{gathered} L_1 + L_2 + \cdots + L_{10} \\ = 1 + 3 + 4 + 7 + 11 + 18 \\ {}+ 29 + 47 + 76 + 123 \\ = 319\text{。} \end{gathered} 等价地,L1++L10L_1 + \cdots + L_{10} =L123= L_{12} - 3 =3223=319= 322 - 3 = 319

所以正确答案是 B

Since F2k=FkLkF_{2k} = F_k L_k where LkL_k is the kkth Lucas number, each term F2kFk=Lk.\dfrac{F_{2k}}{F_k} = L_k. The sum is L1+L2++L10=1+3+4+7+11+18+29+47+76+123=319. \begin{gathered} L_1 + L_2 + \cdots + L_{10} \\ = 1 + 3 + 4 + 7 + 11 + 18 \\ {}+ 29 + 47 + 76 + 123 \\ = 319. \end{gathered} (Equivalently, L1++L10L_1 + \cdots + L_{10} =L123= L_{12} - 3 =3223=319.= 322 - 3 = 319.)

Thus, the correct answer is B.

19.

边长为 1414 的等边三角形 ABC\triangle ABC 绕其中心旋转角 θ\theta(其中 0<θ<600 \lt \theta \lt 60^\circ),得到三角形 DEF\triangle DEF。见图。六边形 ADBECFADBECF 的面积为 91391\sqrt3tanθ\tan\theta 是多少?

Equilateral ABC\triangle ABC with side length 1414 is rotated about its center by angle θ,\theta, where 0<θ<60,0 \lt \theta \lt 60^\circ, to form DEF.\triangle DEF. See the figure. The area of hexagon ADBECFADBECF is 913.91\sqrt3. What is tanθ?\tan\theta?

34\dfrac{3}{4}

5311\dfrac{5\sqrt3}{11}

45\dfrac{4}{5}

1113\dfrac{11}{13}

7313\dfrac{7\sqrt3}{13}

难度评级:2040
小提示:

六个顶点都在半径 R=143R = \dfrac{14}{\sqrt3} 的圆上;六边形的圆心角交替为 θ\theta120θ120^\circ - \theta

All six vertices lie on the circle of radius R=143;R = \dfrac{14}{\sqrt3}; the hexagon’s central angles alternate θ\theta and 120θ120^\circ - \theta

大提示:

面积为 12R2(3sinθ+3sin(120θ))\tfrac12 R^2\bigl(3\sin\theta + 3\sin(120^\circ - \theta)\bigr) =98(sinθ+sin(120θ))= 98\bigl(\sin\theta + \sin(120^\circ - \theta)\bigr);用和差化积化简,再解出 θ\theta

The area is 12R2(3sinθ+3sin(120θ))\tfrac12 R^2\bigl(3\sin\theta + 3\sin(120^\circ - \theta)\bigr) =98(sinθ+sin(120θ));= 98\bigl(\sin\theta + \sin(120^\circ - \theta)\bigr); simplify with sum-to-product to solve for θ\theta

解答:

六个顶点都在外接圆上,半径 R=143R = \dfrac{14}{\sqrt3},所以 R2=1963R^2 = \dfrac{196}{3}。圆心角在 θ\theta120θ120^\circ - \theta 之间交替。六边形面积为 12R2(3sinθ+3sin(120θ))=98(sinθ+sin(120θ)) \begin{aligned} &\tfrac12 R^2\bigl(3\sin\theta + 3\sin(120^\circ - \theta)\bigr) \\ &= 98\bigl(\sin\theta + \sin(120^\circ - \theta)\bigr) \end{aligned}\text{。}

由和差化积,sinθ+sin(120θ)\sin\theta + \sin(120^\circ - \theta) =2sin60cos(θ60)= 2\sin 60^\circ\cos(\theta - 60^\circ) =3cos(60θ)= \sqrt3\cos(60^\circ - \theta)。令面积为 91391\sqrt3,得 3cos(60θ)\sqrt3\cos(60^\circ - \theta) =91398=13314= \dfrac{91\sqrt3}{98} = \dfrac{13\sqrt3}{14},所以 cos(60θ)=1314\cos(60^\circ - \theta) = \dfrac{13}{14},且 sin(60θ)=3314\sin(60^\circ - \theta) = \dfrac{3\sqrt3}{14}

于是 tan(60θ)=3313\tan(60^\circ - \theta) = \dfrac{3\sqrt3}{13},并且 tanθ=tan(60(60θ))=333131+33313=103132213=5311 \begin{aligned} &\tan\theta = \tan\bigl(60^\circ - (60^\circ - \theta)\bigr) \\ &= \frac{\sqrt3 - \frac{3\sqrt3}{13}}{1 + \sqrt3\cdot\frac{3\sqrt3}{13}} \\ &= \frac{\frac{10\sqrt3}{13}}{\frac{22}{13}} \\ &= \frac{5\sqrt3}{11} \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

The six vertices lie on the circumcircle of radius R=143,R = \dfrac{14}{\sqrt3}, so R2=1963.R^2 = \dfrac{196}{3}. Going around, the central angles alternate between θ\theta (three times) and 120θ120^\circ - \theta (three times). The cyclic-hexagon area is 12R2(3sinθ+3sin(120θ))=98(sinθ+sin(120θ)). \begin{aligned} &\tfrac12 R^2\bigl(3\sin\theta + 3\sin(120^\circ - \theta)\bigr) \\ &= 98\bigl(\sin\theta + \sin(120^\circ - \theta)\bigr). \end{aligned}

By sum-to-product, sinθ+sin(120θ)\sin\theta + \sin(120^\circ - \theta) =2sin60cos(θ60)= 2\sin 60^\circ\cos(\theta - 60^\circ) =3cos(60θ).= \sqrt3\cos(60^\circ - \theta). Setting the area to 91391\sqrt3 gives 3cos(60θ)\sqrt3\cos(60^\circ - \theta) =91398=13314,= \dfrac{91\sqrt3}{98} = \dfrac{13\sqrt3}{14}, so cos(60θ)=1314\cos(60^\circ - \theta) = \dfrac{13}{14} and sin(60θ)=3314.\sin(60^\circ - \theta) = \dfrac{3\sqrt3}{14}.

Then tan(60θ)=3313,\tan(60^\circ - \theta) = \dfrac{3\sqrt3}{13}, and tanθ=tan(60(60θ))=333131+33313=103132213=5311. \begin{aligned} &\tan\theta = \tan\bigl(60^\circ - (60^\circ - \theta)\bigr) \\ &= \frac{\sqrt3 - \frac{3\sqrt3}{13}}{1 + \sqrt3\cdot\frac{3\sqrt3}{13}} \\ &= \frac{\frac{10\sqrt3}{13}}{\frac{22}{13}} \\ &= \frac{5\sqrt3}{11}. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is B.

20.

AABBCC 是平面上的点,且 AB=40AB = 40AC=42AC = 42。令 xx 为从 AABC\overline{BC} 中点的线段长度。定义函数 ff,令 f(x)f(x)ABC\triangle ABC 的面积。那么 ff 的定义域是开区间 (p,q)(p, q),且 f(x)f(x) 的最大值 rrx=sx = s 时取得。求 p+q+r+sp + q + r + s

Suppose A,A, B,B, and CC are points in the plane with AB=40AB = 40 and AC=42,AC = 42, and let xx be the length of the line segment from AA to the midpoint of BC.\overline{BC}. Define a function ff by letting f(x)f(x) be the area of ABC.\triangle ABC. Then the domain of ff is an open interval (p,q),(p, q), and the maximum value rr of f(x)f(x) occurs at x=s.x = s. What is p+q+r+s?p + q + r + s?

909909

910910

911911

912912

913913

难度评级:2110
小提示:

a=BCa = BC,则中线满足 x2=2402+2422a24x^2 = \dfrac{2\cdot 40^2 + 2\cdot 42^2 - a^2}{4};三角形不等式 2<a<822 \lt a \lt 82 决定定义域。

The median satisfies x2=2402+2422a24,x^2 = \dfrac{2\cdot 40^2 + 2\cdot 42^2 - a^2}{4}, where a=BC;a = BC; the triangle inequality 2<a<822 \lt a \lt 82 determines the domain

大提示:

面积在 A=90\angle A = 90^\circ 时最大;求该最大面积和对应的 xx

The area is largest when A=90;\angle A = 90^\circ; find that maximum area and the corresponding xx

解答:

a=BCa = BC。中线长度满足 x2x^2 =21600+21764a24= \dfrac{2\cdot 1600 + 2\cdot 1764 - a^2}{4} =6728a24= \dfrac{6728 - a^2}{4}。三角形不等式要求 2<a<822 \lt a \lt 82,即 4<a2<67244 \lt a^2 \lt 6724,从而 1<x<411 \lt x \lt 41。所以 (p,q)=(1,41)(p, q) = (1, 41)

AB=40AB = 40AC=42AC = 42 固定时,面积为 124042sinA\tfrac12\cdot 40\cdot 42\sin A,当 A=90\angle A = 90^\circ 时最大,得 r=840r = 840。此时 a2=402+422=3364a^2 = 40^2 + 42^2 = 3364x2=672833644=841x^2 = \dfrac{6728 - 3364}{4} = 841,所以 s=29s = 29

因此 p+q+r+sp + q + r + s =1+41+840+29= 1 + 41 + 840 + 29 =911= 911

所以正确答案是 C

Let a=BC.a = BC. The median length gives x2x^2 =21600+21764a24= \dfrac{2\cdot 1600 + 2\cdot 1764 - a^2}{4} =6728a24.= \dfrac{6728 - a^2}{4}. The triangle inequality requires 2<a<82,2 \lt a \lt 82, i.e. 4<a2<6724,4 \lt a^2 \lt 6724, which translates to 1<x<41.1 \lt x \lt 41. So (p,q)=(1,41).(p, q) = (1, 41).

With AB=40AB = 40 and AC=42AC = 42 fixed, the area 124042sinA\tfrac12\cdot 40\cdot 42\sin A is largest when A=90,\angle A = 90^\circ, giving r=840.r = 840. Then a2=402+422=3364,a^2 = 40^2 + 42^2 = 3364, so x2=672833644=841,x^2 = \dfrac{6728 - 3364}{4} = 841, i.e. s=29.s = 29.

Thus p+q+r+sp + q + r + s =1+41+840+29= 1 + 41 + 840 + 29 =911.= 911.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

21.

三个不同直角三角形的最小角度数之和为 9090^\circ。这三个三角形的边长都是本原勾股数三元组。其中两个是 33-44-5555-1212-1313。第三个三角形的周长是多少?

The measures of the smallest angles of three different right triangles sum to 90.90^\circ. All three triangles have side lengths that are primitive Pythagorean triples. Two of them are 33-44-55 and 55-1212-13.13. What is the perimeter of the third triangle?

4040

126126

154154

176176

208208

难度评级:2130
小提示:

前两个最小角的正切分别为 34\tfrac34512\tfrac{5}{12};第三个满足 α+β+γ=90\alpha + \beta + \gamma = 90^\circ,所以 tanγ=cot(α+β)\tan\gamma = \cot(\alpha + \beta)

The smallest angles have tangents 34\tfrac34 and 512;\tfrac{5}{12}; the third must satisfy α+β+γ=90,\alpha + \beta + \gamma = 90^\circ, so tanγ=cot(α+β)\tan\gamma = \cot(\alpha + \beta)

大提示:

计算 tan(α+β)=5633\tan(\alpha + \beta) = \dfrac{56}{33},所以 tanγ=3356\tan\gamma = \dfrac{33}{56};找出两条直角边为 33335656 的本原三元组。

Compute tan(α+β)=5633,\tan(\alpha + \beta) = \dfrac{56}{33}, so tanγ=3356;\tan\gamma = \dfrac{33}{56}; find the primitive triple with legs 3333 and 5656

解答:

33-44-5555-1212-1313 三角形的最小角 α,β\alpha, \beta 满足 tanα=34\tan\alpha = \tfrac34tanβ=512\tan\beta = \tfrac{5}{12}tan(α+β)=34+512134512=14123348=5633 \begin{aligned} &\tan(\alpha + \beta) = \frac{\tfrac34 + \tfrac{5}{12}}{1 - \tfrac34\cdot\tfrac{5}{12}} \\ &= \frac{\tfrac{14}{12}}{\tfrac{33}{48}} \\ &= \frac{56}{33} \end{aligned}\text{。}

第三个最小角 γ\gamma 满足 γ=90(α+β)\gamma = 90^\circ - (\alpha + \beta),所以 tanγ=3356\tan\gamma = \dfrac{33}{56}。直角边为 33335656 的直角三角形斜边为 332+562=4225=65\sqrt{33^2 + 56^2} = \sqrt{4225} = 65,构成本原三元组,周长为 33+56+65=15433 + 56 + 65 = 154

所以正确答案是 C

The smallest angles α,β\alpha, \beta of the 33-44-55 and 55-1212-1313 triangles have tanα=34\tan\alpha = \tfrac34 and tanβ=512.\tan\beta = \tfrac{5}{12}. By the tangent addition formula, tan(α+β)=34+512134512=14123348=5633. \begin{aligned} &\tan(\alpha + \beta) = \frac{\tfrac34 + \tfrac{5}{12}}{1 - \tfrac34\cdot\tfrac{5}{12}} \\ &= \frac{\tfrac{14}{12}}{\tfrac{33}{48}} \\ &= \frac{56}{33}. \end{aligned}

The third smallest angle γ\gamma satisfies γ=90(α+β),\gamma = 90^\circ - (\alpha + \beta), so tanγ=3356.\tan\gamma = \dfrac{33}{56}. The right triangle with legs 3333 and 5656 has hypotenuse 332+562=4225=65,\sqrt{33^2 + 56^2} = \sqrt{4225} = 65, a primitive triple. Its perimeter is 33+56+65=154.33 + 56 + 65 = 154.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

22.

ABC\triangle ABC 为整数边长三角形,且满足 B=2A\angle B = 2\angle A。这种三角形的最小可能周长是多少?

Let ABC\triangle ABC be a triangle with integer side lengths and the property that B=2A.\angle B = 2\angle A. What is the least possible perimeter of such a triangle?

1313

1414

1515

1616

1717

难度评级:2230
小提示:

a=BCa = BCb=CAb = CAc=ABc = AB,则条件 B=2A\angle B = 2\angle A 等价于 b2=a(a+c)b^2 = a(a + c)

With a=BC,a = BC, b=CA,b = CA, c=AB,c = AB, the condition B=2A\angle B = 2\angle A is equivalent to b2=a(a+c)b^2 = a(a + c)

大提示:

因为周长是 b+b2a>2bb+\dfrac{b^2}{a}\gt2b,周长小于 1515 要求 b6b\le6;检查 b2b^2 的因数 a<ba\lt b

Since the perimeter is b+b2a>2b,b+\dfrac{b^2}{a}\gt2b, a perimeter below 1515 would require b6b\le6; check the divisors a<ba\lt b of b2b^2

解答:

B=2A\angle B = 2\angle A 时,边长满足 b2=a(a+c)b^2 = a(a + c),其中 a=BCa = BCb=CAb = CAc=ABc = AB。所以 c=b2a2ac = \dfrac{b^2 - a^2}{a} 必须是正整数,且三边必须构成非退化三角形。

又因为 B=2A>A\angle B=2\angle A\gt\angle A,所以 b>ab\gt a。周长为 a+b+c=b+b2a>2ba+b+c=b+\dfrac{b^2}{a}\gt2b,因此周长小于 1515 就要求 b6b\le6。对 b=2,3,4,5,6b=2,3,4,5,6b2b^2 的满足 a<ba\lt b 的因数给出下列可能的数对 (b,a)=(2,1),(3,1),(4,1),(4,2),(5,1),(6,1),(6,2),(6,3),(6,4) \begin{gathered} (b,a)=(2,1),(3,1),\\ (4,1),(4,2),(5,1),\\ (6,1),(6,2),(6,3),(6,4) \end{gathered}\text{。} 逐一代入可知,除了 (a,b)=(4,6)(a,b)=(4,6) 给出 c=5c=5 以外,其余都得到退化或不合法的三角形。因此 (4,5,6)(4,5,6) 是第一个合法的三角形,其周长为 1515

所以正确答案是 C

When B=2A,\angle B = 2\angle A, the side lengths satisfy b2=a(a+c),b^2 = a(a + c), where a=BC,a = BC, b=CA,b = CA, c=AB.c = AB. So c=b2a2ac = \dfrac{b^2 - a^2}{a} must be a positive integer, and the sides must form a valid triangle.

Also b>a,b\gt a, because B=2A>A.\angle B=2\angle A\gt\angle A. The perimeter is a+b+c=b+b2a>2b.a+b+c=b+\dfrac{b^2}{a}\gt2b. Therefore a perimeter below 1515 would require b6.b\le6. For b=2,3,4,5,6,b=2,3,4,5,6, the divisors a<ba\lt b of b2b^2 give the possible pairs (b,a)=(2,1),(3,1),(4,1),(4,2),(5,1),(6,1),(6,2),(6,3),(6,4). \begin{gathered} (b,a)=(2,1),(3,1),\\ (4,1),(4,2),(5,1),\\ (6,1),(6,2),(6,3),(6,4). \end{gathered} Substitution gives a degenerate or invalid triangle in every case except (a,b)=(4,6),(a,b)=(4,6), which gives c=5.c=5. Thus (4,5,6)(4,5,6) is the first valid triangle, and its perimeter is 15.15.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

23.

一个直棱锥的底面是边长为 11 的正八边形 ABCDEFGHABCDEFGH,顶点为 VV。线段 AV\overline{AV}DV\overline{DV} 垂直。该棱锥高度的平方是多少?

A right pyramid has regular octagon ABCDEFGHABCDEFGH with side length 11 as its base and apex V.V. Segments AV\overline{AV} and DV\overline{DV} are perpendicular. What is the square of the height of the pyramid?

11

1+22\dfrac{1 + \sqrt2}{2}

2\sqrt2

32\dfrac{3}{2}

2+23\dfrac{2 + \sqrt2}{3}

难度评级:2300
小提示:

每条侧棱长为 LL,满足 L2=h2+R2L^2 = h^2 + R^2,其中 RR 是八边形外接圆半径;直角在 VV 处给出 AD2=2L2AD^2 = 2L^2

Each lateral edge has length LL with L2=h2+R2,L^2 = h^2 + R^2, where RR is the octagon’s circumradius; the right angle at VV gives AD2=2L2AD^2 = 2L^2

大提示:

AADD 相隔三个顶点,圆心角为 135135^\circ,且 AD2=R2(2+2)AD^2 = R^2(2 + \sqrt2);又 R2=2+22R^2 = \dfrac{2 + \sqrt2}{2}。解出 h2h^2

AA and DD are three vertices apart, so the central angle is 135135^\circ and AD2=R2(2+2);AD^2 = R^2(2 + \sqrt2); also R2=2+22.R^2 = \dfrac{2 + \sqrt2}{2}. Solve for h2h^2

解答:

RR 为正八边形外接圆半径,LL 为每条侧棱长,则 L2=h2+R2L^2 = h^2 + R^2。由于 AVD=90\angle AVD = 90^\circ,有 AD2=2L2AD^2 = 2L^2

顶点 AADD 相隔三步,圆心角为 135135^\circ,所以 AD2AD^2 =2R2(1cos135)= 2R^2(1 - \cos 135^\circ) =R2(2+2)= R^2(2 + \sqrt2)。结合上式得 R2(2+2)=2(h2+R2)R^2(2 + \sqrt2) = 2(h^2 + R^2),即 2h2=R222h^2 = R^2\sqrt2

边长为 11 的正八边形满足 R2=12sin2(22.5)=2+22R^2 = \dfrac{1}{2\sin^2(22.5^\circ)} = \dfrac{2 + \sqrt2}{2}。因此 h2h^2 =R222= \dfrac{R^2\sqrt2}{2} =(2+2)24= \dfrac{(2 + \sqrt2)\sqrt2}{4} =22+24= \dfrac{2\sqrt2 + 2}{4} =1+22= \dfrac{1 + \sqrt2}{2}

所以正确答案是 B

Let RR be the circumradius of the octagon and LL the length of each lateral edge, so L2=h2+R2.L^2 = h^2 + R^2. Since AVD=90,\angle AVD = 90^\circ, AD2=2L2.AD^2 = 2L^2.

Vertices AA and DD are three steps apart, a central angle of 135,135^\circ, so AD2AD^2 =2R2(1cos135)= 2R^2(1 - \cos 135^\circ) =R2(2+2).= R^2(2 + \sqrt2). Setting R2(2+2)=2(h2+R2)R^2(2 + \sqrt2) = 2(h^2 + R^2) gives 2h2=R22.2h^2 = R^2\sqrt2.

For a regular octagon of side 1,1, R2=12sin2(22.5)=2+22.R^2 = \dfrac{1}{2\sin^2(22.5^\circ)} = \dfrac{2 + \sqrt2}{2}. Therefore h2h^2 =R222= \dfrac{R^2\sqrt2}{2} =(2+2)24= \dfrac{(2 + \sqrt2)\sqrt2}{4} =22+24= \dfrac{2\sqrt2 + 2}{4} =1+22.= \dfrac{1 + \sqrt2}{2}.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

24.

有多少个正整数有序三元组 (a,b,c)(a, b, c),满足 abc9a \le b \le c \le 9,并且存在一个非退化三角形 ABC\triangle ABC,其内切圆半径为整数,且 aabbcc 分别是从 AABC\overline{BC}、从 BBAC\overline{AC}、从 CCAB\overline{AB} 的高?(回忆:三角形的内切圆半径,是能内接于该三角形的最大圆的半径。)

What is the number of ordered triples (a,b,c)(a, b, c) of positive integers, with abc9,a \le b \le c \le 9, such that there exists a (non-degenerate) triangle ABC\triangle ABC with an integer inradius for which a,a, b,b, and cc are the lengths of the altitudes from AA to BC,\overline{BC}, BB to AC,\overline{AC}, and CC to AB,\overline{AB}, respectively? (Recall that the inradius of a triangle is the radius of the largest possible circle that can be inscribed in the triangle.)

22

33

44

55

66

难度评级:2410
小提示:

因为每条边等于 2[]\dfrac{2[\triangle]}{\text{高}},所以内切圆半径满足 1r=1a+1b+1c\dfrac1r = \dfrac1a + \dfrac1b + \dfrac1c

Since each side equals 2[]altitude,\dfrac{2[\triangle]}{\text{altitude}}, the inradius satisfies 1r=1a+1b+1c\dfrac1r = \dfrac1a + \dfrac1b + \dfrac1c

大提示:

边长与 1a,1b,1c\tfrac1a, \tfrac1b, \tfrac1c 成比例,所以非退化要求 1a<1b+1c\tfrac1a \lt \tfrac1b + \tfrac1c;寻找 1a+1b+1c\tfrac1a + \tfrac1b + \tfrac1c 为单位分数的三元组。

The sides are proportional to 1a,1b,1c,\tfrac1a, \tfrac1b, \tfrac1c, so non-degeneracy needs 1a<1b+1c;\tfrac1a \lt \tfrac1b + \tfrac1c; seek triples with 1a+1b+1c\tfrac1a + \tfrac1b + \tfrac1c a unit fraction

解答:

将每条边写成 2[]h\dfrac{2[\triangle]}{h},则半周长为 [](1a+1b+1c)[\triangle]\bigl(\tfrac1a + \tfrac1b + \tfrac1c\bigr)。由 r=[]sr = \dfrac{[\triangle]}{s},可得 1r=1a+1b+1c\dfrac1r = \dfrac1a + \dfrac1b + \dfrac1c。我们需要该和等于正整数 rr 的倒数 1r\dfrac1r。边长与 1a,1b,1c\tfrac1a, \tfrac1b, \tfrac1c 成比例,所以非退化条件要求 1a<1b+1c\tfrac1a \lt \tfrac1b + \tfrac1c

因为 abc9a\le b\le c\le9,倒数之和至少为 3c13\frac{3}{c}\ge\frac{1}{3},所以整数 rr 只能是 1,2,31,2,3 之一。又 1a<1r3a\frac{1}{a}\lt\frac{1}{r}\le\frac{3}{a},所以 r<a3rr\lt a\le3r。对这少数几组 r,ar,a,把 b=a,a+1,,9b=a,a+1,\ldots,9 代入 c=abrabarbr c=\frac{abr}{ab-ar-br}\text{。} 只保留满足 bc9b\le c\le9 的整数 cc,就得到完整的列表 r(a,b,c)1(2,3,6),(2,4,4),(3,3,3)2(4,8,8),(6,6,6)3(9,9,9) \begin{array}{c|l} r& (a,b,c)\\ \hline 1&(2,3,6),(2,4,4),(3,3,3)\\ 2&(4,8,8),(6,6,6)\\ 3&(9,9,9) \end{array}\text{。} 其中三元组 (2,3,6),(2,4,4)(2,3,6),(2,4,4)(4,8,8)(4,8,8) 满足 1a=1b+1c\tfrac1a=\tfrac1b+\tfrac1c,因而给出退化三角形。剩下的三元组是 (3,3,3),(6,6,6)(3,3,3),(6,6,6)(9,9,9)(9,9,9),所以答案是 33

所以正确答案是 B

Writing each side as 2[]h,\dfrac{2[\triangle]}{h}, the semiperimeter is [](1a+1b+1c),[\triangle]\bigl(\tfrac1a + \tfrac1b + \tfrac1c\bigr), so the inradius r=[]sr = \dfrac{[\triangle]}{s} satisfies 1r=1a+1b+1c.\dfrac1r = \dfrac1a + \dfrac1b + \dfrac1c. We need this to be 1r\dfrac1r for a positive integer r,r, with the sides (proportional to 1a,1b,1c\tfrac1a, \tfrac1b, \tfrac1c) forming a non-degenerate triangle, requiring 1a<1b+1c.\tfrac1a \lt \tfrac1b + \tfrac1c.

Because abc9,a\le b\le c\le9, the reciprocal sum is at least 3c13,\frac{3}{c}\ge\frac{1}{3}, so the integer rr is one of 1,2,3.1,2,3. Also 1a<1r3a,\frac{1}{a}\lt\frac{1}{r}\le\frac{3}{a}, so r<a3r.r\lt a\le3r. For each of these few values of r,a,r,a, substitute b=a,a+1,,9b=a,a+1,\ldots,9 into c=abrabarbr. c=\frac{abr}{ab-ar-br}. Keeping only integral cc with bc9b\le c\le9 gives the complete list r(a,b,c)1(2,3,6),(2,4,4),(3,3,3)2(4,8,8),(6,6,6)3(9,9,9). \begin{array}{c|l} r& (a,b,c)\\ \hline 1&(2,3,6),(2,4,4),(3,3,3)\\ 2&(4,8,8),(6,6,6)\\ 3&(9,9,9). \end{array} The triples (2,3,6),(2,4,4),(2,3,6),(2,4,4), and (4,8,8)(4,8,8) have 1a=1b+1c\tfrac1a=\tfrac1b+\tfrac1c and therefore give degenerate triangles. The remaining triples are (3,3,3),(6,6,6),(3,3,3),(6,6,6), and (9,9,9),(9,9,9), so the answer is 3.3.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

25.

Pablo 要用红色或蓝色颜料、条纹或圆点图案装饰 66 个相同的白球。他会对每个球的颜色和图案各掷一次公平硬币,共 1212 次决策。颜料干后,他把 66 个球放入一个盒子。Frida 从盒子中随机取一个球,并记录其颜色和图案。事件“Frida 取到的球是红色”和“Frida 取到的球是条纹”是否独立,取决于 Pablo 的掷硬币结果。这两个事件独立的概率可写为 mn\dfrac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。mm 是多少?(回忆:若两个事件 AABB 满足 P(A 且 B)=P(A)P(B)P(A \text{ 且 } B) = P(A)\cdot P(B),则它们独立。)

Pablo will decorate each of 66 identical white balls with either a striped or a dotted pattern, using either red or blue paint. He will decide on the color and pattern for each ball by flipping a fair coin for each of the 1212 decisions he must make. After the paint dries, he will place the 66 balls in an urn. Frida will randomly select one ball from the urn and note its color and pattern. The events “the ball Frida selects is red” and “the ball Frida selects is striped” may or may not be independent, depending on the outcome of Pablo’s coin flips. The probability that these two events are independent can be written as mn,\dfrac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. What is m?m? (Recall that two events AA and BB are independent if P(A and B)=P(A)P(B).P(A \text{ and } B) = P(A)\cdot P(B).)

243243

245245

247247

249249

251251

难度评级:2510
小提示:

设六个球中有 kk 个红色条纹球,红球总数为 RR,条纹球总数为 SS。均匀抽取时独立条件为 k6=R6S6\dfrac{k}{6} = \dfrac{R}{6}\cdot\dfrac{S}{6}

Let the six balls include kk that are red-and-striped, with RR red and SS striped total. Independence for Frida’s uniform pick means k6=R6S6\dfrac{k}{6} = \dfrac{R}{6}\cdot\dfrac{S}{6}

大提示:

条件即 6k=RS6k = RS。在 464^6 个总分配中,用多项式系数计数满足条件的 66 个球到 44 种类型的分配。

So the condition is 6k=RS.6k = RS. Count assignments of 66 balls to the 44 equally likely types satisfying this, over 464^6 total, using multinomial coefficients

解答:

每个球独立地属于四种等可能类型之一:红色条纹、红色圆点、蓝色条纹、蓝色圆点。设 66 个球中有 kk 个红色条纹球,红球总数为 RR,条纹球总数为 SS。对 Frida 的均匀随机选择,P()=R6P(\text{红}) = \tfrac{R}{6}P(条纹)=S6P(\text{条纹}) = \tfrac{S}{6},且 P(红且条纹)=k6P(\text{红且条纹}) = \tfrac{k}{6}。独立性意味着 k6=R6S6\dfrac{k}{6} = \dfrac{R}{6}\cdot\dfrac{S}{6},即 6k=RS6k = RS

先计数满足 R{0,6}R\in\{0,6\}S{0,6}S\in\{0,6\} 的分配。这四个条件各给另一种属性留下 26=642^6=64 种选择,而它们两两交集中的四个分配被重复计算。因此并集贡献 4644=2524\cdot64-4=252

1R,S51\le R,S\le5 时,RSRS66 的倍数这一条件只留下 (R,S)=(2,3),(3,2)(R,S)=(2,3),(3,2)(3,4),(4,3)(3,4),(4,3)。每种情形都有 k=RS6k=\frac{RS}{6},四种类型的数量恰是 (1,1,2,2)(1,1,2,2) 的一个排列。因此每个数对贡献 6!1!1!2!2!=180\dfrac{6!}{1!1!2!2!}=180 种分配。有利分配数为 252+4180=972252+4\cdot180=972。在 46=40964^6=4096 个等可能分配中,概率为 9724096=2431024\dfrac{972}{4096}=\dfrac{243}{1024},所以 m=243m=243

因此,正确答案是 A

Each ball is independently one of four equally likely types: red-striped, red-dotted, blue-striped, blue-dotted. Suppose among the 66 balls there are kk red-striped, with RR red and SS striped in total. For Frida’s uniform pick, P(red)=R6,P(\text{red}) = \tfrac{R}{6}, P(striped)=S6,P(\text{striped}) = \tfrac{S}{6}, and P(red and striped)=k6.P(\text{red and striped}) = \tfrac{k}{6}. Independence means k6=R6S6,\dfrac{k}{6} = \dfrac{R}{6}\cdot\dfrac{S}{6}, i.e. 6k=RS.6k = RS.

First count assignments with R{0,6}R\in\{0,6\} or S{0,6}.S\in\{0,6\}. Each of these four conditions leaves 26=642^6=64 choices for the other attribute, and the four assignments at their pairwise intersections have been counted twice. Their union therefore contributes 4644=252.4\cdot64-4=252.

For 1R,S5,1\le R,S\le5, the condition that RSRS be divisible by 66 leaves only (R,S)=(2,3),(3,2)(R,S)=(2,3),(3,2) or (3,4),(4,3).(3,4),(4,3). In each case k=RS6,k=\frac{RS}{6}, and the four type counts are a permutation of (1,1,2,2).(1,1,2,2). Thus each pair contributes 6!1!1!2!2!=180\dfrac{6!}{1!1!2!2!}=180 assignments. The favorable count is therefore 252+4180=972.252+4\cdot180=972. Out of 46=40964^6=4096 equally likely assignments, the probability is 9724096=2431024,\dfrac{972}{4096}=\dfrac{243}{1024}, so m=243.m=243.

Thus, the correct answer is A.