2009 AMC 12A 详解
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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
Kim 的航班上午 从 Newark 起飞,下午 在 Miami 降落。两个城市在同一时区。如果她的飞行时间为 小时 分钟,其中 ,那么 是多少?
Kim’s flight took off from Newark at am and landed in Miami at pm. Both cities are in the same time zone. If her flight took hours and minutes, with what is
小提示:
先从上午 数到上午 ,再继续往后数。
Count the minutes from am up to am, then continue from there
大提示:
飞行时间是 小时加上 分钟。
The flight lasts hours and minutes
解答:
从上午 到上午 是 分钟,从上午 到下午 是 小时,从下午 到下午 是 分钟。
所以飞行时间为 小时 分钟。因此 ,,且 。
因此,正确答案是 A。
From am to am is minutes, from am to pm is hours, and from pm to pm is minutes.
So the flight lasted hours and minutes. Thus and
Thus, the correct answer is A.
2.
3.
4.
从一个存钱罐中取出四枚硬币,存钱罐里有若干一分、五分、十分和二十五分硬币。以下哪一个不可能是这四枚硬币的总价值(单位:分)?
Four coins are picked out of a piggy bank that contains a collection of pennies, nickels, dimes, and quarters. Which of the following could not be the total value of the four coins, in cents?
小提示:
如果选出的硬币中至少有一枚一分硬币,总额就不可能是 的倍数。
A selection that includes at least one penny cannot total a multiple of
大提示:
如果没有一分硬币,那么这四枚硬币每枚都至少值 分。
Without a penny, all four coins are worth at least cents each
解答:
如果四枚硬币中有一分硬币,总额不是 的倍数,所以不可能等于列出的五个 的倍数。如果没有一分硬币,每枚硬币至少值 分,所以总额至少是 分。无论哪种情况, 都不可能。
其他数额都能达到:,,,且 。
因此,正确答案是 A。
If the four coins include a penny, the total is not a multiple of so it cannot equal any of the five listed multiples of If there is no penny, every coin is worth at least cents, so the total is at least cents. Either way, is impossible.
The other amounts are attainable: and
Thus, the correct answer is A.
5.
一个立方体的一个维度增加 ,另一个维度减少 ,第三个维度保持不变。新的长方体体积比原立方体体积少 。原立方体的体积是多少?
One dimension of a cube is increased by another is decreased by and the third is left unchanged. The volume of the new rectangular solid is less than that of the cube. What was the volume of the cube?
小提示:
设立方体边长为 ,并把新体积写成一个乘积。
Let the cube have side length and write the new volume as a product
大提示:
新长方体的体积为 。
The new solid has volume
解答:
设立方体边长为 。新长方体的三个维度是 ,,和 ,因此体积为 。
令它等于 得 ,所以 。
立方体体积是 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
Let the cube have side length The new solid has dimensions and so its volume is
Setting this equal to gives so
The cube’s volume is
Thus, the correct answer is D.
6.
7.
一个等差数列的前三项分别是 、 和 。这个数列的第 项是 。求 ?
The first three terms of an arithmetic sequence are and respectively. The th term of the sequence is What is
小提示:
相邻两项的差相等: 。
Consecutive differences are equal:
大提示:
先求出 ,再找到首项和公差。
Solve for then find the first term and common difference
解答:
相邻差相等给出 ,即 ,所以 。
前三项是 ,公差为 。
第 项满足 ,所以 ,从而 。
因此,正确答案是 B。
Equal consecutive differences give that is so
The first three terms are with common difference
The th term satisfies so and
Thus, the correct answer is B.
8.
如图放置四个全等的长方形。外部正方形的面积是内部正方形面积的 倍。每个长方形较长边与较短边的长度之比是多少?
Four congruent rectangles are placed as shown. The area of the outer square is times that of the inner square. What is the ratio of the length of the longer side of each rectangle to the length of its shorter side?
小提示:
设每个长方形较短边为 ,较长边为 。
Let each rectangle have shorter side and longer side
大提示:
外部正方形边长为 ,内部正方形边长为 ,它们的边长比为 。
The outer square has side the inner square has side and their side ratio is
解答:
设这些长方形的较短边为 ,较长边为 。外部正方形边长是 ,内部正方形边长是 。
因为外部面积是内部面积的 倍,边长比是 ,所以 。
这给出 ,因此长边与短边之比为 。
因此,正确答案是 A。
Let the rectangles have shorter side and longer side The outer square has side and the inner square has side
Since the outer area is times the inner area, the side ratio is so
This gives so the ratio of longer to shorter side is
Thus, the correct answer is A.
9.
10.
在四边形 中,,,,,且 是整数。求 ?
In quadrilateral and is an integer. What is
11.
图中的 ,,,和 是一个图形序列的前几项。对于 , 由 构造而来:在它周围加一个正方形,并且在新正方形的每一边上,比 外部正方形的每一边多放一个菱形。例如,图形 有 个菱形。图形 中有多少个菱形?
The figures and shown are the first in a sequence of figures. For is constructed from by surrounding it with a square and placing one more diamond on each side of the new square than had on each side of its outside square. For example, figure has diamonds. How many diamonds are there in figure
小提示:
的外部正方形上有 个菱形。
The outside square of has diamonds
大提示:
把所有层相加, 有 个菱形。
Summing over all rings, has diamonds
解答:
的外部正方形比 的外部正方形多 个菱形,而 的外部正方形有 个菱形,所以 的外部正方形有 个菱形。
把所有层相加,
当 时,它等于 。
因此,正确答案是 E。
The outside square of has more diamonds than that of and the outside square of has so the outside square of has diamonds.
Adding all the rings,
For this is
Thus, the correct answer is E.
12.
小于 的正整数中,有多少个等于其各位数字和的 倍?
How many positive integers less than are times the sum of their digits?
小提示:
如果 等于其数字和的 倍,那么 是 的倍数,且 不大。
If equals times its digit sum, then is a multiple of and is small
大提示:
小于 的数的数字和最大为 ,所以 。
The digit sum of a number below is at most so
解答:
如果 ,那么由于小于 的数的数字和最大为 ,可得 。
对于两位数,,得 ,因而 且 ,所以 。一位数需要 ,对 不可能。三位数满足 ,给出 ,左边至少为 ,右边至多为 ,所以没有解。
因此恰好有一个数 ,满足条件。
因此,正确答案是 B。
If then since the digit sum of a number below is at most we have
For a two-digit number gives forcing and so A one-digit number would need impossible for A three-digit number gives whose left side is at least while the right side is at most so there is no solution.
Hence exactly one number, works.
Thus, the correct answer is B.
13.
一艘船从 到 ,沿直线航行 英里,转过一个介于 和 之间的角,然后再航行 英里到达 。令 以英里为单位。下列哪个区间包含 ?
A ship sails miles in a straight line from to turns through an angle between and and then sails another miles to Let be measured in miles. Which of the following intervals contains
小提示:
由余弦定理, 。
By the Law of Cosines,
大提示:
转角介于 和 ,所以 介于 和 。
The turn is between and so is between and
解答:
由余弦定理,
船转过的角介于 和 ,所以内角 介于 和 。
因为 且 ,
所以 位于 中。
因此,正确答案是 D。
By the Law of Cosines,
The ship turns through an angle between and so the interior angle lies between and
Since and
So lies in
Thus, the correct answer is D.
14.
一个三角形的顶点是 ,,和 ,直线 把该三角形分成两个面积相等的三角形。所有可能的 的值之和是多少?
A triangle has vertices and and the line divides the triangle into two triangles of equal area. What is the sum of all possible values of
小提示:
这条线经过顶点 ,所以若要平分面积,它必须经过对边的中点。
The line passes through the vertex so to bisect the area it must hit the midpoint of the opposite side
大提示:
令从 到 的线段中点在直线 上。
Set the midpoint of the segment from to on the line
解答:
直线 经过顶点 ,因此它恰好在经过对边中点时平分三角形面积。对边连接 与 。其中点为 。
要求该点满足 ,得到 所以 ,即 。
可能的值是 和 ,它们的和为 。
因此,正确答案是 B。
The line passes through the vertex so it bisects the triangle’s area exactly when it passes through the midpoint of the opposite side, joining and That midpoint is
Requiring it to satisfy gives so that is
The possible values are and whose sum is
Thus, the correct answer is B.
15.
当 取什么值时,注:这里 。
For what value of is Note: here
小提示:
把项按连续四个 的幂为一组来分组。
Group the terms in blocks of four consecutive powers of
大提示:
当 是 的倍数时,每一组 等于 。
Each block with a multiple of equals
解答:
对于 的倍数
前 项,也就是 组,和为 。
再加下一项 得到 。所以 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
For a multiple of
Summing the first terms (that is blocks) gives
Adding the next term yields So
Thus, the correct answer is D.
16.
一个圆心为 的圆与正 轴和正 轴都相切,并与圆心在 、半径为 的圆外切。圆心为 的圆所有可能半径之和是多少?
A circle with center is tangent to the positive - and -axes and externally tangent to the circle centered at with radius What is the sum of all possible radii of the circle with center
小提示:
一个与两条正坐标轴都相切且半径为 的圆,圆心为 。
A circle tangent to both positive axes with radius has center
大提示:
外切意味着 与 的距离为 ;建立关于 的二次方程并使用韦达定理。
External tangency gives distance between and form a quadratic in and use Vieta
解答:
一个与两条正坐标轴都相切且半径为 的圆,圆心为 。与圆心 、半径 的圆外切,意味着两圆心距离为 :
展开得 。两个根 都为正,由韦达定理,它们的和为 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
A circle tangent to both positive axes with radius has center External tangency to the circle at of radius means the distance between centers is :
Expanding gives Both roots are positive, and by Vieta’s formulas their sum is
Thus, the correct answer is D.
17.
和 是两个不同的、项都为正的无穷等比级数,且首项相同。第一个级数的和是 ,第二个级数的和是 。求 ?
Let and be two different infinite geometric series of positive numbers with the same first term. The sum of the first series is and the sum of the second series is What is
小提示:
首项为 、公比为 的无穷等比级数的和是 。
The sum of an infinite geometric series with first term and ratio is
大提示:
每个公比都满足 ,即 ;对两个根使用韦达定理。
Each ratio satisfies that is use Vieta on the two roots
解答:
对首项为 、公比为 的级数,其和为 ,所以 。
和 都满足同一个二次方程,并且因为两个级数不同,,所以它们是该方程的两个不同根。由韦达定理,。
因此,正确答案是 C。
For a series with first term and ratio the sum is so
Both and satisfy this same quadratic, and since the two series are different, so they are its two distinct roots. By Vieta’s formulas,
Thus, the correct answer is C.
18.
对于 ,令 ,其中 和 之间有 个零。令 为 的质因数分解中因子 的个数。 的最大值是多少?
For let where there are zeros between the and the Let be the number of factors of in the prime factorization of What is the maximum value of
小提示:
写成 。
Write
大提示:
提出较小的 的幂;最大值出现在 ,此时 又提供一个因子 。
Factor out the smaller power of the largest count comes at where supplies one extra factor of
解答:
注意 。
当 时,第一项所含的因子 少于 个,所以 。当 时,第一项可被 整除,但 这一项不能,所以 。
当 时,。因为 ,且 恰好再贡献一个因子 ,所以 。
因此最大值为 。
因此,正确答案是 B。
Note that
For the first term has fewer than factors of so For the first term is divisible by but the term is not, so
For Since and contributes exactly one more factor of we get
So the maximum value is
Thus, the correct answer is B.
19.
Andrea 在一个正五边形内切一个圆,并在该五边形外接一个圆,然后计算两个圆之间区域的面积。Bethany 对一个正七边形( 条边)做了同样的事情。两个区域的面积分别为 和 ,每个多边形的边长都是 。下列哪项正确?
Andrea inscribed a circle inside a regular pentagon, circumscribed a circle around the pentagon, and calculated the area of the region between the two circles. Bethany did the same with a regular heptagon ( sides). The areas of the two regions were and respectively. Each polygon had a side length of Which of the following is true?
小提示:
对边长为 的正多边形,设内切圆半径和外接圆半径分别为 和 ,并观察中心、一条边的中点和该边的端点。
For a regular polygon with side let and be the inradius and circumradius, and look at the center, a side’s midpoint, and its endpoint
大提示:
这个直角三角形的两条直角边为 和 ,斜边为 ,所以无论边数是多少,。
That right triangle has legs and and hypotenuse so regardless of the number of sides
解答:
对边长为 的正多边形,令 为中心, 为一条边的中点, 为该边的一个端点。那么 在 处为直角,且 ,(内切圆半径),(外接圆半径)。
所以 ,两圆之间的面积为 ,与边数无关。因此 。
因此,正确答案是 C。
For a regular polygon with side length let be the center, the midpoint of a side, and an endpoint of that side. Then has a right angle at with (inradius), and (circumradius).
So and the area between the circles is for any number of sides. Hence
Thus, the correct answer is C.
20.
凸四边形 满足 且 。对角线 和 交于 ,,且 与 面积相等。求 ?
Convex quadrilateral has and Diagonals and intersect at and and have equal areas. What is
小提示:
和 面积相等,推出 和 面积相等。
Equal areas of and imply and have equal areas
大提示:
这迫使 ,于是 ,相似比为 。
That forces making with ratio
解答:
在 和 两边都加上 ,可知 与 面积相等。它们共用底边 ,所以 和 到直线 的距离相等,意味着 。
因此 ,相似比为 ,所以 。
设 且 ,则 ,所以 ,。
因此,正确答案是 E。
Adding to each of and shows and have equal areas. They share base so and are equidistant from line meaning
Then with ratio so
Writing and we get so and
Thus, the correct answer is E.
21.
令 ,其中 、 和 是复数。假设 多项式 有多少个非实零点?
Let where and are complex numbers. Suppose that What is the number of nonreal zeros of
小提示:
注意 。
Notice that
大提示:
因此零点满足 ,,或 ;数一数非实四次方根。
So the zeros satisfy or count the nonreal fourth roots
解答:
因为 ,一个值是零点当且仅当 等于 的某个根,即 ,,或 。
方程 有四个不同的非实根。 和 各有两个实根和两个非实根。
所以非实零点个数为 。
因此,正确答案是 C。
Since a value is a zero exactly when equals one of the roots of namely or
The equation has four distinct nonreal roots. Each of and has two real roots and two nonreal roots.
So the nonreal zeros number
Thus, the correct answer is C.
22.
一个正八面体的边长为 。一个平行于其中两张相对面的平面把该八面体切成两个全等的立体。该平面与八面体相交形成的多边形面积为 ,其中 ,,和 是正整数, 与 互质,且 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 ?
A regular octahedron has side length A plane parallel to two of its opposite faces cuts the octahedron into two congruent solids. The polygon formed by the intersection of the plane and the octahedron has area where and are positive integers, and are relatively prime, and is not divisible by the square of any prime. What is
小提示:
切割平面经过不属于那两张平行面的六条边的中点。
The cutting plane passes through the midpoints of the six edges that do not belong to the two parallel faces
大提示:
这些中点形成一个边长为 的正六边形;求它的面积。
Those midpoints form a regular hexagon with side find its area
解答:
设那两张平行面为三角形。该平面经过不在这些面上的六条边的中点,形成一个边长为 的等边六边形;由对称性它也等角,因此是正六边形。
正六边形由六个等边三角形组成,所以面积为
因此 ,,,且 。
因此,正确答案是 E。
Let the two parallel faces be triangles. The plane passes through the midpoints of the six edges not on those faces, forming an equilateral hexagon of side which by symmetry is also equiangular and hence regular.
A regular hexagon is six equilateral triangles, so its area is
Thus and
Thus, the correct answer is E.
23.
函数 和 都是二次函数,,且 的图像经过 的图像的顶点。这两个图像上的四个 截距按递增顺序的 坐标为 ,,,和 ,且 。 的值为 ,其中 ,,和 是正整数,且 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 ?
Functions and are quadratic, and the graph of contains the vertex of the graph of The four -intercepts on the two graphs have -coordinates and in increasing order, and The value of is where and are positive integers, and is not divisible by the square of any prime. What is
小提示:
映射 是绕 旋转 ,它把 的图像变为 的图像。
The map is a rotation about that sends the graph of to the graph of
大提示:
因此根配对为 ;结合 ,求出 ,再使用顶点条件。
So the roots pair as with find and use the vertex condition
解答:
因为 , 和 的图像关于点 互为中心对称,所以四个截距成对满足 。
由 ,得 且 。
取 为 的两个根,其顶点的 坐标为 ,所以 。 的顶点落在 的图像上,这一条件给出 由此解得 。由于 必须小于 ,需要 ,所以 。
又 ,所以 因而 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
Because the graphs of and are reflections of each other through the point so the four intercepts pair up with
With we get and
Take as the roots of whose vertex has -coordinate so The condition that the vertex of lies on the graph of gives which gives Since must be less than we need so
Then so Hence
Thus, the correct answer is D.
24.
二的塔函数递归定义如下:,且对 有 。令 ,且 。最大的整数 是多少,使得 有定义?
The tower function of twos is defined recursively as follows: and for Let and What is the largest integer such that is defined?
小提示:
反复应用 会剥去幂塔的一层:。
Repeatedly applying peels one level off a tower:
大提示:
追踪 在数值降到小于 之前能承受多少次取对数。
Track how many logs can survive before the value drops below
解答:
因为 ,每次应用 都会从一个 的幂塔顶部去掉一层。
记 ,并设 为对 恰好取 次 所得的结果。前两个结果为
先看下界, 反复取对数可得,对 都有 。特别地,,于是 ,进而 。因此 有定义。
再看上界,由 得 反复使用最后一个不等式可得,对 都有 。于是 。结合下界即得 ,从而 。因此 无定义,最大的 是 。
因此,正确答案是 E。
Since each application of strips one off the top of a tower of twos.
Write and let be the result of applying to exactly times. The first two results are
For the lower bound, Repeatedly taking logarithms gives for In particular, so and Thus is defined.
For the upper bound, so Repeating the last comparison gives for Hence Together with the lower bound, this yields so Therefore is undefined, and the largest possible is
Thus, the correct answer is E.
25.
一个数列的前两项为 和 。对于 , 求 ?
The first two terms of a sequence are and For What is
小提示:
递推式对应正切加法公式 。
The recursion matches the tangent addition formula
大提示:
因为 且 ,写成 ,并追踪 。
Since and write and track
解答:
递推式正是正切加法公式,并且 ,。
写成 ,其中 、,且 。序列 为 其周期为 。
因为 ,所以 ,从而 ,。
因此,正确答案是 A。
The recursion is exactly the tangent addition formula, and
Writing with and the sequence is which is periodic with period
Since so and
Thus, the correct answer is A.