2024 AMC 12B 详解
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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
一长队人从左到右排列。从左数第 个人也是从右数第 个人。队伍中共有多少人?
In a long line of people arranged left to right, the th person from the left is also the th person from the right. How many people are in the line?
小提示:
目标人物左边的人、右边的人,再加上这个人本身,组成整条队伍。
The people to the left of the target person and the people to the right, plus the person themself, make up the whole line
大提示:
左边有 人,右边有 人;再加上目标人物。
There are people to the left and to the right; add these to the target person
解答:
目标人物左边有 人,右边有 人。包括此人自己,总人数为 。
所以正确答案是 B。
The target person has people to the left and people to the right. Including the person themself, the line has people.
Thus, the correct answer is B.
2.
求 的值。
What is
小提示:
写出 ,看看它是否能重组为 。
Write and see whether it can be rebuilt into
大提示:
因为 ,所以 。
Since we get
解答:
注意 。因此 所以 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Note that Therefore So
Thus, the correct answer is B.
3.
有多少个整数 满足 ?
For how many integer values of is
4.
编号为 ,,, 的球按如下步骤放入标为 ,,,、 的 个箱子。球 放入箱 ,球 和 放入箱 。接下来的三个球放入箱 ,接下来的 个球放入箱 ,如此继续,放入箱 后再循环回箱 。(例如球 ,,, 在此过程第 步放入箱 。)球 放入哪个箱?
Balls numbered are deposited in bins, labeled and using the following procedure. Ball is deposited in bin and balls and are deposited in The next three balls are deposited in bin the next in bin and so on, cycling back to bin after balls are deposited in bin (For example, are deposited in bin at step of this process.) In which bin is ball deposited?
小提示:
第 步恰好放入 个球,所以 步后共放入 个球。
At step exactly balls are deposited, so after steps a total of balls have been placed
大提示:
找到包含球 的步骤,再注意第 步使用循环 中位置 的箱。
Find the step containing ball then note that step uses the bin at position in the cycle
解答:
第 步放入 个球,所以第 步后共放入 个球。又 而 ,所以球 在第 步。
步骤按 循环,所以第 步使用位置 的箱。这里 ,即第四个箱 。
所以正确答案是 D。
Step deposits balls, so after step a total of balls have been placed. Since and ball falls in step
The steps cycle through the bins so step uses position Here which is the fourth bin,
Thus, the correct answer is D.
5.
在下面的表达式中,Melanie 把若干个加号改成了减号:
新表达式求值后为负数。Melanie 至少需要把多少个加号改成减号?
In the following expression, Melanie changed some of the plus signs to minus signs:
When the new expression was evaluated, it was negative. What is the least number of plus signs that Melanie could have changed to minus signs?
小提示:
原和为 ;把值为 的项翻成负号会让总和减少 。
The original sum is flipping a term of value lowers the total by
大提示:
要使结果为负,被翻号的项之和必须超过 ;优先翻最大的奇数,最大 项之和为 。
To go negative the flipped terms must total more than flip the largest odd numbers first, where the largest of them sum to
解答:
原表达式是前 个正奇数之和,等于 。把值为 的项从 改为 ,总和会减少 ,所以要使结果为负,翻号项的和必须大于 。
为使项数尽量少,应从 开始翻号。最大的 个奇数之和为 。当 时,;当 时,。所以 个足够,而 个不够。
所以正确答案是 B。
The original expression sums the first odd numbers, giving Changing a term of value from to decreases the total by so to make the result negative the flipped terms must total more than
To use as few terms as possible, flip the largest odd numbers The largest of them sum to With this is but with it is So sign changes suffice and do not.
Thus, the correct answer is B.
6.
美国国债预计到 年将达到 美元。这个美元数用 进制数字写出时有多少位?(本题中取 近似为 已足够。)
The national debt of the United States is on track to reach dollars by How many digits does this number of dollars have when written as a numeral in base (The approximation of as is sufficient for this problem.)
7.
下图中, 是一个长方形,且 、。点 在 上,点 在 上,且 是直角。三角形 和 的面积相等。求 的面积。
In the figure below is a rectangle with and Point lies on point lies on and is a right angle. The areas of and are equal. What is the area of
小提示:
设 、、、,并令 、。
Place with and
大提示:
直角条件给出 ,等面积条件给出第二个方程;解出 和 。
The right angle gives and the equal-area condition gives a second equation; solve for and
解答:
设 、、、,其中 在 上, 在 上。
因为 ,所以 ,即 。面积为 而 。面积相等给出 。
把 代入 ,得 ,所以 ,。另一个代数根 会导致 ,此时 没有定义,所以不成立。于是取 、、,得
所以正确答案是 C。
Set with on and on
Since so The areas give and Setting these equal yields
Substituting into gives so and The other algebraic root, gives and no defined angle so it is invalid. Then with
Thus, the correct answer is C.
8.
哪个 值满足
What value of satisfies
小提示:
分子分母同除以 ,把左边化成 。
Divide numerator and denominator by to turn the left side into
大提示:
因为 且 ,方程变为 。
Since and the equation becomes
解答:
分子分母同除以 ,左边变为 因此 ,即 ,也就是 。
因此 。
所以正确答案是 C。
Dividing top and bottom by the left side becomes So meaning i.e.
Therefore
Thus, the correct answer is C.
9.
一个飞镖靶是坐标平面中的区域 ,由满足 的点 组成。目标区域 由满足 的点组成。飞镖随机落在 中一点。飞镖落在 中的概率可表示为 ,其中 和 是互质正整数。求 。
A dartboard is the region in the coordinate plane consisting of points such that A target is the region where A dart is thrown and lands at a random point in The probability that the dart lands in can be expressed as where and are relatively prime positive integers. What is
小提示:
区域 是对角线长为 的正方形,且 等价于 。
The region is a square with diagonals of length and means
大提示:
环形区域 的面积为 ;检查其外半径 恰好到达 的边,所以 完全位于 内。
The annulus has area check that its outer radius exactly reaches the sides of so lies entirely inside
解答:
飞镖靶 是一个对角线长为 的正方形,面积为 。目标条件 等价于 ,即 ,这是一个面积为 的圆环。
原点到正方形一条边(如 )的距离为 ,正好等于环形区域外半径,所以整个环形区域都在 内。概率为 ,因此 。
所以正确答案是 B。
The dartboard is a square with diagonals so its area is The target condition means i.e. an annulus of area
The distance from the origin to a side of the square (for instance ) is exactly the annulus’s outer radius. So the annulus is tangent to the square and lies entirely within The probability is giving
Thus, the correct answer is B.
10.
一个含 个实数的列表包括 、、、、、,以及满足 的 ,,。列表的极差为 ,且平均数和中位数都是正整数。有多少个有序三元组 可行?
A list of real numbers consists of and as well as with The range of the list is and the mean and median are both positive integers. How many ordered triples are possible?
无限多个
infinitely many
小提示:
六个固定数之和为 ,所以平均数为整数时, 的小数部分必须为 。
The six fixed numbers sum to so the mean is an integer only when ends in
大提示:
极差条件给出三种情形:,或 ,其中
The range condition gives three cases: or with
解答:
六个固定数之和为 ,取值范围为 。整个列表的最小值与最大值有三种可能的安排。
若最小值与最大值为 和 ,则 且 。此时平均数为整数只能取 或 ,分别要求 或 。前者使中位数变成 。后者若要中位数为整数,必须 ,从而 。这给出 。
若最小值与最大值为 和 ,则 ,而平均数为整数要求 或 。前者使中位数变成 ;后者只有在 时中位数才是整数。这给出 。
最后,若两个极值都由新数给出,写成 ,其中 。平均数必须为 ,所以 。中位数是 中的第四个数;只有当 时它才是整数,此时 。于是第三个三元组是 ,总共恰有 个。
所以正确答案是 C。
The six fixed numbers sum to and span There are three possible arrangements of the overall extremes.
If the extremes are and then and The only possible integer means are and requiring or The first makes the median In the second, an integer median forces hence This gives
If the extremes are and then and the integer mean forces or The first makes the median the second has an integer median only for This gives
Finally, if both extremes are new, write with The mean must be so The median is the fourth number among it is an integer only when giving Thus the third triple is and there are exactly in all.
Thus, the correct answer is C.
11.
令 。求 ,,,, 的平均数。
Let What is the mean of
小提示:
使用 改写这个和。
Use to rewrite the sum
大提示:
余弦项 由 成对抵消,只剩 。
The cosine terms cancel in pairs via leaving only
解答:
由 ,可得 在余弦和中, 与 的项满足 ,且 ,最后只剩 。
所以总和为 ,平均数为 。
所以正确答案是 E。
Using In the cosine sum, the terms for and satisfy and so everything cancels except
Hence the sum is and the mean is
Thus, the correct answer is E.
12.
设 是一个虚部为正、实部大于 、且 的复数。在复平面中,四点 ,,、 是一个面积为 的四边形的顶点。 的虚部是多少?
Suppose is a complex number with positive imaginary part, with real part greater than and with In the complex plane, the four points and are the vertices of a quadrilateral with area What is the imaginary part of
13.
实数 ,, 和 满足方程组
求 的最小可能值。
There are real numbers and that satisfy the system of equations
What is the minimum possible value of
小提示:
将两个方程相加,把 写成关于 和 的一个表达式。
Add the two equations to get as a single expression in and
大提示:
配方得 ,当两个平方项都为零时最小。
Complete the square: which is smallest when both squares vanish
解答:
两式相加,得 两个平方项都非负,所以最小值在 、 时取得,为 。
所以正确答案是 C。
Adding the equations, Both squared terms are nonnegative, so the minimum occurs at giving
Thus, the correct answer is C.
14.
一个整数的 次方除以 时,可能得到多少种不同余数?
How many different remainders can result when the th power of an integer is divided by
小提示:
分为与 互质的整数,以及被 整除的整数。
Split into integers coprime to and integers divisible by
大提示:
因为 ,Euler 定理说明当 时,;而 的倍数满足 被 整除。
Since Euler’s theorem gives when a multiple of has divisible by
解答:
若 与 互质,则由 和 Euler 定理可得 。若 是 的倍数,则 被 整除,因而也被 整除,余数为 。
因此只可能出现余数 和 ,共 种。
所以正确答案是 B。
If is coprime to then since Euler’s theorem gives If is a multiple of then is divisible by hence by leaving remainder
So the only possible remainders are and which is distinct values.
Thus, the correct answer is B.
15.
坐标平面中一个三角形的顶点为 ,,和 。 的面积是多少?
A triangle in the coordinate plane has vertices and What is the area of
16.
个人要被分成 个不可区分的 人委员会。每个委员会有一名主席和一名秘书。不同分配方式数可写为 ,其中 、 是正整数,且 不被 整除。求 。
A group of people will be partitioned into indistinguishable -person committees. Each committee will have one chairperson and one secretary. The number of different ways to make these assignments can be written as where and are positive integers and is not divisible by What is
小提示:
分配数为 ,因为每个委员会有 种主席和秘书的选择。
The number of assignments is where each committee contributes chair-and-secretary choices
大提示:
只追踪 的幂: 给出 ,分母 给出 , 给出
Track only powers of gives the denominator gives and gives
解答:
将 人分成 个不可区分的 人组有 种。每个委员会选主席和秘书有 种选择,贡献因子 。所以总数为 。
只计数因子 : 贡献 个;分母 贡献 个;而 贡献 个。因此 。
所以正确答案是 A。
The number of ways to split people into indistinguishable groups of is Each committee then chooses a chairperson and a secretary in ways, contributing So the total is
Counting factors of contributes The denominator contributes And contributes Thus
Thus, the correct answer is A.
17.
从绝对值不超过 的整数集合中,不放回地随机选取整数 、。多项式 有 个不同整数根的概率是多少?
Integers and are randomly chosen without replacement from the set of integers with absolute value not exceeding What is the probability that the polynomial has distinct integer roots?
小提示:
若根为不同整数 ,则 、、。
If the roots are distinct integers then and
大提示:
列出把 写成三个不同整数乘积的方式,去掉导致 或 的情形,再除以 个有序选择。
List the ways to write as a product of three distinct integers, discard any giving or and divide by ordered choices
解答:
集合中有 个整数,所以有 个有序选择 。若多项式有不同整数根 ,则 ,,。
乘积为 的不同整数根三元组为 ,,,,以及 。它们给出 ,,,,和 。第四组有 ,无效;其余四组有效且互不相同。
所求概率为 。
所以正确答案是 C。
The set has integers, so there are ordered choices of If the polynomial has distinct integer roots then and
The triples of distinct integers with product are and These give and The fourth has so it is invalid; the other four are valid and distinct.
The probability is
Thus, the correct answer is C.
18.
Fibonacci 数定义为 、,且对 ,有 。求
The Fibonacci numbers are defined by and for What is
小提示:
每项都可化简: 是整数;先算几项,如 、、。
Each term simplifies: is an integer; compute the first few, such as
大提示:
这些值是 Lucas 数 ;求 到 的和。
These values are the Lucas numbers sum through
解答:
因为 ,其中 为第 个 Lucas 数,所以 。所求和为 等价地, 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Since where is the th Lucas number, each term The sum is (Equivalently, )
Thus, the correct answer is B.
19.
边长为 的等边三角形 绕其中心旋转角 (其中 ),得到三角形 。见图。六边形 的面积为 。 是多少?
Equilateral with side length is rotated about its center by angle where to form See the figure. The area of hexagon is What is
小提示:
六个顶点都在半径 的圆上;六边形的圆心角交替为 和 。
All six vertices lie on the circle of radius the hexagon’s central angles alternate and
大提示:
面积为 ;用和差化积化简,再解出 。
The area is simplify with sum-to-product to solve for
解答:
六个顶点都在外接圆上,半径 ,所以 。圆心角在 与 之间交替。六边形面积为
由和差化积, 。令面积为 ,得 ,所以 ,且 。
于是 ,并且
所以正确答案是 B。
The six vertices lie on the circumcircle of radius so Going around, the central angles alternate between (three times) and (three times). The cyclic-hexagon area is
By sum-to-product, Setting the area to gives so and
Then and
Thus, the correct answer is B.
20.
设 , 和 是平面上的点,且 、。令 为从 到 中点的线段长度。定义函数 ,令 为 的面积。那么 的定义域是开区间 ,且 的最大值 在 时取得。求 。
Suppose and are points in the plane with and and let be the length of the line segment from to the midpoint of Define a function by letting be the area of Then the domain of is an open interval and the maximum value of occurs at What is
小提示:
设 ,则中线满足 ;三角形不等式 决定定义域。
The median satisfies where the triangle inequality determines the domain
大提示:
面积在 时最大;求该最大面积和对应的 。
The area is largest when find that maximum area and the corresponding
解答:
设 。中线长度满足 。三角形不等式要求 ,即 ,从而 。所以 。
在 、 固定时,面积为 ,当 时最大,得 。此时 ,,所以 。
因此 。
所以正确答案是 C。
Let The median length gives The triangle inequality requires i.e. which translates to So
With and fixed, the area is largest when giving Then so i.e.
Thus
Thus, the correct answer is C.
21.
三个不同直角三角形的最小角度数之和为 。这三个三角形的边长都是本原勾股数三元组。其中两个是 -- 和 --。第三个三角形的周长是多少?
The measures of the smallest angles of three different right triangles sum to All three triangles have side lengths that are primitive Pythagorean triples. Two of them are -- and -- What is the perimeter of the third triangle?
小提示:
前两个最小角的正切分别为 和 ;第三个满足 ,所以 。
The smallest angles have tangents and the third must satisfy so
大提示:
计算 ,所以 ;找出两条直角边为 和 的本原三元组。
Compute so find the primitive triple with legs and
解答:
-- 与 -- 三角形的最小角 满足 ,。
第三个最小角 满足 ,所以 。直角边为 、 的直角三角形斜边为 ,构成本原三元组,周长为 。
所以正确答案是 C。
The smallest angles of the -- and -- triangles have and By the tangent addition formula,
The third smallest angle satisfies so The right triangle with legs and has hypotenuse a primitive triple. Its perimeter is
Thus, the correct answer is C.
22.
设 为整数边长三角形,且满足 。这种三角形的最小可能周长是多少?
Let be a triangle with integer side lengths and the property that What is the least possible perimeter of such a triangle?
小提示:
设 、、,则条件 等价于 。
With the condition is equivalent to
大提示:
因为周长是 ,周长小于 要求 ;检查 的因数
Since the perimeter is a perimeter below would require ; check the divisors of
解答:
当 时,边长满足 ,其中 、、。所以 必须是正整数,且三边必须构成非退化三角形。
又因为 ,所以 。周长为 ,因此周长小于 就要求 。对 , 的满足 的因数给出下列可能的数对 逐一代入可知,除了 给出 以外,其余都得到退化或不合法的三角形。因此 是第一个合法的三角形,其周长为 。
所以正确答案是 C。
When the side lengths satisfy where So must be a positive integer, and the sides must form a valid triangle.
Also because The perimeter is Therefore a perimeter below would require For the divisors of give the possible pairs Substitution gives a degenerate or invalid triangle in every case except which gives Thus is the first valid triangle, and its perimeter is
Thus, the correct answer is C.
23.
一个直棱锥的底面是边长为 的正八边形 ,顶点为 。线段 与 垂直。该棱锥高度的平方是多少?
A right pyramid has regular octagon with side length as its base and apex Segments and are perpendicular. What is the square of the height of the pyramid?
小提示:
每条侧棱长为 ,满足 ,其中 是八边形外接圆半径;直角在 处给出 。
Each lateral edge has length with where is the octagon’s circumradius; the right angle at gives
大提示:
与 相隔三个顶点,圆心角为 ,且 ;又 。解出 。
and are three vertices apart, so the central angle is and also Solve for
解答:
令 为正八边形外接圆半径, 为每条侧棱长,则 。由于 ,有 。
顶点 与 相隔三步,圆心角为 ,所以 。结合上式得 ,即 。
边长为 的正八边形满足 。因此 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Let be the circumradius of the octagon and the length of each lateral edge, so Since
Vertices and are three steps apart, a central angle of so Setting gives
For a regular octagon of side Therefore
Thus, the correct answer is B.
24.
有多少个正整数有序三元组 ,满足 ,并且存在一个非退化三角形 ,其内切圆半径为整数,且 、、 分别是从 到 、从 到 、从 到 的高?(回忆:三角形的内切圆半径,是能内接于该三角形的最大圆的半径。)
What is the number of ordered triples of positive integers, with such that there exists a (non-degenerate) triangle with an integer inradius for which and are the lengths of the altitudes from to to and to respectively? (Recall that the inradius of a triangle is the radius of the largest possible circle that can be inscribed in the triangle.)
小提示:
因为每条边等于 ,所以内切圆半径满足 。
Since each side equals the inradius satisfies
大提示:
边长与 成比例,所以非退化要求 ;寻找 为单位分数的三元组。
The sides are proportional to so non-degeneracy needs seek triples with a unit fraction
解答:
将每条边写成 ,则半周长为 。由 ,可得 。我们需要该和等于正整数 的倒数 。边长与 成比例,所以非退化条件要求 。
因为 ,倒数之和至少为 ,所以整数 只能是 之一。又 ,所以 。对这少数几组 ,把 代入 只保留满足 的整数 ,就得到完整的列表 其中三元组 和 满足 ,因而给出退化三角形。剩下的三元组是 和 ,所以答案是 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Writing each side as the semiperimeter is so the inradius satisfies We need this to be for a positive integer with the sides (proportional to ) forming a non-degenerate triangle, requiring
Because the reciprocal sum is at least so the integer is one of Also so For each of these few values of substitute into Keeping only integral with gives the complete list The triples and have and therefore give degenerate triangles. The remaining triples are and so the answer is
Thus, the correct answer is B.
25.
Pablo 要用红色或蓝色颜料、条纹或圆点图案装饰 个相同的白球。他会对每个球的颜色和图案各掷一次公平硬币,共 次决策。颜料干后,他把 个球放入一个盒子。Frida 从盒子中随机取一个球,并记录其颜色和图案。事件“Frida 取到的球是红色”和“Frida 取到的球是条纹”是否独立,取决于 Pablo 的掷硬币结果。这两个事件独立的概率可写为 ,其中 和 是互质正整数。 是多少?(回忆:若两个事件 和 满足 ,则它们独立。)
Pablo will decorate each of identical white balls with either a striped or a dotted pattern, using either red or blue paint. He will decide on the color and pattern for each ball by flipping a fair coin for each of the decisions he must make. After the paint dries, he will place the balls in an urn. Frida will randomly select one ball from the urn and note its color and pattern. The events “the ball Frida selects is red” and “the ball Frida selects is striped” may or may not be independent, depending on the outcome of Pablo’s coin flips. The probability that these two events are independent can be written as where and are relatively prime positive integers. What is (Recall that two events and are independent if )
小提示:
设六个球中有 个红色条纹球,红球总数为 ,条纹球总数为 。均匀抽取时独立条件为 。
Let the six balls include that are red-and-striped, with red and striped total. Independence for Frida’s uniform pick means
大提示:
条件即 。在 个总分配中,用多项式系数计数满足条件的 个球到 种类型的分配。
So the condition is Count assignments of balls to the equally likely types satisfying this, over total, using multinomial coefficients
解答:
每个球独立地属于四种等可能类型之一:红色条纹、红色圆点、蓝色条纹、蓝色圆点。设 个球中有 个红色条纹球,红球总数为 ,条纹球总数为 。对 Frida 的均匀随机选择,,,且 。独立性意味着 ,即 。
先计数满足 或 的分配。这四个条件各给另一种属性留下 种选择,而它们两两交集中的四个分配被重复计算。因此并集贡献 。
当 时, 是 的倍数这一条件只留下 或 。每种情形都有 ,四种类型的数量恰是 的一个排列。因此每个数对贡献 种分配。有利分配数为 。在 个等可能分配中,概率为 ,所以 。
因此,正确答案是 A。
Each ball is independently one of four equally likely types: red-striped, red-dotted, blue-striped, blue-dotted. Suppose among the balls there are red-striped, with red and striped in total. For Frida’s uniform pick, and Independence means i.e.
First count assignments with or Each of these four conditions leaves choices for the other attribute, and the four assignments at their pairwise intersections have been counted twice. Their union therefore contributes
For the condition that be divisible by leaves only or In each case and the four type counts are a permutation of Thus each pair contributes assignments. The favorable count is therefore Out of equally likely assignments, the probability is so
Thus, the correct answer is A.