2018 AMC 12B 第 24 题

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24.

x\lfloor x\rfloor 表示小于或等于 xx 的最大整数。有多少个实数 xx 满足方程 x2+10,000x=10,000xx^2+10{,}000\lfloor x\rfloor=10{,}000x

Let x\lfloor x\rfloor denote the greatest integer less than or equal to x.x. How many real numbers xx satisfy the equation x2+10,000x=10,000x?x^2+10{,}000\lfloor x\rfloor=10{,}000x?

197197

198198

199199

200200

201201

答案:C
知识点:取整函数交点计数
难度评级:2500
解答:

{x}=xx\{x\}=x-\lfloor x\rfloor 方程化为 x2=10,000{x}x^2=10{,}000\{x\} 所以 x210,000={x}\tfrac{x^2}{10{,}000}=\{x\} 因为 0{x}<10\le\{x\}\lt1 必须有 0x2<10,0000\le x^2\lt10{,}000100<x<100-100\lt x\lt100

在每个区间 [k,k+1)[k,k+1) 上,写成 x=k+tx=k+t,其中 0t<10\le t\lt1。方程变为 (k+t)210,000t=0(k+t)^2-10{,}000t=0,其左边从非负值严格递减到负值,所以恰有一个零点。这些区间对应 100k98-100\le k\le98 因而共有 t=0t=0 个解。 k20k^2\ge0tt 11 (k+1)210,000<0(k+1)^2-10{,}000\lt098(100)+1=19998-(-100)+1=199

所以正确答案是 C

Let {x}=xx.\{x\}=x-\lfloor x\rfloor. The equation becomes x2=10,000{x},x^2=10{,}000\{x\}, so x210,000={x}.\tfrac{x^2}{10{,}000}=\{x\}. Since 0{x}<1,0\le\{x\}\lt1, we need 0x2<10,000,0\le x^2\lt10{,}000, i.e. 100<x<100.-100\lt x\lt100.

On each interval [k,k+1),[k,k+1), write x=k+tx=k+t with 0t<1.0\le t\lt1. The equation becomes (k+t)210,000t=0.(k+t)^2-10{,}000t=0. For 100k98,-100\le k\le98, the left side is strictly decreasing; at t=0t=0 it is k20,k^2\ge0, while as tt approaches 11 it approaches (k+1)210,000<0.(k+1)^2-10{,}000\lt0. Thus each of these intervals contains exactly one solution. There are 98(100)+1=19998-(-100)+1=199 such intervals.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

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