2009 AMC 12A 真题

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1.

Kim 的航班上午 10:3410{:}34 从 Newark 起飞,下午 1:181{:}18 在 Miami 降落。两个城市在同一时区。如果她的飞行时间为 hh 小时 mm 分钟,其中 0m<600 \le m \lt 60,那么 h+mh + m 是多少?

Kim’s flight took off from Newark at 10:3410{:}34 am and landed in Miami at 1:181{:}18 pm. Both cities are in the same time zone. If her flight took hh hours and mm minutes, with 0m<60,0 \le m \lt 60, what is h+m?h + m?

4646

4747

5050

5353

5454

答案:A
知识点:日期与时间时钟
难度评级:730
小提示:

先从上午 10:3410{:}34 数到上午 11:0011{:}00,再继续往后数。

Count the minutes from 10:3410{:}34 am up to 11:0011{:}00 am, then continue from there

大提示:

飞行时间是 22 小时加上 26+1826 + 18 分钟。

The flight lasts 22 hours and 26+1826 + 18 minutes

解答:

从上午 10:3410{:}34 到上午 11:0011{:}002626 分钟,从上午 11:0011{:}00 到下午 1:001{:}0022 小时,从下午 1:001{:}00 到下午 1:181{:}181818 分钟。

所以飞行时间为 22 小时 26+18=4426 + 18 = 44 分钟。因此 h=2h = 2m=44m = 44,且 h+m=46h + m = 46

因此,正确答案是 A

From 10:3410{:}34 am to 11:0011{:}00 am is 2626 minutes, from 11:0011{:}00 am to 1:001{:}00 pm is 22 hours, and from 1:001{:}00 pm to 1:181{:}18 pm is 1818 minutes.

So the flight lasted 22 hours and 26+18=4426 + 18 = 44 minutes. Thus h=2,h = 2, m=44,m = 44, and h+m=46.h + m = 46.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

2.

下列哪一项等于 1+11+11+11 + \dfrac{1}{1 + \dfrac{1}{1 + 1}}\text{?}

Which of the following is equal to 1+11+11+1?1 + \dfrac{1}{1 + \dfrac{1}{1 + 1}}?

54\dfrac{5}{4}

32\dfrac{3}{2}

53\dfrac{5}{3}

22

33

答案:C
知识点:连分数分数
难度评级:860
小提示:

从最里面的分数向外计算。

Work outward from the innermost fraction

大提示:

先化简 1+11+1=321 + \dfrac{1}{1+1} = \dfrac{3}{2},再取它的倒数。

First simplify 1+11+1=32,1 + \dfrac{1}{1+1} = \dfrac{3}{2}, then take its reciprocal

解答:

从里面开始,1+1=21 + 1 = 2,所以 1+12=321 + \dfrac{1}{2} = \dfrac{3}{2}。然后 132=23\dfrac{1}{\frac{3}{2}} = \dfrac{2}{3},且 1+23=531 + \dfrac{2}{3} = \dfrac{5}{3}

因此,正确答案是 C

Starting inside, 1+1=2,1 + 1 = 2, so 1+12=32.1 + \dfrac{1}{2} = \dfrac{3}{2}. Then 132=23,\dfrac{1}{\frac{3}{2}} = \dfrac{2}{3}, and 1+23=53.1 + \dfrac{2}{3} = \dfrac{5}{3}.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

3.

14\dfrac{1}{4}34\dfrac{3}{4} 的三分之一处是哪一个数?

What number is one third of the way from 14\dfrac{1}{4} to 34?\dfrac{3}{4}?

13\dfrac{1}{3}

512\dfrac{5}{12}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

712\dfrac{7}{12}

23\dfrac{2}{3}

答案:B
知识点:分数比与比例
难度评级:1050
小提示:

14\dfrac{1}{4}34\dfrac{3}{4} 的距离是 12\dfrac{1}{2}

The distance from 14\dfrac{1}{4} to 34\dfrac{3}{4} is 12\dfrac{1}{2}

大提示:

把这段距离的三分之一加到 14\dfrac{1}{4} 上。

Add one third of that distance to 14\dfrac{1}{4}

解答:

间距是 3414=12\dfrac{3}{4} - \dfrac{1}{4} = \dfrac{1}{2}。走三分之一处就是加上 1312=16\dfrac{1}{3} \cdot \dfrac{1}{2} = \dfrac{1}{6}

所以这个数是 14+16=312+212=512\dfrac{1}{4} + \dfrac{1}{6} = \dfrac{3}{12} + \dfrac{2}{12} = \dfrac{5}{12}

因此,正确答案是 B

The gap is 3414=12.\dfrac{3}{4} - \dfrac{1}{4} = \dfrac{1}{2}. One third of the way adds 1312=16.\dfrac{1}{3} \cdot \dfrac{1}{2} = \dfrac{1}{6}.

So the number is 14+16=312+212=512.\dfrac{1}{4} + \dfrac{1}{6} = \dfrac{3}{12} + \dfrac{2}{12} = \dfrac{5}{12}.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

4.

从一个存钱罐中取出四枚硬币,存钱罐里有若干一分、五分、十分和二十五分硬币。以下哪一个不可能是这四枚硬币的总价值(单位:分)?

Four coins are picked out of a piggy bank that contains a collection of pennies, nickels, dimes, and quarters. Which of the following could not be the total value of the four coins, in cents?

1515

2525

3535

4545

5555

答案:A
难度评级:1200
小提示:

如果选出的硬币中至少有一枚一分硬币,总额就不可能是 55 的倍数。

A selection that includes at least one penny cannot total a multiple of 55

大提示:

如果没有一分硬币,那么这四枚硬币每枚都至少值 55 分。

Without a penny, all four coins are worth at least 55 cents each

解答:

如果四枚硬币中有一分硬币,总额不是 55 的倍数,所以不可能等于列出的五个 55 的倍数。如果没有一分硬币,每枚硬币至少值 55 分,所以总额至少是 2020 分。无论哪种情况,1515 都不可能。

其他数额都能达到:25=10+5+5+525 = 10 + 5 + 5 + 535=10+10+10+535 = 10 + 10 + 10 + 545=25+10+5+545 = 25 + 10 + 5 + 5,且 55=25+10+10+1055 = 25 + 10 + 10 + 10

因此,正确答案是 A

If the four coins include a penny, the total is not a multiple of 5,5, so it cannot equal any of the five listed multiples of 5.5. If there is no penny, every coin is worth at least 55 cents, so the total is at least 2020 cents. Either way, 1515 is impossible.

The other amounts are attainable: 25=10+5+5+5,25 = 10 + 5 + 5 + 5, 35=10+10+10+5,35 = 10 + 10 + 10 + 5, 45=25+10+5+5,45 = 25 + 10 + 5 + 5, and 55=25+10+10+10.55 = 25 + 10 + 10 + 10.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

5.

一个立方体的一个维度增加 11,另一个维度减少 11,第三个维度保持不变。新的长方体体积比原立方体体积少 55。原立方体的体积是多少?

One dimension of a cube is increased by 1,1, another is decreased by 1,1, and the third is left unchanged. The volume of the new rectangular solid is 55 less than that of the cube. What was the volume of the cube?

88

2727

6464

125125

216216

答案:D
知识点:体积平方差
难度评级:1100
小提示:

设立方体边长为 xx,并把新体积写成一个乘积。

Let the cube have side length xx and write the new volume as a product

大提示:

新长方体的体积为 x(x+1)(x1)=x3xx(x+1)(x-1) = x^3 - x

The new solid has volume x(x+1)(x1)=x3xx(x+1)(x-1) = x^3 - x

解答:

设立方体边长为 xx。新长方体的三个维度是 x+1x + 1x1x - 1,和 xx,因此体积为 x(x+1)(x1)=x3xx(x+1)(x-1) = x^3 - x

令它等于 x35x^3 - 5x3x=x35x^3 - x = x^3 - 5,所以 x=5x = 5

立方体体积是 53=1255^3 = 125

因此,正确答案是 D

Let the cube have side length x.x. The new solid has dimensions x+1,x + 1, x1,x - 1, and x,x, so its volume is x(x+1)(x1)=x3x.x(x+1)(x-1) = x^3 - x.

Setting this equal to x35x^3 - 5 gives x3x=x35,x^3 - x = x^3 - 5, so x=5.x = 5.

The cube’s volume is 53=125.5^3 = 125.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

6.

假设 P=2mP = 2^mQ=3nQ = 3^n。对每一对整数 (m,n)(m, n),下列哪一个都等于 12mn12^{mn}

Suppose that P=2mP = 2^m and Q=3n.Q = 3^n. Which of the following is equal to 12mn12^{mn} for every pair of integers (m,n)?(m, n)?

P2QP^2 Q

PnQmP^n Q^m

PnQ2mP^n Q^{2m}

P2mQnP^{2m} Q^n

P2nQmP^{2n} Q^m

答案:E
知识点:指数换元法
难度评级:1290
小提示:

写成 12=22312 = 2^2 \cdot 3

Write 12=22312 = 2^2 \cdot 3

大提示:

那么 12mn=22mn3mn12^{mn} = 2^{2mn} \cdot 3^{mn} =(2m)2n(3n)m= (2^m)^{2n}(3^n)^m

Then 12mn=22mn3mn12^{mn} = 2^{2mn} \cdot 3^{mn} =(2m)2n(3n)m= (2^m)^{2n}(3^n)^m

解答:

因为 12=22312 = 2^2 \cdot 312mn=22mn3mn=(2m)2n(3n)m=P2nQm \begin{aligned} 12^{mn} &= 2^{2mn} \cdot 3^{mn} \\ &= (2^m)^{2n}(3^n)^m \\ &= P^{2n}Q^m \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 E

Since 12=223,12 = 2^2 \cdot 3, 12mn=22mn3mn=(2m)2n(3n)m=P2nQm. \begin{aligned} 12^{mn} &= 2^{2mn} \cdot 3^{mn} \\ &= (2^m)^{2n}(3^n)^m \\ &= P^{2n}Q^m. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is E.

7.

一个等差数列的前三项分别是 2x32x - 35x115x - 113x+13x + 1。这个数列的第 nn 项是 20092009。求 nn

The first three terms of an arithmetic sequence are 2x3,2x - 3, 5x11,5x - 11, and 3x+13x + 1 respectively. The nnth term of the sequence is 2009.2009. What is n?n?

255255

502502

10041004

15061506

80378037

答案:B
知识点:等差数列
难度评级:1250
小提示:

相邻两项的差相等:(5x11)(2x3)(5x - 11) - (2x - 3) =(3x+1)(5x11)= (3x + 1) - (5x - 11)

Consecutive differences are equal: (5x11)(2x3)(5x - 11) - (2x - 3) =(3x+1)(5x11)= (3x + 1) - (5x - 11)

大提示:

先求出 xx,再找到首项和公差。

Solve for x,x, then find the first term and common difference

解答:

相邻差相等给出 (5x11)(2x3)(5x - 11) - (2x - 3) =(3x+1)(5x11)= (3x + 1) - (5x - 11),即 3x8=2x+123x - 8 = -2x + 12,所以 x=4x = 4

前三项是 5,9,135, 9, 13,公差为 44

nn 项满足 2009=5+(n1)42009 = 5 + (n - 1)\cdot 4,所以 n1=501n - 1 = 501,从而 n=502n = 502

因此,正确答案是 B

Equal consecutive differences give (5x11)(2x3)(5x - 11) - (2x - 3) =(3x+1)(5x11),= (3x + 1) - (5x - 11), that is 3x8=2x+12,3x - 8 = -2x + 12, so x=4.x = 4.

The first three terms are 5,9,13,5, 9, 13, with common difference 4.4.

The nnth term satisfies 2009=5+(n1)4,2009 = 5 + (n - 1)\cdot 4, so n1=501n - 1 = 501 and n=502.n = 502.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

8.

如图放置四个全等的长方形。外部正方形的面积是内部正方形面积的 44 倍。每个长方形较长边与较短边的长度之比是多少?

Four congruent rectangles are placed as shown. The area of the outer square is 44 times that of the inner square. What is the ratio of the length of the longer side of each rectangle to the length of its shorter side?

33

10\sqrt{10}

2+22 + \sqrt{2}

232\sqrt{3}

44

答案:A
难度评级:1410
小提示:

设每个长方形较短边为 xx,较长边为 yy

Let each rectangle have shorter side xx and longer side yy

大提示:

外部正方形边长为 x+yx + y,内部正方形边长为 yxy - x,它们的边长比为 4=2\sqrt{4} = 2

The outer square has side x+y,x + y, the inner square has side yx,y - x, and their side ratio is 4=2\sqrt{4} = 2

解答:

设这些长方形的较短边为 xx,较长边为 yy。外部正方形边长是 x+yx + y,内部正方形边长是 yxy - x

因为外部面积是内部面积的 44 倍,边长比是 4=2\sqrt{4} = 2,所以 x+y=2(yx)x + y = 2(y - x)

这给出 y=3xy = 3x,因此长边与短边之比为 33

因此,正确答案是 A

Let the rectangles have shorter side xx and longer side y.y. The outer square has side x+yx + y and the inner square has side yx.y - x.

Since the outer area is 44 times the inner area, the side ratio is 4=2,\sqrt{4} = 2, so x+y=2(yx).x + y = 2(y - x).

This gives y=3x,y = 3x, so the ratio of longer to shorter side is 3.3.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

9.

假设 f(x+3)=3x2+7x+4f(x + 3) = 3x^2 + 7x + 4,且 f(x)=ax2+bx+cf(x) = ax^2 + bx + c。求 a+b+ca + b + c

Suppose that f(x+3)=3x2+7x+4f(x + 3) = 3x^2 + 7x + 4 and f(x)=ax2+bx+c.f(x) = ax^2 + bx + c. What is a+b+c?a + b + c?

1-1

00

11

22

33

答案:D
知识点:函数换元法
难度评级:1350
小提示:

a+b+c=f(1)a + b + c = f(1)

a+b+c=f(1)a + b + c = f(1)

大提示:

写成 1=(2)+31 = (-2) + 3,并使用给出的 f(x+3)f(x + 3) 公式。

Write 1=(2)+31 = (-2) + 3 and use the given formula for f(x+3)f(x + 3)

解答:

注意 a+b+c=f(1)a + b + c = f(1)

f(x+3)=3x2+7x+4f(x + 3) = 3x^2 + 7x + 4 中取 x=2x = -2f(1)=f(2+3)=3(2)2+7(2)+4=1214+4=2 \begin{aligned} f(1) &= f(-2 + 3) \\ &= 3(-2)^2 + 7(-2) + 4 \\ &= 12 - 14 + 4 = 2 \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 D

Note that a+b+c=f(1).a + b + c = f(1).

Using f(x+3)=3x2+7x+4f(x + 3) = 3x^2 + 7x + 4 with x=2x = -2 gives f(1)=f(2+3)=3(2)2+7(2)+4=1214+4=2. \begin{aligned} f(1) &= f(-2 + 3) \\ &= 3(-2)^2 + 7(-2) + 4 \\ &= 12 - 14 + 4 = 2. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is D.

10.

在四边形 ABCDABCD 中,AB=5AB = 5BC=17BC = 17CD=5CD = 5DA=9DA = 9,且 BDBD 是整数。求 BDBD

In quadrilateral ABCD,ABCD, AB=5,AB = 5, BC=17,BC = 17, CD=5,CD = 5, DA=9,DA = 9, and BDBD is an integer. What is BD?BD?

1111

1212

1313

1414

1515

答案:C
难度评级:1500
小提示:

BCD\triangle BCDABD\triangle ABD 使用三角形不等式。

Apply the triangle inequality to BCD\triangle BCD and ABD\triangle ABD

大提示:

BCD\triangle BCDBD>12BD \gt 12,由 ABD\triangle ABDBD<14BD \lt 14

From BCD,\triangle BCD, BD>12,BD \gt 12, and from ABD,\triangle ABD, BD<14BD \lt 14

解答:

BCD\triangle BCD 中,三角形不等式给出 BD+CD>BCBD + CD \gt BC,所以 BD+5>17BD + 5 \gt 17,即 BD>12BD \gt 12

ABD\triangle ABD 中,AB+DA>BDAB + DA \gt BD,所以 BD<5+9=14BD \lt 5 + 9 = 14

唯一满足 12<BD<1412 \lt BD \lt 14 的整数是 1313

因此,正确答案是 C

In BCD,\triangle BCD, the triangle inequality gives BD+CD>BC,BD + CD \gt BC, so BD+5>17BD + 5 \gt 17 and BD>12.BD \gt 12.

In ABD,\triangle ABD, AB+DA>BD,AB + DA \gt BD, so BD<5+9=14.BD \lt 5 + 9 = 14.

The only integer with 12<BD<1412 \lt BD \lt 14 is 13.13.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

11.

图中的 F1F_1F2F_2F3F_3,和 F4F_4 是一个图形序列的前几项。对于 n3n \ge 3FnF_nFn1F_{n-1} 构造而来:在它周围加一个正方形,并且在新正方形的每一边上,比 Fn1F_{n-1} 外部正方形的每一边多放一个菱形。例如,图形 F3F_31313 个菱形。图形 F20F_{20} 中有多少个菱形?

The figures F1,F_1, F2,F_2, F3,F_3, and F4F_4 shown are the first in a sequence of figures. For n3,n \ge 3, FnF_n is constructed from Fn1F_{n-1} by surrounding it with a square and placing one more diamond on each side of the new square than Fn1F_{n-1} had on each side of its outside square. For example, figure F3F_3 has 1313 diamonds. How many diamonds are there in figure F20?F_{20}?

401401

485485

585585

626626

761761

答案:E
知识点:等差数列求和
难度评级:1630
小提示:

FnF_n 的外部正方形上有 4(n1)4(n - 1) 个菱形。

The outside square of FnF_n has 4(n1)4(n - 1) diamonds

大提示:

把所有层相加,FnF_n1+4(1+2++(n1))1 + 4\big(1 + 2 + \cdots + (n - 1)\big) 个菱形。

Summing over all rings, FnF_n has 1+4(1+2++(n1))1 + 4\big(1 + 2 + \cdots + (n - 1)\big) diamonds

解答:

FnF_n 的外部正方形比 Fn1F_{n-1} 的外部正方形多 44 个菱形,而 F2F_2 的外部正方形有 44 个菱形,所以 FnF_n 的外部正方形有 4(n1)4(n - 1) 个菱形。

把所有层相加,1+4(1+2++(n1))=1+4(n1)n2=1+2(n1)n \begin{gathered} 1 + 4\big(1 + 2 + \cdots + (n - 1)\big) \\ = 1 + 4\cdot\frac{(n - 1)n}{2} \\ = 1 + 2(n - 1)n \end{gathered}\text{。}

n=20n = 20 时,它等于 1+21920=7611 + 2\cdot 19\cdot 20 = 761

因此,正确答案是 E

The outside square of FnF_n has 44 more diamonds than that of Fn1,F_{n-1}, and the outside square of F2F_2 has 4,4, so the outside square of FnF_n has 4(n1)4(n - 1) diamonds.

Adding all the rings, 1+4(1+2++(n1))=1+4(n1)n2=1+2(n1)n. \begin{gathered} 1 + 4\big(1 + 2 + \cdots + (n - 1)\big) \\ = 1 + 4\cdot\frac{(n - 1)n}{2} \\ = 1 + 2(n - 1)n. \end{gathered}

For n=20,n = 20, this is 1+21920=761.1 + 2\cdot 19\cdot 20 = 761.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

12.

小于 10001000 的正整数中,有多少个等于其各位数字和的 66 倍?

How many positive integers less than 10001000 are 66 times the sum of their digits?

00

11

22

44

1212

答案:B
难度评级:1730
小提示:

如果 NN 等于其数字和的 66 倍,那么 NN66 的倍数,且 NN 不大。

If NN equals 66 times its digit sum, then NN is a multiple of 66 and NN is small

大提示:

小于 10001000 的数的数字和最大为 2727,所以 N162N \le 162

The digit sum of a number below 10001000 is at most 27,27, so N162N \le 162

解答:

如果 N=6(数字和)N = 6\cdot(\text{数字和}),那么由于小于 10001000 的数的数字和最大为 2727,可得 N162N \le 162

对于两位数,10t+u=6(t+u)10t + u = 6(t + u),得 4t=5u4t = 5u,因而 t=5t = 5u=4u = 4,所以 N=54N = 54。一位数需要 6u=u6u = u,对 u>0u \gt 0 不可能。三位数满足 100h+10t+u=6(h+t+u)100h + 10t + u = 6(h + t + u),给出 94h+4t=5u94h + 4t = 5u,左边至少为 9494,右边至多为 4545,所以没有解。

因此恰好有一个数 5454,满足条件。

因此,正确答案是 B

If N=6(digit sum),N = 6\cdot(\text{digit sum}), then since the digit sum of a number below 10001000 is at most 27,27, we have N162.N \le 162.

For a two-digit number 10t+u=6(t+u)10t + u = 6(t + u) gives 4t=5u,4t = 5u, forcing t=5t = 5 and u=4,u = 4, so N=54.N = 54. A one-digit number would need 6u=u,6u = u, impossible for u>0.u \gt 0. A three-digit number 100h+10t+u=6(h+t+u)100h + 10t + u = 6(h + t + u) gives 94h+4t=5u,94h + 4t = 5u, whose left side is at least 9494 while the right side is at most 45,45, so there is no solution.

Hence exactly one number, 54,54, works.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

13.

一艘船从 AABB,沿直线航行 1010 英里,转过一个介于 4545^\circ6060^\circ 之间的角,然后再航行 2020 英里到达 CC。令 ACAC 以英里为单位。下列哪个区间包含 AC2AC^2

A ship sails 1010 miles in a straight line from AA to B,B, turns through an angle between 4545^\circ and 60,60^\circ, and then sails another 2020 miles to C.C. Let ACAC be measured in miles. Which of the following intervals contains AC2?AC^2?

[400,500][400, 500]

[500,600][500, 600]

[600,700][600, 700]

[700,800][700, 800]

[800,900][800, 900]

答案:D
难度评级:1770
小提示:

由余弦定理,AC2=102AC^2 = 10^2 +202+ 20^2 21020cos(ABC)- 2\cdot 10\cdot 20\cos(\angle ABC)

By the Law of Cosines, AC2=102AC^2 = 10^2 +202+ 20^2 21020cos(ABC)- 2\cdot 10\cdot 20\cos(\angle ABC)

大提示:

转角介于 4545^\circ6060^\circ,所以 ABC\angle ABC 介于 120120^\circ135135^\circ

The turn is between 4545^\circ and 60,60^\circ, so ABC\angle ABC is between 120120^\circ and 135135^\circ

解答:

由余弦定理,AC2=102+20221020cos(ABC)=500400cos(ABC) \begin{aligned} AC^2 &= 10^2 + 20^2 \\ &\quad {}- 2\cdot 10\cdot 20\cos(\angle ABC) \\ &= 500 - 400\cos(\angle ABC) \end{aligned}\text{。}

船转过的角介于 4545^\circ6060^\circ,所以内角 ABC\angle ABC 介于 120120^\circ135135^\circ

因为 cos120=12\cos 120^\circ = -\dfrac{1}{2}cos135=22\cos 135^\circ = -\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}700=500+200AC2500+2002<800 \begin{aligned} 700 &= 500 + 200 \\ &\le AC^2 \le 500 + 200\sqrt{2} \\ &\lt 800 \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以 AC2AC^2 位于 [700,800][700, 800] 中。

因此,正确答案是 D

By the Law of Cosines, AC2=102+20221020cos(ABC)=500400cos(ABC). \begin{aligned} AC^2 &= 10^2 + 20^2 \\ &\quad {}- 2\cdot 10\cdot 20\cos(\angle ABC) \\ &= 500 - 400\cos(\angle ABC). \end{aligned}

The ship turns through an angle between 4545^\circ and 60,60^\circ, so the interior angle ABC\angle ABC lies between 120120^\circ and 135.135^\circ.

Since cos120=12\cos 120^\circ = -\dfrac{1}{2} and cos135=22,\cos 135^\circ = -\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}, 700=500+200AC2500+2002<800. \begin{aligned} 700 &= 500 + 200 \\ &\le AC^2 \le 500 + 200\sqrt{2} \\ &\lt 800. \end{aligned}

So AC2AC^2 lies in [700,800].[700, 800].

Thus, the correct answer is D.

14.

一个三角形的顶点是 (0,0)(0, 0)(1,1)(1, 1),和 (6m,0)(6m, 0),直线 y=mxy = mx 把该三角形分成两个面积相等的三角形。所有可能的 mm 的值之和是多少?

A triangle has vertices (0,0),(0, 0), (1,1),(1, 1), and (6m,0),(6m, 0), and the line y=mxy = mx divides the triangle into two triangles of equal area. What is the sum of all possible values of m?m?

13-\dfrac{1}{3}

16-\dfrac{1}{6}

16\dfrac{1}{6}

13\dfrac{1}{3}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

答案:B
难度评级:1820
小提示:

这条线经过顶点 (0,0)(0, 0),所以若要平分面积,它必须经过对边的中点。

The line passes through the vertex (0,0),(0, 0), so to bisect the area it must hit the midpoint of the opposite side

大提示:

令从 (1,1)(1, 1)(6m,0)(6m, 0) 的线段中点在直线 y=mxy = mx 上。

Set the midpoint of the segment from (1,1)(1, 1) to (6m,0)(6m, 0) on the line y=mxy = mx

解答:

直线 y=mxy = mx 经过顶点 (0,0)(0, 0),因此它恰好在经过对边中点时平分三角形面积。对边连接 (1,1)(1, 1)(6m,0)(6m, 0)。其中点为 (6m+12,12)\left(\dfrac{6m + 1}{2}, \dfrac{1}{2}\right)

要求该点满足 y=mxy = mx,得到 12=m6m+12\frac{1}{2} = m\cdot\frac{6m + 1}{2}\text{,} 所以 6m2+m1=06m^2 + m - 1 = 0,即 (3m1)(2m+1)=0(3m - 1)(2m + 1) = 0

可能的值是 m=13m = \dfrac{1}{3}m=12m = -\dfrac{1}{2},它们的和为 16-\dfrac{1}{6}

因此,正确答案是 B

The line y=mxy = mx passes through the vertex (0,0),(0, 0), so it bisects the triangle’s area exactly when it passes through the midpoint of the opposite side, joining (1,1)(1, 1) and (6m,0).(6m, 0). That midpoint is (6m+12,12).\left(\dfrac{6m + 1}{2}, \dfrac{1}{2}\right).

Requiring it to satisfy y=mxy = mx gives 12=m6m+12,\frac{1}{2} = m\cdot\frac{6m + 1}{2}, so 6m2+m1=0,6m^2 + m - 1 = 0, that is (3m1)(2m+1)=0.(3m - 1)(2m + 1) = 0.

The possible values are m=13m = \dfrac{1}{3} and m=12,m = -\dfrac{1}{2}, whose sum is 16.-\dfrac{1}{6}.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

15.

nn 取什么值时,i+2i2+3i3++nin=48+49i \begin{aligned} &i + 2i^2 + 3i^3 + \cdots + ni^n \\ &= 48 + 49i \end{aligned}\text{?}注:这里 i=1i = \sqrt{-1}

For what value of nn is i+2i2+3i3++nin=48+49i? \begin{aligned} &i + 2i^2 + 3i^3 + \cdots + ni^n \\ &= 48 + 49i? \end{aligned} Note: here i=1.i = \sqrt{-1}.

2424

4848

4949

9797

9898

答案:D
难度评级:2010
小提示:

把项按连续四个 ii 的幂为一组来分组。

Group the terms in blocks of four consecutive powers of ii

大提示:

kk44 的倍数时,每一组 (k+1)ik+1++(k+4)ik+4(k + 1)i^{k+1} + \cdots + (k + 4)i^{k+4} 等于 22i2 - 2i

Each block (k+1)ik+1++(k+4)ik+4(k + 1)i^{k+1} + \cdots + (k + 4)i^{k+4} with kk a multiple of 44 equals 22i2 - 2i

解答:

对于 44 的倍数 kk (k+1)ik+1+(k+2)ik+2+(k+3)ik+3+(k+4)ik+4=(k+1)i(k+2)(k+3)i+(k+4)=22i \begin{aligned} &(k + 1)i^{k+1} + (k + 2)i^{k+2} \\ &\quad {}+ (k + 3)i^{k+3} + (k + 4)i^{k+4} \\ &= (k + 1)i - (k + 2) \\ &\quad {}- (k + 3)i + (k + 4) \\ &= 2 - 2i \end{aligned}\text{。}

9696 项,也就是 2424 组,和为 24(22i)=4848i24(2 - 2i) = 48 - 48i

再加下一项 97i97=97i97i^{97} = 97i 得到 4848i+97i=48+49i48 - 48i + 97i = 48 + 49i。所以 n=97n = 97

因此,正确答案是 D

For kk a multiple of 4,4, (k+1)ik+1+(k+2)ik+2+(k+3)ik+3+(k+4)ik+4=(k+1)i(k+2)(k+3)i+(k+4)=22i. \begin{aligned} &(k + 1)i^{k+1} + (k + 2)i^{k+2} \\ &\quad {}+ (k + 3)i^{k+3} + (k + 4)i^{k+4} \\ &= (k + 1)i - (k + 2) \\ &\quad {}- (k + 3)i + (k + 4) \\ &= 2 - 2i. \end{aligned}

Summing the first 9696 terms (that is 2424 blocks) gives 24(22i)=4848i.24(2 - 2i) = 48 - 48i.

Adding the next term 97i97=97i97i^{97} = 97i yields 4848i+97i=48+49i.48 - 48i + 97i = 48 + 49i. So n=97.n = 97.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

16.

一个圆心为 CC 的圆与正 xx 轴和正 yy 轴都相切,并与圆心在 (3,0)(3, 0)、半径为 11 的圆外切。圆心为 CC 的圆所有可能半径之和是多少?

A circle with center CC is tangent to the positive xx- and yy-axes and externally tangent to the circle centered at (3,0)(3, 0) with radius 1.1. What is the sum of all possible radii of the circle with center C?C?

33

44

66

88

99

答案:D
难度评级:1910
小提示:

一个与两条正坐标轴都相切且半径为 rr 的圆,圆心为 (r,r)(r, r)

A circle tangent to both positive axes with radius rr has center (r,r)(r, r)

大提示:

外切意味着 (r,r)(r, r)(3,0)(3, 0) 的距离为 r+1r + 1;建立关于 rr 的二次方程并使用韦达定理。

External tangency gives distance r+1r + 1 between (r,r)(r, r) and (3,0);(3, 0); form a quadratic in rr and use Vieta

解答:

一个与两条正坐标轴都相切且半径为 rr 的圆,圆心为 (r,r)(r, r)。与圆心 (3,0)(3, 0)、半径 11 的圆外切,意味着两圆心距离为 r+1r + 1(r3)2+r2=(r+1)2(r - 3)^2 + r^2 = (r + 1)^2\text{。}

展开得 r28r+8=0r^2 - 8r + 8 = 0。两个根 r=4±22r = 4 \pm 2\sqrt{2} 都为正,由韦达定理,它们的和为 88

因此,正确答案是 D

A circle tangent to both positive axes with radius rr has center (r,r).(r, r). External tangency to the circle at (3,0)(3, 0) of radius 11 means the distance between centers is r+1r + 1: (r3)2+r2=(r+1)2.(r - 3)^2 + r^2 = (r + 1)^2.

Expanding gives r28r+8=0.r^2 - 8r + 8 = 0. Both roots r=4±22r = 4 \pm 2\sqrt{2} are positive, and by Vieta’s formulas their sum is 8.8.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

17.

a+ar1+ar12+ar13+a + ar_1 + ar_1^2 + ar_1^3 + \cdotsa+ar2+ar22+ar23+a + ar_2 + ar_2^2 + ar_2^3 + \cdots 是两个不同的、项都为正的无穷等比级数,且首项相同。第一个级数的和是 r1r_1,第二个级数的和是 r2r_2。求 r1+r2r_1 + r_2

Let a+ar1+ar12+ar13+a + ar_1 + ar_1^2 + ar_1^3 + \cdots and a+ar2+ar22+ar23+a + ar_2 + ar_2^2 + ar_2^3 + \cdots be two different infinite geometric series of positive numbers with the same first term. The sum of the first series is r1,r_1, and the sum of the second series is r2.r_2. What is r1+r2?r_1 + r_2?

00

12\dfrac{1}{2}

11

1+52\dfrac{1 + \sqrt{5}}{2}

22

答案:C
难度评级:2040
小提示:

首项为 aa、公比为 rr 的无穷等比级数的和是 a1r\dfrac{a}{1 - r}

The sum of an infinite geometric series with first term aa and ratio rr is a1r\dfrac{a}{1 - r}

大提示:

每个公比都满足 a1r=r\dfrac{a}{1 - r} = r,即 r2r+a=0r^2 - r + a = 0;对两个根使用韦达定理。

Each ratio satisfies a1r=r,\dfrac{a}{1 - r} = r, that is r2r+a=0;r^2 - r + a = 0; use Vieta on the two roots

解答:

对首项为 aa、公比为 rr 的级数,其和为 a1r=r\dfrac{a}{1 - r} = r,所以 r2r+a=0r^2 - r + a = 0

r1r_1r2r_2 都满足同一个二次方程,并且因为两个级数不同,r1r2r_1 \ne r_2,所以它们是该方程的两个不同根。由韦达定理,r1+r2=1r_1 + r_2 = 1

因此,正确答案是 C

For a series with first term aa and ratio r,r, the sum is a1r=r,\dfrac{a}{1 - r} = r, so r2r+a=0.r^2 - r + a = 0.

Both r1r_1 and r2r_2 satisfy this same quadratic, and since the two series are different, r1r2,r_1 \ne r_2, so they are its two distinct roots. By Vieta’s formulas, r1+r2=1.r_1 + r_2 = 1.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

18.

对于 k>0k \gt 0,令 Ik=10064I_k = 10\ldots064,其中 1166 之间有 kk 个零。令 N(k)N(k)IkI_k 的质因数分解中因子 22 的个数。N(k)N(k) 的最大值是多少?

For k>0,k \gt 0, let Ik=10064,I_k = 10\ldots064, where there are kk zeros between the 11 and the 6.6. Let N(k)N(k) be the number of factors of 22 in the prime factorization of Ik.I_k. What is the maximum value of N(k)?N(k)?

66

77

88

99

1010

答案:B
难度评级:2010
小提示:

写成 Ik=10k+2+64=2k+25k+2+26I_k = 10^{k+2} + 64 = 2^{k+2}5^{k+2} + 2^6

Write Ik=10k+2+64=2k+25k+2+26I_k = 10^{k+2} + 64 = 2^{k+2}5^{k+2} + 2^6

大提示:

提出较小的 22 的幂;最大值出现在 k=4k = 4,此时 56+15^6 + 1 又提供一个因子 22

Factor out the smaller power of 2;2; the largest count comes at k=4,k = 4, where 56+15^6 + 1 supplies one extra factor of 22

解答:

注意 Ik=10k+2+64I_k = 10^{k+2} + 64 =2k+25k+2+26= 2^{k+2}5^{k+2} + 2^6

k<4k \lt 4 时,第一项所含的因子 22 少于 66 个,所以 N(k)<6N(k) \lt 6。当 k>4k \gt 4 时,第一项可被 272^7 整除,但 262^6 这一项不能,所以 N(k)<7N(k) \lt 7

k=4k = 4 时,I4=26(56+1)I_4 = 2^6(5^6 + 1)。因为 56+15^6 + 1 =(52+1)((52)252+1)= (5^2 + 1)\big((5^2)^2 - 5^2 + 1\big) =26601= 26\cdot 601,且 26=21326 = 2\cdot 13 恰好再贡献一个因子 22,所以 N(4)=7N(4) = 7

因此最大值为 77

因此,正确答案是 B

Note that Ik=10k+2+64I_k = 10^{k+2} + 64 =2k+25k+2+26.= 2^{k+2}5^{k+2} + 2^6.

For k<4k \lt 4 the first term has fewer than 66 factors of 2,2, so N(k)<6.N(k) \lt 6. For k>4k \gt 4 the first term is divisible by 272^7 but the 262^6 term is not, so N(k)<7.N(k) \lt 7.

For k=4,k = 4, I4=26(56+1).I_4 = 2^6(5^6 + 1). Since 56+15^6 + 1 =(52+1)((52)252+1)= (5^2 + 1)\big((5^2)^2 - 5^2 + 1\big) =26601,= 26\cdot 601, and 26=21326 = 2\cdot 13 contributes exactly one more factor of 2,2, we get N(4)=7.N(4) = 7.

So the maximum value is 7.7.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

19.

Andrea 在一个正五边形内切一个圆,并在该五边形外接一个圆,然后计算两个圆之间区域的面积。Bethany 对一个正七边形(77 条边)做了同样的事情。两个区域的面积分别为 AABB,每个多边形的边长都是 22。下列哪项正确?

Andrea inscribed a circle inside a regular pentagon, circumscribed a circle around the pentagon, and calculated the area of the region between the two circles. Bethany did the same with a regular heptagon (77 sides). The areas of the two regions were AA and B,B, respectively. Each polygon had a side length of 2.2. Which of the following is true?

A=2549BA = \dfrac{25}{49}B

A=57BA = \dfrac{5}{7}B

A=BA = B

A=75BA = \dfrac{7}{5}B

A=4925BA = \dfrac{49}{25}B

答案:C
难度评级:1910
小提示:

对边长为 22 的正多边形,设内切圆半径和外接圆半径分别为 rrRR,并观察中心、一条边的中点和该边的端点。

For a regular polygon with side 2,2, let rr and RR be the inradius and circumradius, and look at the center, a side’s midpoint, and its endpoint

大提示:

这个直角三角形的两条直角边为 rr11,斜边为 RR,所以无论边数是多少,R2r2=1R^2 - r^2 = 1

That right triangle has legs rr and 11 and hypotenuse R,R, so R2r2=1R^2 - r^2 = 1 regardless of the number of sides

解答:

对边长为 22 的正多边形,令 OO 为中心,MM 为一条边的中点,NN 为该边的一个端点。那么 OMN\triangle OMNMM 处为直角,且 MN=1MN = 1OM=rOM = r(内切圆半径),ON=RON = R(外接圆半径)。

所以 R2r2=1R^2 - r^2 = 1,两圆之间的面积为 π(R2r2)=π\pi(R^2 - r^2) = \pi,与边数无关。因此 A=BA = B

因此,正确答案是 C

For a regular polygon with side length 2,2, let OO be the center, MM the midpoint of a side, and NN an endpoint of that side. Then OMN\triangle OMN has a right angle at M,M, with MN=1,MN = 1, OM=rOM = r (inradius), and ON=RON = R (circumradius).

So R2r2=1,R^2 - r^2 = 1, and the area between the circles is π(R2r2)=π\pi(R^2 - r^2) = \pi for any number of sides. Hence A=B.A = B.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

20.

凸四边形 ABCDABCD 满足 AB=9AB = 9CD=12CD = 12。对角线 ACACBDBD 交于 EEAC=14AC = 14,且 AED\triangle AEDBEC\triangle BEC 面积相等。求 AEAE

Convex quadrilateral ABCDABCD has AB=9AB = 9 and CD=12.CD = 12. Diagonals ACAC and BDBD intersect at E,E, AC=14,AC = 14, and AED\triangle AED and BEC\triangle BEC have equal areas. What is AE?AE?

92\dfrac{9}{2}

5011\dfrac{50}{11}

214\dfrac{21}{4}

173\dfrac{17}{3}

66

答案:E
难度评级:1930
小提示:

AED\triangle AEDBEC\triangle BEC 面积相等,推出 ACD\triangle ACDBCD\triangle BCD 面积相等。

Equal areas of AED\triangle AED and BEC\triangle BEC imply ACD\triangle ACD and BCD\triangle BCD have equal areas

大提示:

这迫使 ABCDAB \parallel CD,于是 ABECDE\triangle ABE \sim \triangle CDE,相似比为 912\dfrac{9}{12}

That forces ABCD,AB \parallel CD, making ABECDE\triangle ABE \sim \triangle CDE with ratio 912\dfrac{9}{12}

解答:

AED\triangle AEDBEC\triangle BEC 两边都加上 CED\triangle CED,可知 ACD\triangle ACDBCD\triangle BCD 面积相等。它们共用底边 CDCD,所以 AABB 到直线 CDCD 的距离相等,意味着 ABCDAB \parallel CD

因此 ABECDE\triangle ABE \sim \triangle CDE,相似比为 ABCD=912=34\dfrac{AB}{CD} = \dfrac{9}{12} = \dfrac{3}{4},所以 AEEC=34\dfrac{AE}{EC} = \dfrac{3}{4}

AE=3xAE = 3xEC=4xEC = 4x,则 7x=AC=147x = AC = 14,所以 x=2x = 2AE=6AE = 6

因此,正确答案是 E

Adding CED\triangle CED to each of AED\triangle AED and BEC\triangle BEC shows ACD\triangle ACD and BCD\triangle BCD have equal areas. They share base CD,CD, so AA and BB are equidistant from line CD,CD, meaning ABCD.AB \parallel CD.

Then ABECDE\triangle ABE \sim \triangle CDE with ratio ABCD=912=34,\dfrac{AB}{CD} = \dfrac{9}{12} = \dfrac{3}{4}, so AEEC=34.\dfrac{AE}{EC} = \dfrac{3}{4}.

Writing AE=3xAE = 3x and EC=4x,EC = 4x, we get 7x=AC=14,7x = AC = 14, so x=2x = 2 and AE=6.AE = 6.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

21.

p(x)=x3+ax2+bx+cp(x) = x^3 + ax^2 + bx + c,其中 aabbcc 是复数。假设 p(2009+9002πi)=p(2009)=p(9002)=0 \begin{gathered} p(2009 + 9002\pi i) \\ = p(2009) \\ = p(9002) = 0\text{。} \end{gathered} 多项式 x12+ax8+bx4+cx^{12} + ax^8 + bx^4 + c 有多少个非实零点?

Let p(x)=x3+ax2+bx+c,p(x) = x^3 + ax^2 + bx + c, where a,a, b,b, and cc are complex numbers. Suppose that p(2009+9002πi)=p(2009)=p(9002)=0. \begin{gathered} p(2009 + 9002\pi i) \\ = p(2009) \\ = p(9002) = 0. \end{gathered} What is the number of nonreal zeros of x12+ax8+bx4+c?x^{12} + ax^8 + bx^4 + c?

44

66

88

1010

1212

答案:C
难度评级:2170
小提示:

注意 x12+ax8+bx4+c=p(x4)x^{12} + ax^8 + bx^4 + c = p(x^4)

Notice that x12+ax8+bx4+c=p(x4)x^{12} + ax^8 + bx^4 + c = p(x^4)

大提示:

因此零点满足 x4=2009+9002πix^4 = 2009 + 9002\pi ix4=2009x^4 = 2009,或 x4=9002x^4 = 9002;数一数非实四次方根。

So the zeros satisfy x4=2009+9002πi,x^4 = 2009 + 9002\pi i, x4=2009,x^4 = 2009, or x4=9002;x^4 = 9002; count the nonreal fourth roots

解答:

因为 x12+ax8+bx4+c=p(x4)x^{12} + ax^8 + bx^4 + c = p(x^4),一个值是零点当且仅当 x4x^4 等于 pp 的某个根,即 2009+9002πi2009 + 9002\pi i20092009,或 90029002

方程 x4=2009+9002πix^4 = 2009 + 9002\pi i 有四个不同的非实根。x4=2009x^4 = 2009x4=9002x^4 = 9002 各有两个实根和两个非实根。

所以非实零点个数为 4+2+2=84 + 2 + 2 = 8

因此,正确答案是 C

Since x12+ax8+bx4+c=p(x4),x^{12} + ax^8 + bx^4 + c = p(x^4), a value is a zero exactly when x4x^4 equals one of the roots of p,p, namely 2009+9002πi,2009 + 9002\pi i, 2009,2009, or 9002.9002.

The equation x4=2009+9002πix^4 = 2009 + 9002\pi i has four distinct nonreal roots. Each of x4=2009x^4 = 2009 and x4=9002x^4 = 9002 has two real roots and two nonreal roots.

So the nonreal zeros number 4+2+2=8.4 + 2 + 2 = 8.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

22.

一个正八面体的边长为 11。一个平行于其中两张相对面的平面把该八面体切成两个全等的立体。该平面与八面体相交形成的多边形面积为 abc\dfrac{a\sqrt{b}}{c},其中 aabb,和 cc 是正整数,aacc 互质,且 bb 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 a+b+ca + b + c

A regular octahedron has side length 1.1. A plane parallel to two of its opposite faces cuts the octahedron into two congruent solids. The polygon formed by the intersection of the plane and the octahedron has area abc,\dfrac{a\sqrt{b}}{c}, where a,a, b,b, and cc are positive integers, aa and cc are relatively prime, and bb is not divisible by the square of any prime. What is a+b+c?a + b + c?

1010

1111

1212

1313

1414

答案:E
难度评级:2270
小提示:

切割平面经过不属于那两张平行面的六条边的中点。

The cutting plane passes through the midpoints of the six edges that do not belong to the two parallel faces

大提示:

这些中点形成一个边长为 12\dfrac{1}{2} 的正六边形;求它的面积。

Those midpoints form a regular hexagon with side 12;\dfrac{1}{2}; find its area

解答:

设那两张平行面为三角形。该平面经过不在这些面上的六条边的中点,形成一个边长为 12\dfrac{1}{2} 的等边六边形;由对称性它也等角,因此是正六边形。

正六边形由六个等边三角形组成,所以面积为 634(12)2=3386\cdot\frac{\sqrt{3}}{4}\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^2 = \frac{3\sqrt{3}}{8}\text{。}

因此 a=3a = 3b=3b = 3c=8c = 8,且 a+b+c=14a + b + c = 14

因此,正确答案是 E

Let the two parallel faces be triangles. The plane passes through the midpoints of the six edges not on those faces, forming an equilateral hexagon of side 12,\dfrac{1}{2}, which by symmetry is also equiangular and hence regular.

A regular hexagon is six equilateral triangles, so its area is 634(12)2=338.6\cdot\frac{\sqrt{3}}{4}\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^2 = \frac{3\sqrt{3}}{8}.

Thus a=3,a = 3, b=3,b = 3, c=8,c = 8, and a+b+c=14.a + b + c = 14.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

23.

函数 ffgg 都是二次函数,g(x)=f(100x)g(x) = -f(100 - x),且 gg 的图像经过 ff 的图像的顶点。这两个图像上的四个 xx 截距按递增顺序的 xx 坐标为 x1x_1x2x_2x3x_3,和 x4x_4,且 x3x2=150x_3 - x_2 = 150x4x1x_4 - x_1 的值为 m+npm + n\sqrt{p},其中 mmnn,和 pp 是正整数,且 pp 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 m+n+pm + n + p

Functions ff and gg are quadratic, g(x)=f(100x),g(x) = -f(100 - x), and the graph of gg contains the vertex of the graph of f.f. The four xx-intercepts on the two graphs have xx-coordinates x1,x_1, x2,x_2, x3,x_3, and x4,x_4, in increasing order, and x3x2=150.x_3 - x_2 = 150. The value of x4x1x_4 - x_1 is m+np,m + n\sqrt{p}, where m,m, n,n, and pp are positive integers, and pp is not divisible by the square of any prime. What is m+n+p?m + n + p?

602602

652652

702702

752752

802802

答案:D
难度评级:2420
小提示:

映射 (x,y)(100x,y)(x, y) \mapsto (100 - x, -y) 是绕 (50,0)(50, 0) 旋转 180180^\circ,它把 ff 的图像变为 gg 的图像。

The map (x,y)(100x,y)(x, y) \mapsto (100 - x, -y) is a 180180^\circ rotation about (50,0)(50, 0) that sends the graph of ff to the graph of gg

大提示:

因此根配对为 x2+x3=x1+x4=100x_2 + x_3 = x_1 + x_4 = 100;结合 x3x2=150x_3 - x_2 = 150,求出 x2,x3x_2, x_3,再使用顶点条件。

So the roots pair as x2+x3=x1+x4=100;x_2 + x_3 = x_1 + x_4 = 100; with x3x2=150,x_3 - x_2 = 150, find x2,x3x_2, x_3 and use the vertex condition

解答:

因为 g(x)=f(100x)g(x) = -f(100 - x)ffgg 的图像关于点 (50,0)(50, 0) 互为中心对称,所以四个截距成对满足 x2+x3=x1+x4=100x_2 + x_3 = x_1 + x_4 = 100

x3x2=150x_3 - x_2 = 150,得 x2=25x_2 = -25x3=125x_3 = 125

x1,x3x_1, x_3ff 的两个根,其顶点的 xx 坐标为 h=x1+x32h = \dfrac{x_1 + x_3}{2},所以 x1=2h125x_1 = 2h - 125ff 的顶点落在 gg 的图像上,这一条件给出 1=f(h)g(h)=(125h)(h125)(h+25)(3h225) \begin{aligned} 1 &= \frac{f(h)}{g(h)} \\ &= \frac{(125 - h)(h - 125)}{-(h + 25)(3h - 225)} \end{aligned}\text{,} 由此解得 h=25±752h = -25 \pm 75\sqrt{2}。由于 x1=2h125x_1 = 2h-125 必须小于 x2=25x_2=-25,需要 h<50h \lt 50,所以 h=25752h = -25-75\sqrt{2}

x4=100x1x_4 = 100 - x_1,所以 x4x1=3504h=450+3002 \begin{aligned} x_4 - x_1 &= 350 - 4h \\ &= 450 + 300\sqrt{2} \end{aligned}\text{。} 因而 m+n+p=450+300+2m + n + p = 450 + 300 + 2 =752= 752

因此,正确答案是 D

Because g(x)=f(100x),g(x) = -f(100 - x), the graphs of ff and gg are reflections of each other through the point (50,0),(50, 0), so the four intercepts pair up with x2+x3=x1+x4=100.x_2 + x_3 = x_1 + x_4 = 100.

With x3x2=150,x_3 - x_2 = 150, we get x2=25x_2 = -25 and x3=125.x_3 = 125.

Take x1,x3x_1, x_3 as the roots of f,f, whose vertex has xx-coordinate h=x1+x32,h = \dfrac{x_1 + x_3}{2}, so x1=2h125.x_1 = 2h - 125. The condition that the vertex of ff lies on the graph of gg gives 1=f(h)g(h)=(125h)(h125)(h+25)(3h225), \begin{aligned} 1 &= \frac{f(h)}{g(h)} \\ &= \frac{(125 - h)(h - 125)}{-(h + 25)(3h - 225)}, \end{aligned} which gives h=25±752.h = -25 \pm 75\sqrt{2}. Since x1=2h125x_1 = 2h-125 must be less than x2=25,x_2=-25, we need h<50,h \lt 50, so h=25752.h = -25-75\sqrt{2}.

Then x4=100x1,x_4 = 100 - x_1, so x4x1=3504h=450+3002. \begin{aligned} x_4 - x_1 &= 350 - 4h \\ &= 450 + 300\sqrt{2}. \end{aligned} Hence m+n+p=450+300+2m + n + p = 450 + 300 + 2 =752.= 752.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

24.

二的塔函数递归定义如下:T(1)=2T(1) = 2,且对 n1n \ge 1T(n+1)=2T(n)T(n + 1) = 2^{T(n)}。令 A=(T(2009))T(2009)A = (T(2009))^{T(2009)},且 B=(T(2009))AB = (T(2009))^A。最大的整数 kk 是多少,使得 log2log2log2log2kB\underbrace{\log_2 \log_2 \log_2 \ldots \log_2}_{k} B 有定义?

The tower function of twos is defined recursively as follows: T(1)=2T(1) = 2 and T(n+1)=2T(n)T(n + 1) = 2^{T(n)} for n1.n \ge 1. Let A=(T(2009))T(2009)A = (T(2009))^{T(2009)} and B=(T(2009))A.B = (T(2009))^A. What is the largest integer kk such that log2log2log2log2kB\underbrace{\log_2 \log_2 \log_2 \ldots \log_2}_{k} B is defined?

20092009

20102010

20112011

20122012

20132013

答案:E
知识点:递推对数指数
难度评级:2650
小提示:

反复应用 log2\log_2 会剥去幂塔的一层:log2T(n+1)=T(n)\log_2 T(n + 1) = T(n)

Repeatedly applying log2\log_2 peels one level off a tower: log2T(n+1)=T(n)\log_2 T(n + 1) = T(n)

大提示:

追踪 B=(T(2009))AB = (T(2009))^A 在数值降到小于 11 之前能承受多少次取对数。

Track how many logs B=(T(2009))AB = (T(2009))^A can survive before the value drops below 11

解答:

因为 log2T(n+1)=T(n)\log_2 T(n + 1) = T(n),每次应用 log2\log_2 都会从一个 22 的幂塔顶部去掉一层。

Tj=T(j)T_j=T(j),并设 LjL_j 为对 BB 恰好取 jjlog2\log_2 所得的结果。前两个结果为 L1=AT2008,L2=T2009T2008+T2007 \begin{aligned} L_1 &= A\,T_{2008}, \\ L_2 &= T_{2009}T_{2008}+T_{2007} \end{aligned}\text{。}

先看下界,L3>log2(T2009T2008)=T2008+T2007>T2008 \begin{aligned} L_3 &\gt \log_2(T_{2009}T_{2008}) \\ &= T_{2008}+T_{2007} \\ &\gt T_{2008} \end{aligned}\text{。} 反复取对数可得,对 0k20070\le k\le 2007 都有 Lk+3>T2008kL_{k+3} \gt T_{2008-k}。特别地,L2010>2L_{2010}\gt2,于是 L2011>1L_{2011}\gt1,进而 L2012>0L_{2012}\gt0。因此 L2013L_{2013} 有定义。

再看上界,由 T2007<T2008T2009T_{2007}\lt T_{2008}T_{2009}L3<1+T2007+T2008<2T2008,L4<1+T2007<T2008 \begin{aligned} L_3 &\lt 1+T_{2007}+T_{2008} \\ &\lt 2T_{2008}, \\ L_4 &\lt 1+T_{2007} \lt T_{2008} \end{aligned}\text{。} 反复使用最后一个不等式可得,对 0k20070\le k\le2007 都有 Lk+4<T2008kL_{k+4}\lt T_{2008-k}。于是 L2011<2L_{2011}\lt2。结合下界即得 0<L2012<10\lt L_{2012}\lt1,从而 L2013<0L_{2013}\lt0。因此 L2014L_{2014} 无定义,最大的 kk20132013

因此,正确答案是 E

Since log2T(n+1)=T(n),\log_2 T(n + 1) = T(n), each application of log2\log_2 strips one 22 off the top of a tower of twos.

Write Tj=T(j),T_j=T(j), and let LjL_j be the result of applying log2\log_2 to BB exactly jj times. The first two results are L1=AT2008,L2=T2009T2008+T2007. \begin{aligned} L_1 &= A\,T_{2008}, \\ L_2 &= T_{2009}T_{2008}+T_{2007}. \end{aligned}

For the lower bound, L3>log2(T2009T2008)=T2008+T2007>T2008. \begin{aligned} L_3 &\gt \log_2(T_{2009}T_{2008}) \\ &= T_{2008}+T_{2007} \\ &\gt T_{2008}. \end{aligned} Repeatedly taking logarithms gives Lk+3>T2008kL_{k+3} \gt T_{2008-k} for 0k2007.0\le k\le 2007. In particular, L2010>2,L_{2010}\gt2, so L2011>1L_{2011}\gt1 and L2012>0.L_{2012}\gt0. Thus L2013L_{2013} is defined.

For the upper bound, T2007<T2008T2009,T_{2007}\lt T_{2008}T_{2009}, so L3<1+T2007+T2008<2T2008,L4<1+T2007<T2008. \begin{aligned} L_3 &\lt 1+T_{2007}+T_{2008} \\ &\lt 2T_{2008}, \\ L_4 &\lt 1+T_{2007} \lt T_{2008}. \end{aligned} Repeating the last comparison gives Lk+4<T2008kL_{k+4}\lt T_{2008-k} for 0k2007.0\le k\le2007. Hence L2011<2.L_{2011}\lt2. Together with the lower bound, this yields 0<L2012<1,0\lt L_{2012}\lt1, so L2013<0.L_{2013}\lt0. Therefore L2014L_{2014} is undefined, and the largest possible kk is 2013.2013.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

25.

一个数列的前两项为 a1=1a_1 = 1a2=13a_2 = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{3}}。对于 n1n \ge 1an+2=an+an+11anan+1a_{n+2} = \dfrac{a_n + a_{n+1}}{1 - a_n a_{n+1}}\text{。}a2009|a_{2009}|

The first two terms of a sequence are a1=1a_1 = 1 and a2=13.a_2 = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{3}}. For n1,n \ge 1, an+2=an+an+11anan+1.a_{n+2} = \dfrac{a_n + a_{n+1}}{1 - a_n a_{n+1}}. What is a2009?|a_{2009}|?

00

232 - \sqrt{3}

13\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{3}}

11

2+32 + \sqrt{3}

答案:A
难度评级:2520
小提示:

递推式对应正切加法公式 tan(α+β)=tanα+tanβ1tanαtanβ\tan(\alpha + \beta) = \dfrac{\tan\alpha + \tan\beta}{1 - \tan\alpha\tan\beta}

The recursion matches the tangent addition formula tan(α+β)=tanα+tanβ1tanαtanβ\tan(\alpha + \beta) = \dfrac{\tan\alpha + \tan\beta}{1 - \tan\alpha\tan\beta}

大提示:

因为 a1=tanπ4a_1 = \tan\dfrac{\pi}{4}a2=tanπ6a_2 = \tan\dfrac{\pi}{6},写成 an=tanπcn12a_n = \tan\dfrac{\pi c_n}{12},并追踪 cnmod12c_n \bmod 12

Since a1=tanπ4a_1 = \tan\dfrac{\pi}{4} and a2=tanπ6,a_2 = \tan\dfrac{\pi}{6}, write an=tanπcn12a_n = \tan\dfrac{\pi c_n}{12} and track cnmod12c_n \bmod 12

解答:

递推式正是正切加法公式,并且 a1=tanπ4a_1 = \tan\dfrac{\pi}{4}a2=tanπ6a_2 = \tan\dfrac{\pi}{6}

写成 an=tanπcn12a_n = \tan\dfrac{\pi c_n}{12},其中 c1=3c_1 = 3c2=2c_2 = 2,且 cn+2cn+cn+1(mod12)c_{n+2} \equiv c_n + c_{n+1} \pmod{12}。序列 cnc_n3,2,5,7,0,7,7,2,9,11,8,7,3,10,1,11,0,11,11,10,9,7,4,11, \begin{gathered} 3, 2, 5, 7, 0, 7, 7, 2, \\ 9, 11, 8, 7, 3, 10, 1, 11, \\ 0, 11, 11, 10, 9, 7, 4, 11, \ldots \end{gathered} 其周期为 2424

因为 2009=2483+172009 = 24\cdot 83 + 17,所以 c2009=c17=0c_{2009} = c_{17} = 0,从而 a2009=tan0=0a_{2009} = \tan 0 = 0a2009=0|a_{2009}| = 0

因此,正确答案是 A

The recursion is exactly the tangent addition formula, and a1=tanπ4,a_1 = \tan\dfrac{\pi}{4}, a2=tanπ6.a_2 = \tan\dfrac{\pi}{6}.

Writing an=tanπcn12a_n = \tan\dfrac{\pi c_n}{12} with c1=3,c_1 = 3, c2=2,c_2 = 2, and cn+2cn+cn+1(mod12),c_{n+2} \equiv c_n + c_{n+1} \pmod{12}, the sequence cnc_n is 3,2,5,7,0,7,7,2,9,11,8,7,3,10,1,11,0,11,11,10,9,7,4,11, \begin{gathered} 3, 2, 5, 7, 0, 7, 7, 2, \\ 9, 11, 8, 7, 3, 10, 1, 11, \\ 0, 11, 11, 10, 9, 7, 4, 11, \ldots \end{gathered} which is periodic with period 24.24.

Since 2009=2483+17,2009 = 24\cdot 83 + 17, c2009=c17=0,c_{2009} = c_{17} = 0, so a2009=tan0=0a_{2009} = \tan 0 = 0 and a2009=0.|a_{2009}| = 0.

Thus, the correct answer is A.