2018 AMC 12B 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

Kate 烤了一盘 2020 英寸乘 1818 英寸的玉米面包。玉米面包被切成 22 英寸乘 22 英寸的小块。这一盘共有多少块玉米面包?

Kate bakes a 2020-inch by 1818-inch pan of cornbread. The cornbread is cut into pieces that measure 22 inches by 22 inches. How many pieces of cornbread does the pan contain?

9090

100100

180180

200200

360360

知识点:面积
难度评级:840
小提示:

用整盘的总面积除以一块的面积。

Divide the total area of the pan by the area of one piece

大提示:

烤盘面积为 20×1820\times18,每块面积为 2×22\times2

The pan has area 20×1820\times18 and each piece has area 2×22\times2

解答:

烤盘面积为 2018=36020\cdot18=360 平方英寸,每块面积为 22=42\cdot2=4 平方英寸。

块数为 3604=90 \dfrac{360}{4}=90\text{。}

所以正确答案是 A

The pan has area 2018=36020\cdot18=360 square inches, and each piece has area 22=42\cdot2=4 square inches.

The number of pieces is 3604=90. \dfrac{360}{4}=90.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

2.

Sam 在 9090 分钟内开了 9696 英里。他前 3030 分钟的平均速度为 6060 mph,第二个 3030 分钟的平均速度为 6565 mph。他最后 3030 分钟的平均速度是多少 mph?

Sam drove 9696 miles in 9090 minutes. His average speed during the first 3030 minutes was 6060 mph (miles per hour), and his average speed during the second 3030 minutes was 6565 mph. What was his average speed, in mph, during the last 3030 minutes?

6464

6565

6666

6767

6868

难度评级:1080
小提示:

先求前两个 3030 分钟各行驶了多少距离。

Find the distance covered in each of the first two 3030-minute segments

大提示:

剩余距离在 12\tfrac12 小时内行驶;用距离除以时间得到速度。

The remaining distance is covered in 12\tfrac12 hour; divide to get the speed

解答:

3030 分钟 Sam 行驶 6012=3060\cdot\tfrac12=30 英里,接着又行驶 6512=32.565\cdot\tfrac12=32.5 英里。

最后 3030 分钟行驶 963032.5=33.596-30-32.5=33.5 英里,所以速度为 33.512=67 英里/小时。 \dfrac{33.5}{\frac{1}{2}}=67\text{ 英里/小时}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

In the first 3030 minutes Sam covered 6012=3060\cdot\tfrac12=30 miles, and in the second he covered 6512=32.565\cdot\tfrac12=32.5 miles.

The last 3030 minutes covered 963032.5=33.596-30-32.5=33.5 miles, so the speed was 33.512=67 mph. \dfrac{33.5}{\frac{1}{2}}=67\text{ mph}.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

3.

一条斜率为 22 的直线与一条斜率为 66 的直线在点 (40,30)(40, 30) 相交。这两条直线的 xx-截距之间的距离是多少?

A line with slope 22 intersects a line with slope 66 at the point (40,30).(40, 30). What is the distance between the xx-intercepts of these two lines?

55

1010

2020

2525

5050

难度评级:1240
小提示:

用点斜式写出两条经过 (40,30)(40,30) 的直线。

Write each line in point-slope form through (40,30)(40,30)

大提示:

在每个方程中令 y=0y=0,求出 xx-截距。

Set y=0y=0 in each equation to find its xx-intercept

解答:

斜率为 22 的直线为 y30=2(x40)y-30=2(x-40);令 y=0y=0,得 x=25x=25。斜率为 66 的直线为 y30=6(x40)y-30=6(x-40);令 y=0y=0,得 x=35x=35

两个截距之间的距离为 3525=10|35-25|=10

所以正确答案是 B

The line of slope 22 is y30=2(x40);y-30=2(x-40); setting y=0y=0 gives x=25.x=25. The line of slope 66 is y30=6(x40);y-30=6(x-40); setting y=0y=0 gives x=35.x=35.

The distance between the intercepts is 3525=10.|35-25|=10.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

4.

一个圆有一条长度为 1010 的弦,且圆心到这条弦的距离为 55。这个圆的面积是多少?

A circle has a chord of length 10,10, and the distance from the center of the circle to the chord is 5.5. What is the area of the circle?

25π25\pi

50π50\pi

75π75\pi

100π100\pi

125π125\pi

难度评级:1310
小提示:

半径、半条弦和圆心到弦的距离构成直角三角形。

The radius, half the chord, and the distance to the chord form a right triangle

大提示:

两条直角边为 5555,所以半径满足 r2=52+52r^2=5^2+5^2

With legs 55 and 5,5, the radius satisfies r2=52+52r^2=5^2+5^2

解答:

从圆心向弦作垂线会平分弦,形成直角三角形,其两条直角边分别为 55(半弦长)和 55(圆心到弦距离),斜边为 rr

因此 r2=52+52=50r^2=5^2+5^2=50,圆面积为 πr2=50π\pi r^2=50\pi

所以正确答案是 B

Dropping a perpendicular from the center to the chord bisects it, forming a right triangle with legs 55 (half the chord) and 55 (the distance), and hypotenuse r.r.

Then r2=52+52=50,r^2=5^2+5^2=50, so the area is πr2=50π.\pi r^2=50\pi.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

5.

集合 {2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}\{2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9\} 有多少个子集至少包含一个质数?

How many subsets of {2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}\{2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9\} contain at least one prime number?

128128

192192

224224

240240

256256

知识点:补集计数子集
难度评级:1390
小提示:

先数所有子集,再减去不含质数的子集。

Count all subsets, then subtract those containing no prime number

大提示:

非质数为 {4,6,8,9}\{4,6,8,9\},所以不含质数的子集就是这个集合的子集。

The non-primes are {4,6,8,9},\{4,6,8,9\}, so subsets with no prime number are subsets of that set

解答:

该集合有 88 个元素,共有 28=2562^8=256 个子集。不含质数的子集只能使用四个非质数 {4,6,8,9}\{4,6,8,9\},共有 24=162^4=16 个。

因此至少含一个质数的子集数为 25616=240256-16=240

所以正确答案是 D

The set has 88 elements, giving 28=2562^8=256 subsets. The subsets with no prime use only the four non-primes {4,6,8,9},\{4,6,8,9\}, and there are 24=162^4=16 of these.

So the number containing at least one prime is 25616=240.256-16=240.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

6.

假设用 QQ 枚二十五美分硬币可从自动售货机购买 SS 罐汽水。下列哪个表达式表示用 DD 美元可购买的汽水罐数?其中 11 美元等于 44 枚二十五美分硬币。

Suppose SS cans of soda can be purchased from a vending machine for QQ quarters. Which of the following expressions describes the number of cans of soda that can be purchased for DD dollars, where 11 dollar is worth 44 quarters?

4DQS\dfrac{4DQ}{S}

4DSQ\dfrac{4DS}{Q}

4QDS\dfrac{4Q}{DS}

DQ4S\dfrac{DQ}{4S}

DS4Q\dfrac{DS}{4Q}

难度评级:1430
小提示:

一罐汽水价格为 QS\tfrac{Q}{S} 枚二十五美分硬币。

One can costs QS\tfrac{Q}{S} quarters

大提示:

DD 美元换成 4D4D 枚二十五美分硬币,再除以每罐价格。

Convert DD dollars to 4D4D quarters, then divide by the price per can

解答:

一罐汽水需要 QS\tfrac{Q}{S} 枚二十五美分硬币,也就是 Q4S\tfrac{Q}{4S} 美元。用 DD 美元可购买的罐数是

DQ4S=4DSQ \dfrac{D}{\tfrac{Q}{4S}}=\dfrac{4DS}{Q}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

One can costs QS\tfrac{Q}{S} quarters, which is Q4S\tfrac{Q}{4S} dollars. The number of cans that DD dollars can buy is

DQ4S=4DSQ. \dfrac{D}{\tfrac{Q}{4S}}=\dfrac{4DS}{Q}.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

7.

下列乘积的值是多少?log37log59log711log913log2125log2327 \begin{gathered} \log_3 7\cdot\log_5 9\cdot\log_7 11 \\ {}\cdot\log_9 13\cdots\log_{21} 25\cdot\log_{23} 27 \end{gathered}\text{?}

What is the value of log37log59log711log913log2125log2327? \begin{gathered} \log_3 7\cdot\log_5 9\cdot\log_7 11 \\ {}\cdot\log_9 13\cdots\log_{21} 25\cdot\log_{23} 27? \end{gathered}

33

3log7233\log_7 23

66

99

1010

知识点:对数裂项相消
难度评级:1580
小提示:

使用换底公式 logab=logbloga\log_a b=\dfrac{\log b}{\log a}

Apply the change-of-base formula logab=logbloga\log_a b=\dfrac{\log b}{\log a}

大提示:

分成两条逐项相消的链:底数 3,7,11,3,7,11,\dots 与底数 5,9,13,5,9,13,\dots

Separate into two telescoping chains: bases 3,7,11,3,7,11,\dots and bases 5,9,13,5,9,13,\dots

解答:

这些因子可以分成两条逐项相消的链。奇数位置上的因子构成log37log711log1115log2327=log327=3 \begin{gathered} \log_3 7\cdot\log_7 11 \\ {}\cdot\log_{11} 15\cdots\log_{23} 27 \\ =\log_3 27=3 \end{gathered}\text{,} 而偶数位置上的因子构成log59log913log2125=log525=2 \begin{gathered} \log_5 9\cdot\log_9 13\cdots\log_{21} 25 \\ =\log_5 25=2 \end{gathered}\text{。}

这两条链的乘积为 32=63\cdot2=6

所以正确答案是 C

The factors split into two telescoping chains. The odd-position factors form log37log711log1115log2327=log327=3, \begin{gathered} \log_3 7\cdot\log_7 11 \\ {}\cdot\log_{11} 15\cdots\log_{23} 27 \\ =\log_3 27=3, \end{gathered} and the even-position factors form log59log913log2125=log525=2. \begin{gathered} \log_5 9\cdot\log_9 13\cdots\log_{21} 25 \\ =\log_5 25=2. \end{gathered}

The product is 32=6.3\cdot2=6.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

8.

线段 AB\overline{AB} 是一个圆的直径,且 AB=24AB=24。点 CC 在圆上且不等于 AABB。当 CC 绕圆移动时,ABC\triangle ABC 的重心轨迹是一条缺少两个点的闭曲线。取最接近的正整数,该曲线围成区域的面积是多少?

Line segment AB\overline{AB} is a diameter of a circle with AB=24.AB=24. Point C,C, not equal to AA or B,B, lies on the circle. As point CC moves around the circle, the centroid (center of mass) of ABC\triangle ABC traces out a closed curve missing two points. To the nearest positive integer, what is the area of the region bounded by this curve?

2525

3838

5050

6363

7575

难度评级:1600
小提示:

OO 为圆心;重心位于从 OOCC 的三分之一处。

Let OO be the center; the centroid lies one-third of the way from OO toward CC

大提示:

CC 在半径为 1212 的圆上移动时,重心描出半径为 1312\tfrac13\cdot12 的圆。

As CC moves on the circle of radius 12,12, the centroid traces a circle of radius 1312\tfrac13\cdot12

解答:

OO 为圆心。ABC\triangle ABC 的重心是 AABBCC 坐标的平均;由于 OOAB\overline{AB} 的中点,重心位于从 OOCC 的三分之一处。

CC 沿半径为 1212 的圆运动时,重心沿半径为 1312=4\tfrac13\cdot12=4 的圆运动。该圆面积为 16π5016\pi\approx50

所以正确答案是 C

Let OO be the center of the circle. The centroid of ABC\triangle ABC is the average of A,A, B,B, and C;C; since OO is the midpoint of AB,\overline{AB}, the centroid lies one-third of the way from OO to C.C.

As CC traces the circle of radius 12,12, the centroid traces a circle of radius 1312=4.\tfrac13\cdot12=4. Its area is 16π50.16\pi\approx50.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

9.

i=1100j=1100(i+j) \sum_{i=1}^{100}\sum_{j=1}^{100}(i+j)\text{?}

What is i=1100j=1100(i+j)? \sum_{i=1}^{100}\sum_{j=1}^{100}(i+j)?

100,100100{,}100

500,500500{,}500

505,000505{,}000

1,001,0001{,}001{,}000

1,010,0001{,}010{,}000

知识点:求和等差数列
难度评级:1620
小提示:

将和拆成 i+j\sum\sum i+\sum\sum j

Split the sum into i+j\sum\sum i+\sum\sum j

大提示:

100100 个正整数之和为 50505050

The sum of the first 100100 positive integers is 50505050

解答:

拆开求和:i=1100j=1100(i+j)=i=1100j=1100i+i=1100j=1100j=100i=1100i+100j=1100j \begin{gathered} \sum_{i=1}^{100}\sum_{j=1}^{100}(i+j) \\ =\sum_{i=1}^{100}\sum_{j=1}^{100}i \\ {}+\sum_{i=1}^{100}\sum_{j=1}^{100}j \\ =100\sum_{i=1}^{100}i \\ {}+100\sum_{j=1}^{100}j \end{gathered}\text{。}

因为 k=1100k=5050\sum_{k=1}^{100}k=5050,结果为 1005050100\cdot5050 +1005050+100\cdot5050 =1,010,000=1{,}010{,}000

所以正确答案是 E

Splitting the sum, i=1100j=1100(i+j)=i=1100j=1100i+i=1100j=1100j=100i=1100i+100j=1100j. \begin{gathered} \sum_{i=1}^{100}\sum_{j=1}^{100}(i+j) \\ =\sum_{i=1}^{100}\sum_{j=1}^{100}i \\ {}+\sum_{i=1}^{100}\sum_{j=1}^{100}j \\ =100\sum_{i=1}^{100}i \\ {}+100\sum_{j=1}^{100}j. \end{gathered}

Since k=1100k=5050,\sum_{k=1}^{100}k=5050, this equals 1005050100\cdot5050 +1005050+100\cdot5050 =1,010,000.=1{,}010{,}000.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

10.

一个由 20182018 个正整数组成的列表有唯一众数,并且这个众数恰好出现 1010 次。该列表中最少可以出现多少个不同的值?

A list of 20182018 positive integers has a unique mode, which occurs exactly 1010 times. What is the least number of distinct values that can occur in the list?

202202

223223

224224

225225

234234

知识点:众数抽屉原理
难度评级:1700
小提示:

非众数项有 201810=20082018-10=2008 个,每个值最多出现 99 次。

The 201810=20082018-10=2008 non-mode entries can each appear at most 99 times

大提示:

求所需非众数不同值的最少个数,再为众数本身加 11

Find the fewest distinct non-mode values needed, then add 11 for the mode

解答:

众数占 1010 项,剩下 20082008 项。因为众数唯一,其他每个值最多出现 99 次,所以至少需要 20089=224\left\lceil\tfrac{2008}{9}\right\rceil=224 个非众数值。

再加上众数本身,共有 224+1=225224+1=225 个不同值。这可以实现:让从 11223223 的每个数各出现 99 次,再让 224224 出现十次,让 225225 出现一次。

所以正确答案是 D

The mode uses 1010 of the entries, leaving 2008.2008. Because the mode is unique, every other value appears at most 99 times, so at least 20089=224\left\lceil\tfrac{2008}{9}\right\rceil=224 distinct non-mode values are needed.

Adding the mode gives 224+1=225.224+1=225. This is achievable: use 99 copies each of 11 through 223,223, ten copies of 224,224, and one copy of 225.225.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

11.

一个以正方形为底的封闭盒子,要用一张正方形包装纸包装。盒子居中放在包装纸上,底面顶点落在正方形纸的中线上,如左图所示。包装纸四个角将沿侧面向上折起,并在盒子顶部中心点 AA 处相遇,如右图所示。盒子底边长为 ww,高为 hh。包装纸的面积是多少?

A closed box with a square base is to be wrapped with a square sheet of wrapping paper. The box is centered on the wrapping paper with the vertices of the base lying on the midlines of the square sheet of paper, as shown in the figure on the left. The four corners of the wrapping paper are to be folded up over the sides and brought together to meet at the center of the top of the box, point AA in the figure on the right. The box has base length ww and height h.h. What is the area of the sheet of wrapping paper?

2(w+h)22(w+h)^2

(w+h)22\dfrac{(w+h)^2}{2}

2w2+4wh2w^2+4wh

2w22w^2

w2hw^2h

难度评级:1760
小提示:

从包装纸一角到纸中心的距离为 w2+h+w2\tfrac{w}{2}+h+\tfrac{w}{2}

The distance from a corner of the sheet to its center is w2+h+w2\tfrac{w}{2}+h+\tfrac{w}{2}

大提示:

正方形包装纸的边长是这段角到中心距离的 2\sqrt2 倍。

A side of the square sheet is 2\sqrt2 times that corner-to-center distance

解答:

沿着折线从纸角到盒顶中心看,纸角到纸中心的距离为 w2+h+w2=w+h \dfrac{w}{2}+h+\dfrac{w}{2}=w+h\text{。}

这段是 4545-4545-9090 三角形的一条直角边,其斜边是正方形包装纸的一整条边,所以边长为 2(w+h)\sqrt2\,(w+h)

包装纸面积为 (2(w+h))2=2(w+h)2\left(\sqrt2\,(w+h)\right)^2=2(w+h)^2

所以正确答案是 A

Following a fold from a corner of the paper to the center of the box top, the distance from a corner of the sheet to its center is w2+h+w2=w+h. \dfrac{w}{2}+h+\dfrac{w}{2}=w+h.

That segment is a leg of a 4545-4545-9090 triangle whose hypotenuse is a full side of the square sheet, so the side length is 2(w+h).\sqrt2\,(w+h).

The area of the sheet is (2(w+h))2=2(w+h)2.\left(\sqrt2\,(w+h)\right)^2=2(w+h)^2.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

12.

AB\overline{AB}ABC\triangle ABC 的一条边,长度为 1010。角 AA 的角平分线交 BC\overline{BC}DD,且 CD=3CD=3。所有可能的 ACAC 值构成开区间 (m,n)(m, n)。求 m+nm+n

Side AB\overline{AB} of ABC\triangle ABC has length 10.10. The bisector of angle AA meets BC\overline{BC} at D,D, and CD=3.CD=3. The set of all possible values of ACAC is an open interval (m,n).(m, n). What is m+n?m+n?

1616

1717

1818

1919

2020

难度评级:1820
小提示:

由角平分线定理,ACCD=ABBD\dfrac{AC}{CD}=\dfrac{AB}{BD}

By the angle bisector theorem, ACCD=ABBD\dfrac{AC}{CD}=\dfrac{AB}{BD}

大提示:

AC=qAC=qBD=30qBD=\dfrac{30}{q};再应用三个三角形不等式。

Let AC=q,AC=q, so BD=30q;BD=\dfrac{30}{q}; then apply the three triangle inequalities

解答:

q=ACq=ACr=BDr=BD。由角平分线定理,q3=10r\tfrac{q}{3}=\tfrac{10}{r},所以 r=30qr=\tfrac{30}{q}

对三角形三边 qq10103+r3+r 应用三角形不等式,并代入 r=30qr=\tfrac{30}{q} 得到 (q15)(q+2)<0(q-15)(q+2)\lt0(q3)(q+10)>0(q-3)(q+10)\gt0(第三个不等式自动成立)。合起来得到 3<q<153\lt q\lt15

所以 (m,n)=(3,15)(m,n)=(3,15),且 m+n=18m+n=18

所以正确答案是 C

Let q=ACq=AC and r=BD.r=BD. The angle bisector theorem gives q3=10r,\tfrac{q}{3}=\tfrac{10}{r}, so r=30q.r=\tfrac{30}{q}.

Applying the triangle inequalities to sides q,q, 10,10, and 3+r3+r and substituting r=30qr=\tfrac{30}{q} yields (q15)(q+2)<0(q-15)(q+2)\lt0 and (q3)(q+10)>0(q-3)(q+10)\gt0 (the third inequality holds automatically). Together these force 3<q<15.3\lt q\lt15.

So (m,n)=(3,15)(m,n)=(3,15) and m+n=18.m+n=18.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

13.

正方形 ABCDABCD 的边长为 3030。点 PP 在正方形内,且 AP=12AP=12BP=26BP=26ABP\triangle ABPBCP\triangle BCPCDP\triangle CDPDAP\triangle DAP 的重心是一个凸四边形的顶点。该四边形面积是多少?

Square ABCDABCD has side length 30.30. Point PP lies inside the square so that AP=12AP=12 and BP=26.BP=26. The centroids of ABP,\triangle ABP, BCP,\triangle BCP, CDP,\triangle CDP, and DAP\triangle DAP are the vertices of a convex quadrilateral. What is the area of that quadrilateral?

1002100\sqrt{2}

1003100\sqrt{3}

200200

2002200\sqrt{2}

2003200\sqrt{3}

难度评级:1810
小提示:

把这个正方形放入坐标系,并写 P=(3x,3y)P=(3x,3y)

Place the square in coordinates and write P=(3x,3y)P=(3x,3y)

大提示:

每个重心是三个顶点的平均;四个重心形成一个对角线长度为 2020 的正方形。

Each centroid averages three vertices; the four centroids form a square whose diagonals have length 2020

解答:

A=(0,30)A=(0,30)B=(0,0)B=(0,0)C=(30,0)C=(30,0)D=(30,30)D=(30,30),并令 P=(3x,3y)P=(3x,3y)。对每组三个顶点的坐标取平均,四个重心为 (x,y+10), (x+10,y), (x+20,y+10), (x+10,y+20) \begin{gathered} (x,\,y+10),\ \\ (x+10,\,y),\ \\ (x+20,\,y+10),\ \\ (x+10,\,y+20) \end{gathered}\text{。}

这些点形成一个正方形,一条水平对角线和一条竖直对角线的长度均为 2020。它的面积为 122020=200\tfrac12\cdot20\cdot20=200,与 PP 的位置无关。

所以正确答案是 C

Place A=(0,30),A=(0,30), B=(0,0),B=(0,0), C=(30,0),C=(30,0), D=(30,30),D=(30,30), and P=(3x,3y).P=(3x,3y). Averaging the vertices, the four centroids are (x,y+10), (x+10,y), (x+20,y+10), (x+10,y+20). \begin{gathered} (x,\,y+10),\ \\ (x+10,\,y),\ \\ (x+20,\,y+10),\ \\ (x+10,\,y+20). \end{gathered}

These form a square whose diagonals, one horizontal and one vertical, each have length 20.20. Its area is 122020=200,\tfrac12\cdot20\cdot20=200, independent of where PP lies.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

14.

Joey、Chloe 和他们的女儿 Zoe 生日相同。Joey 比 Chloe 大 11 岁,Zoe 今天正好 11 岁。今天是 Chloe 的年龄将成为 Zoe 年龄整数倍的 99 个生日中的第一个。下次 Joey 的年龄是 Zoe 年龄的倍数时,Joey 年龄的两位数字之和是多少?

Joey and Chloe and their daughter Zoe all have the same birthday. Joey is 11 year older than Chloe, and Zoe is exactly 11 year old today. Today is the first of the 99 birthdays on which Chloe’s age will be an integral multiple of Zoe’s age. What will be the sum of the two digits of Joey’s age the next time his age is a multiple of Zoe’s age?

77

88

99

1010

1111

难度评级:1870
小提示:

设 Chloe 今天 nn 岁;yy 年后,她的年龄是 Zoe 年龄的倍数当且仅当 1+y1+y 整除 n1n-1

Let Chloe be nn today; yy years from now her age is a multiple of Zoe’s exactly when 1+y1+y divides n1n-1

大提示:

所以 n1n-1 必须恰有 99 个因数;找出唯一的两位数可能值。

So n1n-1 must have exactly 99 divisors; find the only two-digit such value

解答:

设 Chloe 今天 nn 岁,那么她比 Zoe 大 n1n-1 岁。yy 年后,Chloe 的年龄 n+yn+y 是 Zoe 年龄 1+y1+y 的倍数,当且仅当 1+y1+y 整除 n1n-1。有 99 个这样的生日,意味着 n1n-1 恰有 99 个因数。

恰有 99 个因数的数形如 p2q2p^2q^2(其中 p,qp,q 是不同质数)或形如 p8p^8。因为在所问的未来生日,Joey 的年龄是两位数,所以 n1<99n-1\lt99;唯一可能是 2232=362^2\cdot3^2=36。因此 Chloe 是 3737 岁,Joey 是 3838 岁。

Joey 的年龄 38+y38+y1+y1+y 的倍数,当且仅当 1+y1+y 整除 3737。下一次发生在 y=36y=36,此时 Joey 是 7474 岁,数位和为 7+4=117+4=11

因此,正确答案是 E

Let Chloe be nn today, so she is n1n-1 years older than Zoe. In yy years Chloe’s age n+yn+y is a multiple of Zoe’s age 1+y1+y exactly when 1+y1+y divides n1.n-1. Having 99 such birthdays means n1n-1 has exactly 99 divisors.

A number with exactly 99 divisors has the form p2q2p^2q^2 for distinct primes p,q,p,q, or p8.p^8. Because Joey’s age at the requested future birthday has two digits, n1<99;n-1\lt99; the only possibility is 2232=36.2^2\cdot3^2=36. So Chloe is 3737 and Joey is 38.38.

Joey’s age 38+y38+y is a multiple of 1+y1+y exactly when 1+y1+y divides 37.37. The next time is y=36,y=36, making Joey 74,74, with digit sum 7+4=11.7+4=11.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

15.

有多少个 33 位正奇数是 33 的倍数,且不含数字 33

How many 33-digit positive odd multiples of 33 do not include the digit 3?3?

9696

9797

9898

102102

120120

难度评级:1930
小提示:

先选择百位数字(不能是 0033)和个位数字(奇数且不是 33)。

Choose the hundreds digit (not 00 or 33) and the units digit (odd, not 33) first

大提示:

对每个这样的百位、个位组合,允许的十位数字在模 33 的三个剩余类中平均分布。

For each such pair, the allowed tens digits split evenly into three residue classes mod 33

解答:

写作 abc\overline{abc}。百位数字 aa88 种选择(1,2,4,5,6,7,8,91,2,4,5,6,7,8,9),个位数字 cc44 种选择(1,5,7,91,5,7,9)。

十位数字 bb 可为 {0,1,2,4,5,6,7,8,9}\{0,1,2,4,5,6,7,8,9\}。这些数字按模 33 分成三个大小相等的剩余类 {0,6,9},{1,4,7},{2,5,8}\{0,6,9\},\{1,4,7\},\{2,5,8\},所以恰有 33bb 使 a+b+ca+b+c 能被 33 整除。

总数为 843=968\cdot4\cdot3=96

所以正确答案是 A

Write the number as abc.\overline{abc}. The hundreds digit aa has 88 choices (1,2,4,5,6,7,8,91,2,4,5,6,7,8,9), and the units digit cc has 44 choices (1,5,7,91,5,7,9).

The tens digit bb may be any of {0,1,2,4,5,6,7,8,9}.\{0,1,2,4,5,6,7,8,9\}. These split into three residue classes mod 33 of equal size {0,6,9},{1,4,7},{2,5,8},\{0,6,9\},\{1,4,7\},\{2,5,8\}, so exactly 33 choices of bb make a+b+ca+b+c divisible by 3.3.

The count is 843=96.8\cdot4\cdot3=96.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

16.

方程 (z+6)8=81(z+6)^8=81 的解在复平面中连成一个凸正多边形,其中三个顶点标为 AABBCCABC\triangle ABC 的最小可能面积是多少?

The solutions to the equation (z+6)8=81(z+6)^8=81 are connected in the complex plane to form a convex regular polygon, three of whose vertices are labeled A,A, B,B, and C.C. What is the least possible area of ABC?\triangle ABC?

166\dfrac{1}{6}\sqrt{6}

32232\dfrac{3}{2}\sqrt{2}-\dfrac{3}{2}

23222\sqrt{3}-2\sqrt{2}

122\dfrac{1}{2}\sqrt{2}

31\sqrt{3}-1

难度评级:1990
小提示:

平移 66 不改变形状;z8=81z^8=81 的根形成正八边形。

Shifting by 66 does not change the shape; the roots of z8=81z^8=81 form a regular octagon

大提示:

外接圆半径为 8118=381^{\frac{1}{8}}=\sqrt3,最小三角形使用三个相邻顶点。

The circumradius is 8118=3,81^{\frac{1}{8}}=\sqrt3, and the smallest triangle uses three consecutive vertices

解答:

平移 66 后,z8=81z^8=81 的解是半径为 8118=381^{\frac{1}{8}}=\sqrt3 的圆上的八个点,构成正八边形。面积最小的三角形使用三个连续顶点。

A=(126,126)A=\left(\tfrac12\sqrt6,\tfrac12\sqrt6\right)B=(3,0)B=(\sqrt3,0)C=(126,126)C=\left(\tfrac12\sqrt6,-\tfrac12\sqrt6\right)。此时 AC=6AC=\sqrt6,高为 3126\sqrt3-\tfrac12\sqrt6,所以面积为 126(3126)=32232 \begin{gathered} \tfrac12\cdot\sqrt6\left(\sqrt3-\tfrac12\sqrt6\right) \\ =\tfrac{3}{2}\sqrt2-\tfrac{3}{2} \end{gathered}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

Translating by 6,6, the solutions of z8=81z^8=81 are eight points on a circle of radius 8118=3,81^{\frac{1}{8}}=\sqrt3, forming a regular octagon. The minimum-area triangle uses three consecutive vertices.

Take A=(126,126),A=\left(\tfrac12\sqrt6,\tfrac12\sqrt6\right), B=(3,0),B=(\sqrt3,0), and C=(126,126).C=\left(\tfrac12\sqrt6,-\tfrac12\sqrt6\right). Then AC=6AC=\sqrt6 and the height is 3126,\sqrt3-\tfrac12\sqrt6, so the area is 126(3126)=32232. \begin{gathered} \tfrac12\cdot\sqrt6\left(\sqrt3-\tfrac12\sqrt6\right) \\ =\tfrac{3}{2}\sqrt2-\tfrac{3}{2}. \end{gathered}

Thus, the correct answer is B.

17.

ppqq 为正整数,满足 59<pq<47 \dfrac{5}{9}\lt\dfrac{p}{q}\lt\dfrac{4}{7} qq 尽可能小。求 qpq-p

Let pp and qq be positive integers such that 59<pq<47 \dfrac{5}{9}\lt\dfrac{p}{q}\lt\dfrac{4}{7} and qq is as small as possible. What is qp?q-p?

77

1111

1313

1717

1919

难度评级:2090
小提示:

由于 9p>5q9p\gt5q4q>7p4q\gt7p,并且两边都是整数,有 9p5q19p-5q\ge14q7p14q-7p\ge1

Since 9p>5q9p\gt5q and 4q>7p4q\gt7p with integer sides, 9p5q19p-5q\ge1 and 4q7p14q-7p\ge1

大提示:

写出 4759=163\tfrac{4}{7}-\tfrac{5}{9}=\tfrac{1}{63},再把这些不等式相加来限制 qq

Add these after writing 4759=163\tfrac{4}{7}-\tfrac{5}{9}=\tfrac{1}{63} to bound qq

解答:

59<pq\tfrac59\lt\tfrac pq9p5q19p-5q\ge1,由 pq<47\tfrac pq\lt\tfrac474q7p14q-7p\ge1。于是 163=4759=4q7p7q+9p5q9q17q+19q=1663q \begin{gathered} \dfrac{1}{63}=\dfrac47-\dfrac59 \\ =\dfrac{4q-7p}{7q}+\dfrac{9p-5q}{9q} \\ \ge\dfrac{1}{7q}+\dfrac{1}{9q} \\ =\dfrac{16}{63q} \end{gathered}\text{。}

因此 q16q\ge16。当 q=16q=16 时,分数 916\tfrac{9}{16} 严格介于 59\tfrac5947\tfrac47 之间,所以 p=9p=9,且 qp=169=7q-p=16-9=7

所以正确答案是 A

From 59<pq\tfrac59\lt\tfrac pq we get 9p5q1,9p-5q\ge1, and from pq<47\tfrac pq\lt\tfrac47 we get 4q7p1.4q-7p\ge1. Now 163=4759=4q7p7q+9p5q9q17q+19q=1663q. \begin{gathered} \dfrac{1}{63}=\dfrac47-\dfrac59 \\ =\dfrac{4q-7p}{7q}+\dfrac{9p-5q}{9q} \\ \ge\dfrac{1}{7q}+\dfrac{1}{9q} \\ =\dfrac{16}{63q}. \end{gathered}

Hence q16.q\ge16. With q=16,q=16, the fraction 916\tfrac{9}{16} lies strictly between 59\tfrac59 and 47,\tfrac47, so p=9p=9 and qp=169=7.q-p=16-9=7.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

18.

函数 ff 递归定义为 f(1)=f(2)=1f(1)=f(2)=1,并且对所有满足 n3n\ge3 的整数,f(n)=f(n1)f(n2)+n f(n)=f(n-1)-f(n-2)+n\text{。} f(2018)f(2018)

A function ff is defined recursively by f(1)=f(2)=1f(1)=f(2)=1 and f(n)=f(n1)f(n2)+n f(n)=f(n-1)-f(n-2)+n for all integers n3.n\ge3. What is f(2018)?f(2018)?

20162016

20172017

20182018

20192019

20202020

知识点:递推裂项相消
难度评级:2150
小提示:

计算前几项,观察 f(n)nf(n)-n 的模式。

Compute several terms and look for a pattern in f(n)nf(n)-n

大提示:

将递推式展开四次可得 f(n)=f(n6)+6f(n)=f(n-6)+6

Expanding the recursion four times shows f(n)=f(n6)+6f(n)=f(n-6)+6

解答:

反复将递推式代入自身,可得 f(n)=f(n6)+6 f(n)=f(n-6)+6\text{。} 所以每当 nn 增加 66ff 增加 66

因为 2018=2+63362018=2+6\cdot336,所以 f(2018)=f(2)+6336f(2018)=f(2)+6\cdot336 =1+2016=2017=1+2016=2017

正确答案是 B

Repeatedly substituting the recursion into itself gives f(n)=f(n6)+6. f(n)=f(n-6)+6. So ff increases by 66 every time nn increases by 6.6.

Since 2018=2+6336,2018=2+6\cdot336, we have f(2018)=f(2)+6336f(2018)=f(2)+6\cdot336 =1+2016=2017.=1+2016=2017.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

19.

Mary 选择了一个偶数 44 位数 nn。她从左到右按递增顺序写下 nn 的所有因数:1122\ldotsn2\tfrac{n}{2}nn。某一时刻 Mary 写下了 323323 作为 nn 的一个因数。写在 323323 右边的下一个因数的最小可能值是多少?

Mary chose an even 44-digit number n.n. She wrote down all the divisors of nn in increasing order from left to right: 1,1, 2,2, ,\ldots, n2,\tfrac{n}{2}, n.n. At some moment Mary wrote 323323 as a divisor of n.n. What is the smallest possible value of the next divisor written to the right of 323?323?

324324

330330

340340

361361

646646

难度评级:2170
小提示:

分解 323=1719323=17\cdot19

Factor 323=1719323=17\cdot19

大提示:

若下一个因数 dd323323 互质,则 n323d>9999n\ge323d\gt9999;所以 dd323323 有公共质因数。

If the next divisor dd were coprime to 323,323, then n323d>9999;n\ge323d\gt9999; so dd shares a prime with 323323

解答:

dd323323 后面的下一个因数。若 gcd(d,323)=1\gcd(d,323)=1,则 323d323d 整除 nn,迫使 n323d>3232>9999n\ge323d\gt323^2\gt9999,不可能是 44 位数。因此 dd323=1719323=17\cdot19 有公共质因数。

于是 d323gcd(d,323)17d-323\ge\gcd(d,323)\ge17,所以 d340d\ge340。确实,d=340=1720d=340=17\cdot20 可由 n=171920=6460n=17\cdot19\cdot20=6460 实现,而这是偶数且为 44 位数。

所以正确答案是 C

Let dd be the next divisor after 323.323. If gcd(d,323)=1,\gcd(d,323)=1, then 323d323d divides n,n, forcing n323d>3232>9999,n\ge323d\gt323^2\gt9999, impossible for a 44-digit number. So dd shares a prime factor with 323=1719.323=17\cdot19.

Then d323gcd(d,323)17,d-323\ge\gcd(d,323)\ge17, so d340.d\ge340. Indeed d=340=1720d=340=17\cdot20 occurs for n=171920=6460,n=17\cdot19\cdot20=6460, which is even and 44-digit.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

20.

ABCDEFABCDEF 是边长为 11 的正六边形。记 XXYYZZ 分别为边 ABABCDCDEFEF 的中点。内部区域为 ACE\triangle ACEXYZ\triangle XYZ 的内部交集的凸六边形面积是多少?

Let ABCDEFABCDEF be a regular hexagon with side length 1.1. Denote by X,X, Y,Y, and ZZ the midpoints of sides AB,AB, CD,CD, and EF,EF, respectively. What is the area of the convex hexagon whose interior is the intersection of the interiors of ACE\triangle ACE and XYZ?\triangle XYZ?

383\dfrac{3}{8}\sqrt{3}

7163\dfrac{7}{16}\sqrt{3}

15323\dfrac{15}{32}\sqrt{3}

123\dfrac{1}{2}\sqrt{3}

9163\dfrac{9}{16}\sqrt{3}

难度评级:2270
小提示:

把这个正六边形放在单位圆上,写出 A,C,EA,C,E 和三个中点的坐标。

Put the regular hexagon on the unit circle and write coordinates for A,C,EA,C,E and the three midpoints

大提示:

求这两个等边三角形各边所在直线的交点,得到六个顶点,再使用鞋带公式。

Intersect the side lines of the two equilateral triangles to find the six vertices, then use shoelace

解答:

把正六边形放在单位圆上,取 A=(1,0)A=(1,0)C=(12,32)C=(-\tfrac12,\tfrac{\sqrt3}{2})E=(12,32)E=(-\tfrac12,-\tfrac{\sqrt3}{2})。题中指定的三个中点为 X=(34,34)X=(\tfrac34,\tfrac{\sqrt3}{4})Y=(34,34)Y=(-\tfrac34,\tfrac{\sqrt3}{4})Z=(0,32)Z=(0,-\tfrac{\sqrt3}{2})

ACE\triangle ACEXYZ\triangle XYZ 各边所在直线的交点,就得到公共内部的六个顶点,按循环顺序为 (12,0),(18,338),(14,34),(58,38),(14,34),(12,34) \begin{gathered} (-\tfrac12,0),\quad (-\tfrac18,-\tfrac{3\sqrt3}{8}),\\ (\tfrac14,-\tfrac{\sqrt3}{4}),\quad (\tfrac58,\tfrac{\sqrt3}{8}),\\ (\tfrac14,\tfrac{\sqrt3}{4}),\quad (-\tfrac12,\tfrac{\sqrt3}{4}) \end{gathered}\text{。} 对这些顶点使用鞋带公式,得到面积为 15332\dfrac{15\sqrt3}{32}

所以正确答案是 C

Place the regular hexagon on the unit circle with A=(1,0),A=(1,0), C=(12,32),C=(-\tfrac12,\tfrac{\sqrt3}{2}), and E=(12,32).E=(-\tfrac12,-\tfrac{\sqrt3}{2}). The three specified midpoints are X=(34,34),X=(\tfrac34,\tfrac{\sqrt3}{4}), Y=(34,34),Y=(-\tfrac34,\tfrac{\sqrt3}{4}), and Z=(0,32).Z=(0,-\tfrac{\sqrt3}{2}).

Intersecting the side lines of ACE\triangle ACE and XYZ\triangle XYZ gives the six vertices of their common interior, in cyclic order: (12,0),(18,338),(14,34),(58,38),(14,34),(12,34). \begin{gathered} (-\tfrac12,0),\quad (-\tfrac18,-\tfrac{3\sqrt3}{8}),\\ (\tfrac14,-\tfrac{\sqrt3}{4}),\quad (\tfrac58,\tfrac{\sqrt3}{8}),\\ (\tfrac14,\tfrac{\sqrt3}{4}),\quad (-\tfrac12,\tfrac{\sqrt3}{4}). \end{gathered} The shoelace formula applied to these vertices gives area 15332.\dfrac{15\sqrt3}{32}.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

21.

ABC\triangle ABC 中,边长为 AB=13AB=13AC=12AC=12BC=5BC=5,令 OOII 分别表示外心和内心。一个圆心为 MM 的圆与直角边 ACACBCBC 以及 ABC\triangle ABC 的外接圆相切。MOI\triangle MOI 的面积是多少?

In ABC\triangle ABC with side lengths AB=13,AB=13, AC=12,AC=12, and BC=5,BC=5, let OO and II denote the circumcenter and incenter, respectively. A circle with center MM is tangent to the legs ACAC and BCBC and to the circumcircle of ABC.\triangle ABC. What is the area of MOI?\triangle MOI?

52\dfrac{5}{2}

114\dfrac{11}{4}

33

134\dfrac{13}{4}

72\dfrac{7}{2}

难度评级:2360
小提示:

该三角形在 CC 处为直角;把 CC 放在原点,并让两条直角边在坐标轴上。

The triangle is right-angled at C;C; put CC at the origin with the legs on the axes

大提示:

OO 是斜边中点,且 I=(2,2)I=(2,2);圆心在 M=(ρ,ρ)M=(\rho,\rho) 的圆与外接圆相切。

OO is the midpoint of the hypotenuse and I=(2,2);I=(2,2); the circle at M=(ρ,ρ)M=(\rho,\rho) is tangent to the circumcircle

解答:

因为 52+122=1325^2+12^2=13^2,三角形在 CC 处为直角。设 C=(0,0)C=(0,0)A=(12,0)A=(12,0)B=(0,5)B=(0,5)。则 OOAB\overline{AB} 的中点,即 O=(6,52)O=\left(6,\tfrac52\right),外接圆半径为 132\tfrac{13}{2}。内切圆半径为 面积s=3015=2\tfrac{\text{面积}}{s}=\tfrac{30}{15}=2,所以 I=(2,2)I=(2,2)

因为以 MM 为圆心的圆与两条直角边都相切,所以 M=(ρ,ρ)M=(\rho,\rho)。与外接圆内切给出 MO=132ρMO=\tfrac{13}{2}-\rho。令它等于 (ρ6)2+(ρ52)2\sqrt{(\rho-6)^2+\left(\rho-\tfrac52\right)^2} 并求解,得到 ρ=4\rho=4,所以 M=(4,4)M=(4,4)

M=(4,4)M=(4,4)O=(6,52)O=\left(6,\tfrac52\right)I=(2,2)I=(2,2) 用鞋带公式,面积为 72\tfrac72

所以正确答案是 E

Since 52+122=132,5^2+12^2=13^2, the triangle is right-angled at C.C. Set C=(0,0),C=(0,0), A=(12,0),A=(12,0), and B=(0,5).B=(0,5). Then OO is the midpoint of AB,\overline{AB}, namely O=(6,52),O=\left(6,\tfrac52\right), with circumradius 132.\tfrac{13}{2}. The inradius is areas=3015=2,\tfrac{\text{area}}{s}=\tfrac{30}{15}=2, so I=(2,2).I=(2,2).

Because MM’s circle is tangent to both legs, M=(ρ,ρ).M=(\rho,\rho). Internal tangency to the circumcircle gives MO=132ρ.MO=\tfrac{13}{2}-\rho. Setting this equal to (ρ6)2+(ρ52)2\sqrt{(\rho-6)^2+\left(\rho-\tfrac52\right)^2} and solving gives ρ=4,\rho=4, so M=(4,4).M=(4,4).

The shoelace formula on M=(4,4),M=(4,4), O=(6,52),O=\left(6,\tfrac52\right), I=(2,2)I=(2,2) gives area 72.\tfrac72.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

22.

考虑次数至多为 33 的多项式 P(x)P(x),其每个系数都属于 {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}\{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9\}。有多少个这样的多项式满足 P(1)=9P(-1)=-9

Consider polynomials P(x)P(x) of degree at most 3,3, each of whose coefficients is an element of {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}.\{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9\}. How many such polynomials satisfy P(1)=9?P(-1)=-9?

110110

143143

165165

220220

286286

知识点:隔板法换元法
难度评级:2330
小提示:

P(x)=ax3+bx2+cx+dP(x)=ax^3+bx^2+cx+d;则 P(1)=a+bc+d=9P(-1)=-a+b-c+d=-9

Write P(x)=ax3+bx2+cx+d;P(x)=ax^3+bx^2+cx+d; then P(1)=a+bc+d=9P(-1)=-a+b-c+d=-9

大提示:

代换 a=9aa'=9-ac=9cc'=9-c,化为 a+b+c+d=9a'+b+c'+d=9,且每个变量都在 [0,9][0,9] 中。

Substitute a=9aa'=9-a and c=9cc'=9-c to turn it into a+b+c+d=9a'+b+c'+d=9 with each variable in [0,9][0,9]

解答:

P(x)=ax3+bx2+cx+dP(x)=ax^3+bx^2+cx+d,其中 a,b,c,da,b,c,d 都在 {0,,9}\{0,\ldots,9\} 中。条件为 a+bc+d=9-a+b-c+d=-9

a=9aa'=9-ac=9cc'=9-c,它们也都在 [0,9][0,9] 中。于是 a+b+c+d=9a'+b+c'+d=9。由隔板法,非负整数解的个数为 (9+33)=(123)=220\binom{9+3}{3}=\binom{12}{3}=220,且因为总和是 99,每个变量自动不超过上界。

所以正确答案是 D

Write P(x)=ax3+bx2+cx+dP(x)=ax^3+bx^2+cx+d with each of a,b,c,da,b,c,d in {0,,9}.\{0,\ldots,9\}. The condition is a+bc+d=9.-a+b-c+d=-9.

Let a=9aa'=9-a and c=9c,c'=9-c, both in [0,9].[0,9]. Then a+b+c+d=9.a'+b+c'+d=9. By stars and bars the number of nonnegative solutions is (9+33)=(123)=220,\binom{9+3}{3}=\binom{12}{3}=220, and each automatically satisfies the upper bounds since the sum is 9.9.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

23.

Ajay 站在印度尼西亚 Pontianak 附近的点 AA,纬度 00^\circ,经度 110110^\circ E。Billy 站在美国爱达荷州 Big Baldy Mountain 附近的点 BB,纬度 4545^\circ N,经度 115115^\circ W。假设地球是以 CC 为球心的完美球体。ACB\angle ACB 的度数是多少?

Ajay is standing at point AA near Pontianak, Indonesia, 00^\circ latitude and 110110^\circ E longitude. Billy is standing at point BB near Big Baldy Mountain, Idaho, USA, 4545^\circ N latitude and 115115^\circ W longitude. Assume that Earth is a perfect sphere with center C.C. What is the degree measure of ACB?\angle ACB?

105105

11212112\tfrac{1}{2}

120120

135135

150150

难度评级:2400
小提示:

经度差为 360(110+115)=135360^\circ-(110^\circ+115^\circ)=135^\circ

The longitude difference is 360(110+115)=135360^\circ-(110^\circ+115^\circ)=135^\circ

大提示:

把两个点放在单位球面上,并计算它们位置向量的点积。

Put both points on a unit sphere and take the dot product of their position vectors

解答:

两地经度差为 360(110+115)=135360^\circ-(110^\circ+115^\circ)=135^\circ,且 BB 位于北纬 4545^\circ。把 A=(1,0,0)A=(1,0,0) 放在单位球面上。

于是 B=(cos45cos135, cos45sin135, sin45)B=\tiny\left(\cos45^\circ\cos135^\circ,\ \cos45^\circ\sin135^\circ,\ \sin45^\circ\right) =(12,12,22)=\left(-\tfrac12,\tfrac12,\tfrac{\sqrt2}{2}\right)。点积为 AB=12A\cdot B=-\tfrac12,所以 cosACB=12\cos\angle ACB=-\tfrac12,从而 ACB=120\angle ACB=120^\circ

所以正确答案是 C

The longitudes differ by 360(110+115)=135,360^\circ-(110^\circ+115^\circ)=135^\circ, and BB is at latitude 4545^\circ N. Place A=(1,0,0)A=(1,0,0) on the unit sphere.

Then B=(cos45cos135, cos45sin135, sin45)B=\tiny\left(\cos45^\circ\cos135^\circ,\ \cos45^\circ\sin135^\circ,\ \sin45^\circ\right) =(12,12,22).=\left(-\tfrac12,\tfrac12,\tfrac{\sqrt2}{2}\right). The dot product is AB=12,A\cdot B=-\tfrac12, so cosACB=12\cos\angle ACB=-\tfrac12 and ACB=120.\angle ACB=120^\circ.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

24.

x\lfloor x\rfloor 表示小于或等于 xx 的最大整数。有多少个实数 xx 满足方程 x2+10,000x=10,000xx^2+10{,}000\lfloor x\rfloor=10{,}000x

Let x\lfloor x\rfloor denote the greatest integer less than or equal to x.x. How many real numbers xx satisfy the equation x2+10,000x=10,000x?x^2+10{,}000\lfloor x\rfloor=10{,}000x?

197197

198198

199199

200200

201201

难度评级:2500
小提示:

将方程改写为 x2=10,000(xx)x^2=10{,}000\,(x-\lfloor x\rfloor) =10,000{x}=10{,}000\{x\}

Rewrite the equation as x2=10,000(xx)x^2=10{,}000\,(x-\lfloor x\rfloor) =10,000{x}=10{,}000\{x\}

大提示:

因此 0x210,000<10\le\dfrac{x^2}{10{,}000}\lt1,所以 100<x<100-100\lt x\lt100;每个单位区间内数一个解。

Then 0x210,000<1,0\le\dfrac{x^2}{10{,}000}\lt1, so 100<x<100;-100\lt x\lt100; count one solution per unit interval

解答:

{x}=xx\{x\}=x-\lfloor x\rfloor。方程化为 x2=10,000{x}x^2=10{,}000\{x\},所以 x210,000={x}\tfrac{x^2}{10{,}000}=\{x\}。因为 0{x}<10\le\{x\}\lt1,必须有 0x2<10,0000\le x^2\lt10{,}000,即 100<x<100-100\lt x\lt100

在每个区间 [k,k+1)[k,k+1) 上,写成 x=k+tx=k+t,其中 0t<10\le t\lt1。方程变为 (k+t)210,000t=0(k+t)^2-10{,}000t=0。当 100k98-100\le k\le98 时,左边严格递减:在 t=0t=0 处它等于 k20k^2\ge0,而当 tt 趋于 11 时它趋于 (k+1)210,000<0(k+1)^2-10{,}000\lt0。因此这些区间中每一个都恰好含有一个解。这样的区间共有 98(100)+1=19998-(-100)+1=199 个。

所以正确答案是 C

Let {x}=xx.\{x\}=x-\lfloor x\rfloor. The equation becomes x2=10,000{x},x^2=10{,}000\{x\}, so x210,000={x}.\tfrac{x^2}{10{,}000}=\{x\}. Since 0{x}<1,0\le\{x\}\lt1, we need 0x2<10,000,0\le x^2\lt10{,}000, i.e. 100<x<100.-100\lt x\lt100.

On each interval [k,k+1),[k,k+1), write x=k+tx=k+t with 0t<1.0\le t\lt1. The equation becomes (k+t)210,000t=0.(k+t)^2-10{,}000t=0. For 100k98,-100\le k\le98, the left side is strictly decreasing; at t=0t=0 it is k20,k^2\ge0, while as tt approaches 11 it approaches (k+1)210,000<0.(k+1)^2-10{,}000\lt0. Thus each of these intervals contains exactly one solution. There are 98(100)+1=19998-(-100)+1=199 such intervals.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

25.

ω1\omega_1ω2\omega_2ω3\omega_3 半径均为 44,放置在平面上并两两外切。点 P1P_1P2P_2P3P_3 分别在 ω1\omega_1ω2\omega_2ω3\omega_3 上,满足 P1P2=P2P3=P3P1P_1P_2=P_2P_3=P_3P_1,且对每个 i=1i=12233,直线 PiPi+1P_iP_{i+1}ωi\omega_i 相切,其中 P4=P1P_4=P_1。见下图。P1P2P3\triangle P_1P_2P_3 的面积可写为 a+b\sqrt{a}+\sqrt{b},其中 aabb 是正整数。a+ba+b 是多少?

Circles ω1,\omega_1, ω2,\omega_2, and ω3\omega_3 each have radius 44 and are placed in the plane so that each circle is externally tangent to the other two. Points P1,P_1, P2,P_2, and P3P_3 lie on ω1,\omega_1, ω2,\omega_2, and ω3,\omega_3, respectively, so that P1P2=P2P3=P3P1P_1P_2=P_2P_3=P_3P_1 and line PiPi+1P_iP_{i+1} is tangent to ωi\omega_i for each i=1,i=1, 2,2, 3,3, where P4=P1.P_4=P_1. See the figure below. The area of P1P2P3\triangle P_1P_2P_3 can be written in the form a+b,\sqrt{a}+\sqrt{b}, where aa and bb are positive integers. What is a+b?a+b?

546546

548548

550550

552552

554554

难度评级:2840
小提示:

因为 PiPi+1P_iP_{i+1}PiP_i 处与 ωi\omega_i 相切,半径 OiPiO_iP_i 垂直于 PiPi+1P_iP_{i+1}

Since PiPi+1P_iP_{i+1} is tangent to ωi\omega_i at Pi,P_i, the radius OiPiO_iP_i is perpendicular to PiPi+1P_iP_{i+1}

大提示:

K=O1P1O2P2K=O_1P_1\cap O_2P_2;设 d=P1Kd=P_1K,在 O1KO2\triangle O_1KO_2 中使用余弦定理。

Let K=O1P1O2P2;K=O_1P_1\cap O_2P_2; with d=P1K,d=P_1K, apply the Law of Cosines in O1KO2\triangle O_1KO_2

解答:

OiO_iωi\omega_i 的圆心,KK 为直线 O1P1O_1P_1O2P2O_2P_2 的交点。因为 P1P2P3=60\angle P_1P_2P_3=60^\circ,三角形 P2KP1P_2KP_13030-6060-9090^\circ 三角形。令 d=P1Kd=P_1K,得 P2K=2dP_2K=2dP1P2=3dP_1P_2=\sqrt3\,d

O1KO2\triangle O_1KO_2 中使用余弦定理,并利用 O1O2=8O_1O_2=8 得到 82=(d+4)2+(2d4)22(d+4)(2d4)cos60 \begin{gathered} 8^2=(d+4)^2+(2d-4)^2 \\ {}-2(d+4)(2d-4)\cos60^\circ\text{,} \end{gathered} 化简为 3d212d16=03d^2-12d-16=0,所以 d=2+2321d=2+\tfrac23\sqrt{21}

因此 P1P2=3d=23+27P_1P_2=\sqrt3\,d=2\sqrt3+2\sqrt7,面积为 34(23+27)2=103+67=300+252 \begin{gathered} \dfrac{\sqrt3}{4}\left(2\sqrt3+2\sqrt7\right)^2 \\ =10\sqrt3+6\sqrt7 \\ =\sqrt{300}+\sqrt{252}\text{。} \end{gathered}

所以 a+b=300+252=552a+b=300+252=552

所以正确答案是 D

Let OiO_i be the center of ωi,\omega_i, and let KK be the intersection of lines O1P1O_1P_1 and O2P2.O_2P_2. Because P1P2P3=60,\angle P_1P_2P_3=60^\circ, triangle P2KP1P_2KP_1 is a 3030-6060-9090^\circ triangle. With d=P1K,d=P_1K, we get P2K=2dP_2K=2d and P1P2=3d.P_1P_2=\sqrt3\,d.

The Law of Cosines in O1KO2\triangle O_1KO_2 (with O1O2=8O_1O_2=8) gives 82=(d+4)2+(2d4)22(d+4)(2d4)cos60, \begin{gathered} 8^2=(d+4)^2+(2d-4)^2 \\ {}-2(d+4)(2d-4)\cos60^\circ, \end{gathered} which simplifies to 3d212d16=0,3d^2-12d-16=0, so d=2+2321.d=2+\tfrac23\sqrt{21}.

Then P1P2=3d=23+27,P_1P_2=\sqrt3\,d=2\sqrt3+2\sqrt7, and the area is 34(23+27)2=103+67=300+252. \begin{gathered} \dfrac{\sqrt3}{4}\left(2\sqrt3+2\sqrt7\right)^2 \\ =10\sqrt3+6\sqrt7 \\ =\sqrt{300}+\sqrt{252}. \end{gathered}

So a+b=300+252=552.a+b=300+252=552.

Thus, the correct answer is D.