2018 AMC 12B 真题
计时
1:15:00
1.
Kate 烤了一盘 英寸乘 英寸的玉米面包。玉米面包被切成 英寸乘 英寸的小块。这一盘共有多少块玉米面包?
Kate bakes a -inch by -inch pan of cornbread. The cornbread is cut into pieces that measure inches by inches. How many pieces of cornbread does the pan contain?
答案:A
小提示:
用整盘的总面积除以一块的面积。
Divide the total area of the pan by the area of one piece
大提示:
烤盘面积为 ,每块面积为 。
The pan has area and each piece has area
解答:
烤盘面积为 平方英寸,每块面积为 平方英寸。
块数为
所以正确答案是 A。
The pan has area square inches, and each piece has area square inches.
The number of pieces is
Thus, the correct answer is A.
2.
Sam 在 分钟内开了 英里。他前 分钟的平均速度为 mph,第二个 分钟的平均速度为 mph。他最后 分钟的平均速度是多少 mph?
Sam drove miles in minutes. His average speed during the first minutes was mph (miles per hour), and his average speed during the second minutes was mph. What was his average speed, in mph, during the last minutes?
答案:D
小提示:
先求前两个 分钟各行驶了多少距离。
Find the distance covered in each of the first two -minute segments
大提示:
剩余距离在 小时内行驶;用距离除以时间得到速度。
The remaining distance is covered in hour; divide to get the speed
解答:
前 分钟 Sam 行驶 英里,接着又行驶 英里。
最后 分钟行驶 英里,所以速度为
所以正确答案是 D。
In the first minutes Sam covered miles, and in the second he covered miles.
The last minutes covered miles, so the speed was
Thus, the correct answer is D.
3.
一条斜率为 的直线与一条斜率为 的直线在点 相交。这两条直线的 -截距之间的距离是多少?
A line with slope intersects a line with slope at the point What is the distance between the -intercepts of these two lines?
小提示:
用点斜式写出两条经过 的直线。
Write each line in point-slope form through
大提示:
在每个方程中令 ,求出 -截距。
Set in each equation to find its -intercept
解答:
斜率为 的直线为 ;令 ,得 。斜率为 的直线为 ;令 ,得 。
两个截距之间的距离为 。
所以正确答案是 B。
The line of slope is setting gives The line of slope is setting gives
The distance between the intercepts is
Thus, the correct answer is B.
4.
一个圆有一条长度为 的弦,且圆心到这条弦的距离为 。这个圆的面积是多少?
A circle has a chord of length and the distance from the center of the circle to the chord is What is the area of the circle?
小提示:
半径、半条弦和圆心到弦的距离构成直角三角形。
The radius, half the chord, and the distance to the chord form a right triangle
大提示:
两条直角边为 和 ,所以半径满足 。
With legs and the radius satisfies
解答:
从圆心向弦作垂线会平分弦,形成直角三角形,其两条直角边分别为 (半弦长)和 (圆心到弦距离),斜边为 。
因此 ,圆面积为 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Dropping a perpendicular from the center to the chord bisects it, forming a right triangle with legs (half the chord) and (the distance), and hypotenuse
Then so the area is
Thus, the correct answer is B.
5.
集合 有多少个子集至少包含一个质数?
How many subsets of contain at least one prime number?
小提示:
先数所有子集,再减去不含质数的子集。
Count all subsets, then subtract those containing no prime number
大提示:
非质数为 ,所以不含质数的子集就是这个集合的子集。
The non-primes are so subsets with no prime number are subsets of that set
解答:
该集合有 个元素,共有 个子集。不含质数的子集只能使用四个非质数 ,共有 个。
因此至少含一个质数的子集数为 。
所以正确答案是 D。
The set has elements, giving subsets. The subsets with no prime use only the four non-primes and there are of these.
So the number containing at least one prime is
Thus, the correct answer is D.
6.
假设用 枚二十五美分硬币可从自动售货机购买 罐汽水。下列哪个表达式表示用 美元可购买的汽水罐数?其中 美元等于 枚二十五美分硬币。
Suppose cans of soda can be purchased from a vending machine for quarters. Which of the following expressions describes the number of cans of soda that can be purchased for dollars, where dollar is worth quarters?
小提示:
一罐汽水价格为 枚二十五美分硬币。
One can costs quarters
大提示:
把 美元换成 枚二十五美分硬币,再除以每罐价格。
Convert dollars to quarters, then divide by the price per can
解答:
一罐汽水需要 枚二十五美分硬币,也就是 美元。用 美元可购买的罐数是
所以正确答案是 B。
One can costs quarters, which is dollars. The number of cans that dollars can buy is
Thus, the correct answer is B.
7.
下列乘积的值是多少?
What is the value of
小提示:
使用换底公式 。
Apply the change-of-base formula
大提示:
分成两条逐项相消的链:底数 与底数 。
Separate into two telescoping chains: bases and bases
解答:
这些因子可以分成两条逐项相消的链。奇数位置上的因子构成 而偶数位置上的因子构成
这两条链的乘积为 。
所以正确答案是 C。
The factors split into two telescoping chains. The odd-position factors form and the even-position factors form
The product is
Thus, the correct answer is C.
8.
线段 是一个圆的直径,且 。点 在圆上且不等于 或 。当 绕圆移动时, 的重心轨迹是一条缺少两个点的闭曲线。取最接近的正整数,该曲线围成区域的面积是多少?
Line segment is a diameter of a circle with Point not equal to or lies on the circle. As point moves around the circle, the centroid (center of mass) of traces out a closed curve missing two points. To the nearest positive integer, what is the area of the region bounded by this curve?
小提示:
令 为圆心;重心位于从 到 的三分之一处。
Let be the center; the centroid lies one-third of the way from toward
大提示:
当 在半径为 的圆上移动时,重心描出半径为 的圆。
As moves on the circle of radius the centroid traces a circle of radius
解答:
令 为圆心。 的重心是 、、 坐标的平均;由于 是 的中点,重心位于从 到 的三分之一处。
当 沿半径为 的圆运动时,重心沿半径为 的圆运动。该圆面积为 。
所以正确答案是 C。
Let be the center of the circle. The centroid of is the average of and since is the midpoint of the centroid lies one-third of the way from to
As traces the circle of radius the centroid traces a circle of radius Its area is
Thus, the correct answer is C.
9.
10.
一个由 个正整数组成的列表有唯一众数,并且这个众数恰好出现 次。该列表中最少可以出现多少个不同的值?
A list of positive integers has a unique mode, which occurs exactly times. What is the least number of distinct values that can occur in the list?
小提示:
非众数项有 个,每个值最多出现 次。
The non-mode entries can each appear at most times
大提示:
求所需非众数不同值的最少个数,再为众数本身加 。
Find the fewest distinct non-mode values needed, then add for the mode
解答:
众数占 项,剩下 项。因为众数唯一,其他每个值最多出现 次,所以至少需要 个非众数值。
再加上众数本身,共有 个不同值。这可以实现:让从 到 的每个数各出现 次,再让 出现十次,让 出现一次。
所以正确答案是 D。
The mode uses of the entries, leaving Because the mode is unique, every other value appears at most times, so at least distinct non-mode values are needed.
Adding the mode gives This is achievable: use copies each of through ten copies of and one copy of
Thus, the correct answer is D.
11.
一个以正方形为底的封闭盒子,要用一张正方形包装纸包装。盒子居中放在包装纸上,底面顶点落在正方形纸的中线上,如左图所示。包装纸四个角将沿侧面向上折起,并在盒子顶部中心点 处相遇,如右图所示。盒子底边长为 ,高为 。包装纸的面积是多少?
A closed box with a square base is to be wrapped with a square sheet of wrapping paper. The box is centered on the wrapping paper with the vertices of the base lying on the midlines of the square sheet of paper, as shown in the figure on the left. The four corners of the wrapping paper are to be folded up over the sides and brought together to meet at the center of the top of the box, point in the figure on the right. The box has base length and height What is the area of the sheet of wrapping paper?
小提示:
从包装纸一角到纸中心的距离为 。
The distance from a corner of the sheet to its center is
大提示:
正方形包装纸的边长是这段角到中心距离的 倍。
A side of the square sheet is times that corner-to-center distance
解答:
沿着折线从纸角到盒顶中心看,纸角到纸中心的距离为
这段是 -- 三角形的一条直角边,其斜边是正方形包装纸的一整条边,所以边长为 。
包装纸面积为 。
所以正确答案是 A。
Following a fold from a corner of the paper to the center of the box top, the distance from a corner of the sheet to its center is
That segment is a leg of a -- triangle whose hypotenuse is a full side of the square sheet, so the side length is
The area of the sheet is
Thus, the correct answer is A.
12.
是 的一条边,长度为 。角 的角平分线交 于 ,且 。所有可能的 值构成开区间 。求 。
Side of has length The bisector of angle meets at and The set of all possible values of is an open interval What is
小提示:
由角平分线定理,。
By the angle bisector theorem,
大提示:
令 则 ;再应用三个三角形不等式。
Let so then apply the three triangle inequalities
解答:
令 ,。由角平分线定理,,所以 。
对三角形三边 、、 应用三角形不等式,并代入 得到 和 (第三个不等式自动成立)。合起来得到 。
所以 ,且 。
所以正确答案是 C。
Let and The angle bisector theorem gives so
Applying the triangle inequalities to sides and and substituting yields and (the third inequality holds automatically). Together these force
So and
Thus, the correct answer is C.
13.
正方形 的边长为 。点 在正方形内,且 、。、、 和 的重心是一个凸四边形的顶点。该四边形面积是多少?
Square has side length Point lies inside the square so that and The centroids of and are the vertices of a convex quadrilateral. What is the area of that quadrilateral?
小提示:
把这个正方形放入坐标系,并写 。
Place the square in coordinates and write
大提示:
每个重心是三个顶点的平均;四个重心形成一个对角线长度为 的正方形。
Each centroid averages three vertices; the four centroids form a square whose diagonals have length
解答:
取 、、、,并令 。对每组三个顶点的坐标取平均,四个重心为
这些点形成一个正方形,一条水平对角线和一条竖直对角线的长度均为 。它的面积为 ,与 的位置无关。
所以正确答案是 C。
Place and Averaging the vertices, the four centroids are
These form a square whose diagonals, one horizontal and one vertical, each have length Its area is independent of where lies.
Thus, the correct answer is C.
14.
Joey、Chloe 和他们的女儿 Zoe 生日相同。Joey 比 Chloe 大 岁,Zoe 今天正好 岁。今天是 Chloe 的年龄将成为 Zoe 年龄整数倍的 个生日中的第一个。下次 Joey 的年龄是 Zoe 年龄的倍数时,Joey 年龄的两位数字之和是多少?
Joey and Chloe and their daughter Zoe all have the same birthday. Joey is year older than Chloe, and Zoe is exactly year old today. Today is the first of the birthdays on which Chloe’s age will be an integral multiple of Zoe’s age. What will be the sum of the two digits of Joey’s age the next time his age is a multiple of Zoe’s age?
小提示:
设 Chloe 今天 岁; 年后,她的年龄是 Zoe 年龄的倍数当且仅当 整除 。
Let Chloe be today; years from now her age is a multiple of Zoe’s exactly when divides
大提示:
所以 必须恰有 个因数;找出唯一的两位数可能值。
So must have exactly divisors; find the only two-digit such value
解答:
设 Chloe 今天 岁,那么她比 Zoe 大 岁。 年后,Chloe 的年龄 是 Zoe 年龄 的倍数,当且仅当 整除 。有 个这样的生日,意味着 恰有 个因数。
恰有 个因数的数形如 (其中 是不同质数)或形如 。因为在所问的未来生日,Joey 的年龄是两位数,所以 ;唯一可能是 。因此 Chloe 是 岁,Joey 是 岁。
Joey 的年龄 是 的倍数,当且仅当 整除 。下一次发生在 ,此时 Joey 是 岁,数位和为 。
因此,正确答案是 E。
Let Chloe be today, so she is years older than Zoe. In years Chloe’s age is a multiple of Zoe’s age exactly when divides Having such birthdays means has exactly divisors.
A number with exactly divisors has the form for distinct primes or Because Joey’s age at the requested future birthday has two digits, the only possibility is So Chloe is and Joey is
Joey’s age is a multiple of exactly when divides The next time is making Joey with digit sum
Thus, the correct answer is E.
15.
有多少个 位正奇数是 的倍数,且不含数字 ?
How many -digit positive odd multiples of do not include the digit
小提示:
先选择百位数字(不能是 或 )和个位数字(奇数且不是 )。
Choose the hundreds digit (not or ) and the units digit (odd, not ) first
大提示:
对每个这样的百位、个位组合,允许的十位数字在模 的三个剩余类中平均分布。
For each such pair, the allowed tens digits split evenly into three residue classes mod
解答:
写作 。百位数字 有 种选择(),个位数字 有 种选择()。
十位数字 可为 。这些数字按模 分成三个大小相等的剩余类 ,所以恰有 个 使 能被 整除。
总数为 。
所以正确答案是 A。
Write the number as The hundreds digit has choices (), and the units digit has choices ().
The tens digit may be any of These split into three residue classes mod of equal size so exactly choices of make divisible by
The count is
Thus, the correct answer is A.
16.
方程 的解在复平面中连成一个凸正多边形,其中三个顶点标为 、 和 。 的最小可能面积是多少?
The solutions to the equation are connected in the complex plane to form a convex regular polygon, three of whose vertices are labeled and What is the least possible area of
小提示:
平移 不改变形状; 的根形成正八边形。
Shifting by does not change the shape; the roots of form a regular octagon
大提示:
外接圆半径为 ,最小三角形使用三个相邻顶点。
The circumradius is and the smallest triangle uses three consecutive vertices
解答:
平移 后, 的解是半径为 的圆上的八个点,构成正八边形。面积最小的三角形使用三个连续顶点。
取 、 和 。此时 ,高为 ,所以面积为
所以正确答案是 B。
Translating by the solutions of are eight points on a circle of radius forming a regular octagon. The minimum-area triangle uses three consecutive vertices.
Take and Then and the height is so the area is
Thus, the correct answer is B.
17.
设 和 为正整数,满足 且 尽可能小。求 。
Let and be positive integers such that and is as small as possible. What is
小提示:
由于 且 ,并且两边都是整数,有 和 。
Since and with integer sides, and
大提示:
写出 ,再把这些不等式相加来限制 。
Add these after writing to bound
解答:
由 得 ,由 得 。于是
因此 。当 时,分数 严格介于 和 之间,所以 ,且 。
所以正确答案是 A。
From we get and from we get Now
Hence With the fraction lies strictly between and so and
Thus, the correct answer is A.
18.
函数 递归定义为 ,并且对所有满足 的整数, 求 。
A function is defined recursively by and for all integers What is
小提示:
计算前几项,观察 的模式。
Compute several terms and look for a pattern in
大提示:
将递推式展开四次可得 。
Expanding the recursion four times shows
解答:
反复将递推式代入自身,可得 所以每当 增加 , 增加 。
因为 ,所以 。
正确答案是 B。
Repeatedly substituting the recursion into itself gives So increases by every time increases by
Since we have
Thus, the correct answer is B.
19.
Mary 选择了一个偶数 位数 。她从左到右按递增顺序写下 的所有因数:,,,,。某一时刻 Mary 写下了 作为 的一个因数。写在 右边的下一个因数的最小可能值是多少?
Mary chose an even -digit number She wrote down all the divisors of in increasing order from left to right: At some moment Mary wrote as a divisor of What is the smallest possible value of the next divisor written to the right of
小提示:
分解 。
Factor
大提示:
若下一个因数 与 互质,则 ;所以 与 有公共质因数。
If the next divisor were coprime to then so shares a prime with
解答:
设 是 后面的下一个因数。若 ,则 整除 ,迫使 ,不可能是 位数。因此 与 有公共质因数。
于是 ,所以 。确实, 可由 实现,而这是偶数且为 位数。
所以正确答案是 C。
Let be the next divisor after If then divides forcing impossible for a -digit number. So shares a prime factor with
Then so Indeed occurs for which is even and -digit.
Thus, the correct answer is C.
20.
设 是边长为 的正六边形。记 、 和 分别为边 、 和 的中点。内部区域为 与 的内部交集的凸六边形面积是多少?
Let be a regular hexagon with side length Denote by and the midpoints of sides and respectively. What is the area of the convex hexagon whose interior is the intersection of the interiors of and
小提示:
把这个正六边形放在单位圆上,写出 和三个中点的坐标。
Put the regular hexagon on the unit circle and write coordinates for and the three midpoints
大提示:
求这两个等边三角形各边所在直线的交点,得到六个顶点,再使用鞋带公式。
Intersect the side lines of the two equilateral triangles to find the six vertices, then use shoelace
解答:
把正六边形放在单位圆上,取 、 和 。题中指定的三个中点为 、 和 。
求 与 各边所在直线的交点,就得到公共内部的六个顶点,按循环顺序为 对这些顶点使用鞋带公式,得到面积为 。
所以正确答案是 C。
Place the regular hexagon on the unit circle with and The three specified midpoints are and
Intersecting the side lines of and gives the six vertices of their common interior, in cyclic order: The shoelace formula applied to these vertices gives area
Thus, the correct answer is C.
21.
在 中,边长为 、 和 ,令 与 分别表示外心和内心。一个圆心为 的圆与直角边 和 以及 的外接圆相切。 的面积是多少?
In with side lengths and let and denote the circumcenter and incenter, respectively. A circle with center is tangent to the legs and and to the circumcircle of What is the area of
答案:E
小提示:
该三角形在 处为直角;把 放在原点,并让两条直角边在坐标轴上。
The triangle is right-angled at put at the origin with the legs on the axes
大提示:
是斜边中点,且 ;圆心在 的圆与外接圆相切。
is the midpoint of the hypotenuse and the circle at is tangent to the circumcircle
解答:
因为 ,三角形在 处为直角。设 、 且 。则 是 的中点,即 ,外接圆半径为 。内切圆半径为 ,所以 。
因为以 为圆心的圆与两条直角边都相切,所以 。与外接圆内切给出 。令它等于 并求解,得到 ,所以 。
对 、 和 用鞋带公式,面积为 。
所以正确答案是 E。
Since the triangle is right-angled at Set and Then is the midpoint of namely with circumradius The inradius is so
Because ’s circle is tangent to both legs, Internal tangency to the circumcircle gives Setting this equal to and solving gives so
The shoelace formula on gives area
Thus, the correct answer is E.
22.
考虑次数至多为 的多项式 ,其每个系数都属于 。有多少个这样的多项式满足 ?
Consider polynomials of degree at most each of whose coefficients is an element of How many such polynomials satisfy
小提示:
写 ;则 。
Write then
大提示:
代换 与 ,化为 ,且每个变量都在 中。
Substitute and to turn it into with each variable in
解答:
写 ,其中 都在 中。条件为 。
令 和 ,它们也都在 中。于是 。由隔板法,非负整数解的个数为 ,且因为总和是 ,每个变量自动不超过上界。
所以正确答案是 D。
Write with each of in The condition is
Let and both in Then By stars and bars the number of nonnegative solutions is and each automatically satisfies the upper bounds since the sum is
Thus, the correct answer is D.
23.
Ajay 站在印度尼西亚 Pontianak 附近的点 ,纬度 ,经度 E。Billy 站在美国爱达荷州 Big Baldy Mountain 附近的点 ,纬度 N,经度 W。假设地球是以 为球心的完美球体。 的度数是多少?
Ajay is standing at point near Pontianak, Indonesia, latitude and E longitude. Billy is standing at point near Big Baldy Mountain, Idaho, USA, N latitude and W longitude. Assume that Earth is a perfect sphere with center What is the degree measure of
小提示:
经度差为 。
The longitude difference is
大提示:
把两个点放在单位球面上,并计算它们位置向量的点积。
Put both points on a unit sphere and take the dot product of their position vectors
解答:
两地经度差为 ,且 位于北纬 。把 放在单位球面上。
于是 。点积为 ,所以 ,从而 。
所以正确答案是 C。
The longitudes differ by and is at latitude N. Place on the unit sphere.
Then The dot product is so and
Thus, the correct answer is C.
24.
令 表示小于或等于 的最大整数。有多少个实数 满足方程 ?
Let denote the greatest integer less than or equal to How many real numbers satisfy the equation
小提示:
将方程改写为 。
Rewrite the equation as
大提示:
因此 ,所以 ;每个单位区间内数一个解。
Then so count one solution per unit interval
解答:
令 。方程化为 ,所以 。因为 ,必须有 ,即 。
在每个区间 上,写成 ,其中 。方程变为 。当 时,左边严格递减:在 处它等于 ,而当 趋于 时它趋于 。因此这些区间中每一个都恰好含有一个解。这样的区间共有 个。
所以正确答案是 C。
Let The equation becomes so Since we need i.e.
On each interval write with The equation becomes For the left side is strictly decreasing; at it is while as approaches it approaches Thus each of these intervals contains exactly one solution. There are such intervals.
Thus, the correct answer is C.
25.
圆 、 和 半径均为 ,放置在平面上并两两外切。点 、 和 分别在 、 和 上,满足 ,且对每个 ,,,直线 与 相切,其中 。见下图。 的面积可写为 ,其中 和 是正整数。 是多少?
Circles and each have radius and are placed in the plane so that each circle is externally tangent to the other two. Points and lie on and respectively, so that and line is tangent to for each where See the figure below. The area of can be written in the form where and are positive integers. What is
小提示:
因为 在 处与 相切,半径 垂直于 。
Since is tangent to at the radius is perpendicular to
大提示:
令 ;设 ,在 中使用余弦定理。
Let with apply the Law of Cosines in
解答:
设 为 的圆心, 为直线 与 的交点。因为 ,三角形 是 -- 三角形。令 ,得 且 。
在 中使用余弦定理,并利用 得到 化简为 ,所以 。
因此 ,面积为
所以 。
所以正确答案是 D。
Let be the center of and let be the intersection of lines and Because triangle is a -- triangle. With we get and
The Law of Cosines in (with ) gives which simplifies to so
Then and the area is
So
Thus, the correct answer is D.