2005 AMC 12A 第 23 题

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23.

随机选择两个不同的数 aabb,它们都来自集合 {2,22,23,,225}\{2, 2^2, 2^3, \ldots, 2^{25}\}logab\log_a b 为整数的概率是多少?

Two distinct numbers aa and bb are chosen randomly from the set {2,22,23,,225}.\{2, 2^2, 2^3, \ldots, 2^{25}\}. What is the probability that logab\log_a b is an integer?

225\dfrac{2}{25}

31300\dfrac{31}{300}

13100\dfrac{13}{100}

750\dfrac{7}{50}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

答案:B
知识点:整除性取整函数基本概率
难度评级:2330
解答:

a=2ja = 2^jb=2kb = 2^k。则 logab=kj\log_a b = \dfrac{k}{j},它为整数当且仅当 jkj \mid k

对每个 jj,满足 kjk \ne j 且位于 {1,,25}\{1, \ldots, 25\} 中的有效指数共有 25j1\left\lfloor \tfrac{25}{j} \right\rfloor - 1 个。对 jj 求和得到 个有序对 (a,b)(a, b)24+11+7+5+4+3+2+2+41=62 \begin{aligned} &24 + 11 + 7 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 \\ &\quad {}+ 2 + 4 \cdot 1 = 62 \end{aligned}

总共有 2524=60025 \cdot 24 = 600 个有序不同对,所以概率为 62600=31300\dfrac{62}{600} = \dfrac{31}{300}

所以正确答案是 B

Let a=2ja = 2^j and b=2k.b = 2^k. Then logab=kj,\log_a b = \dfrac{k}{j}, which is an integer exactly when jk.j \mid k.

For each j,j, the number of valid kjk \ne j in {1,,25}\{1, \ldots, 25\} is 25j1.\left\lfloor \tfrac{25}{j} \right\rfloor - 1. Summing over jj gives 24+11+7+5+4+3+2+2+41=62 \begin{aligned} &24 + 11 + 7 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 \\ &\quad {}+ 2 + 4 \cdot 1 = 62 \end{aligned} ordered pairs (a,b).(a, b).

Since there are 2524=60025 \cdot 24 = 600 ordered pairs of distinct elements, the probability is 62600=31300.\dfrac{62}{600} = \dfrac{31}{300}.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

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