2009 AMC 12A 第 24 题

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24.

二的塔函数递归定义如下:T(1)=2T(1) = 2,且对 n1n \ge 1T(n+1)=2T(n)T(n + 1) = 2^{T(n)}。令 A=(T(2009))T(2009)A = (T(2009))^{T(2009)},且 B=(T(2009))AB = (T(2009))^A。最大的整数 kk 是多少,使得 有定义? log2log2log2log2kB\underbrace{\log_2 \log_2 \log_2 \ldots \log_2}_{k} B

The tower function of twos is defined recursively as follows: T(1)=2T(1) = 2 and T(n+1)=2T(n)T(n + 1) = 2^{T(n)} for n1.n \ge 1. Let A=(T(2009))T(2009)A = (T(2009))^{T(2009)} and B=(T(2009))A.B = (T(2009))^A. What is the largest integer kk such that log2log2log2log2kB\underbrace{\log_2 \log_2 \log_2 \ldots \log_2}_{k} B is defined?

20092009

20102010

20112011

20122012

20132013

答案:E
知识点:递推对数指数
难度评级:2650
解答:

因为 log2T(n+1)=T(n)\log_2 T(n + 1) = T(n), 每次应用 log2\log_2 都会从一个 22 的幂塔顶部去掉一层。

Tj=T(j)T_j=T(j)LjL_j, 逐步化简,可得 BBjj , 并且一般地,取 次对数后的主导项为 。 因此应用 log2\log_2 共 次后结果仍为正,这意味着第 次 有定义。 L1=AT2008,L2=T2009T2008+T2007. \begin{aligned} L_1 &= A\,T_{2008}, \\ L_2 &= T_{2009}T_{2008}+T_{2007}. \end{aligned}

相应的上界表明应用 Lk+3>T2008kL_{k+3} \gt T_{2008-k} 次后结果变为负数,所以第 0k20070\le k\le 2007L2010>2L_{2010}\gt2 无定义。 L2011>1L_{2011}\gt1 L2012>0L_{2012}\gt0L2013L_{2013} L3>log2(T2009T2008)=T2008+T2007>T2008. \begin{aligned} L_3 &\gt \log_2(T_{2009}T_{2008}) \\ &= T_{2008}+T_{2007} \\ &\gt T_{2008}. \end{aligned}

因此最大的 kk20132013T2007<T2008T2009T_{2007}\lt T_{2008}T_{2009}Lk+4<T2008kL_{k+4}\lt T_{2008-k} 0k20070\le k\le2007L2011<2L_{2011}\lt20<L2012<10\lt L_{2012}\lt1L2013<0L_{2013}\lt0L2014L_{2014} L3<1+T2007+T2008<2T2008,L4<1+T2007<T2008. \begin{aligned} L_3 &\lt 1+T_{2007}+T_{2008} \\ &\lt 2T_{2008}, \\ L_4 &\lt 1+T_{2007} \lt T_{2008}. \end{aligned}

因此,正确答案是 E

Since log2T(n+1)=T(n),\log_2 T(n + 1) = T(n), each application of log2\log_2 strips one 22 off the top of a tower of twos.

Write Tj=T(j),T_j=T(j), and let LjL_j be the result of applying log2\log_2 to BB exactly jj times. The first two results are L1=AT2008,L2=T2009T2008+T2007. \begin{aligned} L_1 &= A\,T_{2008}, \\ L_2 &= T_{2009}T_{2008}+T_{2007}. \end{aligned}

For the lower bound, L3>log2(T2009T2008)=T2008+T2007>T2008. \begin{aligned} L_3 &\gt \log_2(T_{2009}T_{2008}) \\ &= T_{2008}+T_{2007} \\ &\gt T_{2008}. \end{aligned} Repeatedly taking logarithms gives Lk+3>T2008kL_{k+3} \gt T_{2008-k} for 0k2007.0\le k\le 2007. In particular, L2010>2,L_{2010}\gt2, so L2011>1L_{2011}\gt1 and L2012>0.L_{2012}\gt0. Thus L2013L_{2013} is defined.

For the upper bound, T2007<T2008T2009,T_{2007}\lt T_{2008}T_{2009}, so L3<1+T2007+T2008<2T2008,L4<1+T2007<T2008. \begin{aligned} L_3 &\lt 1+T_{2007}+T_{2008} \\ &\lt 2T_{2008}, \\ L_4 &\lt 1+T_{2007} \lt T_{2008}. \end{aligned} Repeating the last comparison gives Lk+4<T2008kL_{k+4}\lt T_{2008-k} for 0k2007.0\le k\le2007. Hence L2011<2.L_{2011}\lt2. Together with the lower bound, this yields 0<L2012<1,0\lt L_{2012}\lt1, so L2013<0.L_{2013}\lt0. Therefore L2014L_{2014} is undefined, and the largest possible kk is 2013.2013.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

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