2005 AMC 12A 真题

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1.

二等于 xx10%10\%,也等于 yy20%20\%。求 xyx - y

Two is 10%10\% of xx and 20%20\% of y.y. What is xy?x - y?

11

22

55

1010

2020

答案:D
知识点:百分数一次方程
难度评级:770
小提示:

xx10%10\% 表示 0.1x0.1x

10%10\% of xx means 0.1x0.1x

大提示:

分别解 0.1x=20.1x = 20.2y=20.2y = 2

Solve 0.1x=20.1x = 2 and 0.2y=20.2y = 2 separately

解答:

0.1x=20.1x = 2x=20x = 20,由 0.2y=20.2y = 2y=10y = 10

因此 xy=2010=10x - y = 20 - 10 = 10

所以正确答案是 D

From 0.1x=20.1x = 2 we get x=20,x = 20, and from 0.2y=20.2y = 2 we get y=10.y = 10.

Therefore xy=2010=10.x - y = 20 - 10 = 10.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

2.

方程 2x+7=32x + 7 = 3bx10=2bx - 10 = -2 有相同的 xx 解。求 bb 的值。

The equations 2x+7=32x + 7 = 3 and bx10=2bx - 10 = -2 have the same solution for x.x. What is the value of b?b?

8-8

4-4

2-2

44

88

答案:B
难度评级:910
小提示:

先解 2x+7=32x + 7 = 3 得到 xx

First solve 2x+7=32x + 7 = 3 for xx

大提示:

把这个 xx 值代入 bx10=2bx - 10 = -2

Substitute that value of xx into bx10=2bx - 10 = -2

解答:

2x+7=32x + 7 = 3x=2x = -2

代入第二个方程,得到 2b10=2-2b - 10 = -2,所以 2b=8-2b = 8,从而 b=4b = -4

所以正确答案是 B

Solving 2x+7=32x + 7 = 3 gives x=2.x = -2.

Substituting into the second equation, 2b10=2,-2b - 10 = -2, so 2b=8-2b = 8 and b=4.b = -4.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

3.

一个矩形的对角线长为 xx,长是宽的两倍。该矩形面积是多少?

A rectangle with a diagonal of length xx is twice as long as it is wide. What is the area of the rectangle?

14x2\dfrac{1}{4}x^2

25x2\dfrac{2}{5}x^2

12x2\dfrac{1}{2}x^2

x2x^2

32x2\dfrac{3}{2}x^2

答案:B
难度评级:1100
小提示:

设宽为 ww,则长为 2w2w

Let the width be w,w, so the length is 2w2w

大提示:

对角线满足 x2=w2+(2w)2x^2 = w^2 + (2w)^2

The diagonal satisfies x2=w2+(2w)2x^2 = w^2 + (2w)^2

解答:

设宽为 ww,则长为 2w2w。由勾股定理,x2=w2+(2w)2=5w2 x^2 = w^2 + (2w)^2 = 5w^2\text{。}

面积为 w2w=2w2=25x2w \cdot 2w = 2w^2 = \dfrac{2}{5}x^2

所以正确答案是 B

Let the width be w.w. Then the length is 2w,2w, and the diagonal gives x2=w2+(2w)2=5w2. x^2 = w^2 + (2w)^2 = 5w^2.

The area is w2w=2w2=25x2.w \cdot 2w = 2w^2 = \dfrac{2}{5}x^2.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

4.

一家商店通常以每扇 $100\$100 的价格出售窗户。本周每买四扇就赠送一扇。Dave 需要七扇窗户,Doug 需要八扇窗户。如果他们合在一起购买而不是分别购买,可以节省多少美元?

A store normally sells windows at $100\$100 each. This week the store is offering one free window for each purchase of four. Dave needs seven windows and Doug needs eight windows. How many dollars will they save if they purchase the windows together rather than separately?

100100

200200

300300

400400

500500

答案:A
知识点:基本计数
难度评级:1200
小提示:

每付钱买 44 扇窗户,就免费得到第 55 扇。

For every 44 windows paid for, a 55th comes free

大提示:

比较分别购买时需要付款的窗户数,以及合起来买 1515 扇时需要付款的窗户数。

Compare the number of paid windows separately versus for 1515 windows together

解答:

分别购买时,Dave 买 77 扇需付 66 扇的钱,即 $600\$600;Doug 买 88 扇需付 77 扇的钱,即 $700\$700,合计 $1300\$1300

合起来买时共需 1515 扇,付 1212 扇的钱可得 33 扇免费,费用为 $1200\$1200

因此节省 $1300$1200=$100\$1300 - \$1200 = \$100

所以正确答案是 A

Buying separately, Dave gets 77 windows by paying for 66 ($600\$600), and Doug gets 88 by paying for 77 ($700\$700), for a total of $1300.\$1300.

Buying together, they need 1515 windows: paying for 1212 yields 33 free, for a cost of $1200.\$1200.

The savings are $1300$1200=$100.\$1300 - \$1200 = \$100.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

5.

2020 个数的平均数是 3030,另外 3030 个数的平均数是 2020。全部 5050 个数的平均数是多少?

The average (mean) of 2020 numbers is 30,30, and the average of 3030 other numbers is 20.20. What is the average of all 5050 numbers?

2323

2424

2525

2626

2727

答案:B
知识点:平均数
难度评级:1020
小提示:

先求全部 5050 个数的总和。

Find the total sum of all 5050 numbers first

大提示:

合并后的总和是 2030+302020 \cdot 30 + 30 \cdot 20

The combined sum is 2030+302020 \cdot 30 + 30 \cdot 20

解答:

全部 5050 个数的总和为 2030+302020 \cdot 30 + 30 \cdot 20 =600+600= 600 + 600 =1200= 1200

平均数为 1200÷50=241200 \div 50 = 24

所以正确答案是 B

The total of all 5050 numbers is 2030+302020 \cdot 30 + 30 \cdot 20 =600+600= 600 + 600 =1200.= 1200.

The average is 1200÷50=24.1200 \div 50 = 24.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

6.

Josh 和 Mike 相距 1313 英里。昨天 Josh 先骑自行车朝 Mike 家出发,稍后 Mike 也骑车朝 Josh 家出发。他们相遇时,Josh 骑车的时间是 Mike 的两倍,速度是 Mike 的五分之四。相遇时 Mike 骑了多少英里?

Josh and Mike live 1313 miles apart. Yesterday Josh started to ride his bicycle toward Mike’s house. A little later Mike started to ride his bicycle toward Josh’s house. When they met, Josh had ridden for twice the length of time as Mike and at four-fifths of Mike’s rate. How many miles had Mike ridden when they met?

44

55

66

77

88

答案:B
难度评级:1270
小提示:

对每个人,路程等于速度乘以时间。

Distance equals rate times time for each rider

大提示:

Josh 的路程是 Mike 路程的 452=85\dfrac{4}{5} \cdot 2 = \dfrac{8}{5}

Josh’s distance is 452=85\dfrac{4}{5} \cdot 2 = \dfrac{8}{5} of Mike’s distance

解答:

因为路程等于速度乘以时间,Josh 骑的距离是 Mike 的 452=85\dfrac{4}{5} \cdot 2 = \dfrac{8}{5}

设 Mike 骑了 mm 英里,则 13=m+85m=135m 13 = m + \dfrac{8}{5}m = \dfrac{13}{5}m\text{,} 所以 m=5m = 5

所以正确答案是 B

Since distance is rate times time, Josh rode 452=85\dfrac{4}{5} \cdot 2 = \dfrac{8}{5} as far as Mike.

Let mm be the miles Mike rode. Then 13=m+85m=135m, 13 = m + \dfrac{8}{5}m = \dfrac{13}{5}m, so m=5.m = 5.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

7.

正方形 EFGHEFGH 在正方形 ABCDABCD 内,使得 EFGHEFGH 的每一边延长后都经过 ABCDABCD 的一个顶点。正方形 ABCDABCD 的边长为 50\sqrt{50}EEBBHH 之间,且 BE=1BE = 1。求内正方形 EFGHEFGH 的面积。

Square EFGHEFGH is inside square ABCDABCD so that each side of EFGHEFGH can be extended to pass through a vertex of ABCD.ABCD. Square ABCDABCD has side length 50,\sqrt{50}, EE is between BB and H,H, and BE=1.BE = 1. What is the area of the inner square EFGH?EFGH?

2525

3232

3636

4040

4242

答案:C
难度评级:1460
小提示:

由对称性,四个角上的直角三角形全等。

By symmetry the four corner triangles are congruent right triangles

大提示:

在直角三角形 BCEBCE 中,边 CE=BH=BC2BE2CE = BH = \sqrt{BC^2 - BE^2}

In right triangle BCE,BCE, the leg CE=BH=BC2BE2CE = BH = \sqrt{BC^2 - BE^2}

解答:

由图形对称性,三角形 ABHABH、三角形 BCEBCE、三角形 CDFCDF、三角形 DAGDAG 是全等直角三角形。于是 BH=CE=BC2BE2=501=7 \begin{aligned} &BH = CE = \sqrt{BC^2 - BE^2} \\ &= \sqrt{50 - 1} = 7 \end{aligned}\text{。}

因为 EEBBHH 之间,内正方形边长为 EH=BHBE=71=6EH = BH - BE = 7 - 1 = 6

EFGHEFGH 的面积为 62=366^2 = 36

所以正确答案是 C

By the symmetry of the figure, triangles ABH,ABH, BCE,BCE, CDF,CDF, and DAGDAG are congruent right triangles. Hence BH=CE=BC2BE2=501=7. \begin{aligned} &BH = CE = \sqrt{BC^2 - BE^2} \\ &= \sqrt{50 - 1} = 7. \end{aligned}

Since EE lies between BB and H,H, the side of the inner square is EH=BHBE=71=6.EH = BH - BE = 7 - 1 = 6.

Therefore the area of EFGHEFGH is 62=36.6^2 = 36.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

8.

AAMMCC 为数字,且 (100A+10M+C)(A+M+C)=2005 \begin{aligned} &(100A + 10M + C) \\ &\quad {}\cdot (A + M + C) = 2005\text{。} \end{aligned} AA

Let A,A, M,M, and CC be digits with (100A+10M+C)(A+M+C)=2005. \begin{aligned} &(100A + 10M + C) \\ &\quad {}\cdot (A + M + C) = 2005. \end{aligned} What is A?A?

11

22

33

44

55

答案:D
难度评级:1350
小提示:

20052005 分解质因数。

Factor 20052005 into primes

大提示:

数字和 A+M+CA + M + C 至多为 2727,这会确定它等于哪个因数。

The digit sum A+M+CA + M + C is at most 27,27, which pins down which factor it equals

解答:

因为 A+M+C9+9+9=27A + M + C \le 9 + 9 + 9 = 27,且 2005=54012005 = 5 \cdot 401,所以数字和只能是 1155。它不能是 11,否则就有 100A+10M+C=2005>999100A+10M+C=2005>999。因此它只能是较小的那个非平凡因数:100A+10M+C=401,A+M+C=5 \begin{aligned} &100A + 10M + C = 401, \\ &\quad A + M + C = 5 \end{aligned}\text{。}

由第一式可直接读出 A=4A = 4M=0M = 0C=1C = 1

所以正确答案是 D

Since A+M+C9+9+9=27,A + M + C \le 9 + 9 + 9 = 27, and 2005=5401,2005 = 5 \cdot 401, the digit sum can only be 11 or 5.5. It cannot be 1,1, because then 100A+10M+C=2005>999.100A+10M+C=2005>999. Thus it must be the smaller nontrivial factor: 100A+10M+C=401,A+M+C=5. \begin{aligned} &100A + 10M + C = 401, \\ &\quad A + M + C = 5. \end{aligned}

Reading off the digits, A=4,A = 4, M=0,M = 0, and C=1.C = 1.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

9.

有两个 aa 的值使方程 4x2+ax+8x+9=04x^2 + ax + 8x + 9 = 0xx 只有一个解。这两个 aa 的和是多少?

There are two values of aa for which the equation 4x2+ax+8x+9=04x^2 + ax + 8x + 9 = 0 has only one solution for x.x. What is the sum of those values of a?a?

16-16

8-8

00

88

2020

答案:A
难度评级:1380
小提示:

二次方程只有一个解,当且仅当判别式为 00

A quadratic has one solution exactly when its discriminant is 00

大提示:

把一次项系数写成 a+8a + 8,令 (a+8)2449=0(a+8)^2 - 4 \cdot 4 \cdot 9 = 0

Write the linear coefficient as a+8a + 8 and set (a+8)2449=0(a+8)^2 - 4 \cdot 4 \cdot 9 = 0

解答:

方程为 4x2+(a+8)x+9=04x^2 + (a+8)x + 9 = 0。它只有一个解时判别式为零: (a+8)2449=0 (a+8)^2 - 4 \cdot 4 \cdot 9 = 0\text{,} 所以 (a+8)2=144(a+8)^2 = 144a+8=±12a + 8 = \pm 12

因此 a=4a = 4a=20a = -20,和为 16-16

所以正确答案是 A

The equation is 4x2+(a+8)x+9=0.4x^2 + (a+8)x + 9 = 0. It has one solution when the discriminant vanishes: (a+8)2449=0, (a+8)^2 - 4 \cdot 4 \cdot 9 = 0, so (a+8)2=144(a+8)^2 = 144 and a+8=±12.a + 8 = \pm 12.

Thus a=4a = 4 or a=20,a = -20, and their sum is 16.-16.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

10.

一个边长为 nn 的木立方体六个面都涂成红色,然后切成 n3n^3 个单位立方体。所有单位立方体的面中,恰有四分之一是红色的。nn 是多少?

A wooden cube nn units on a side is painted red on all six faces and then cut into n3n^3 unit cubes. Exactly one-fourth of the total number of faces of the unit cubes are red. What is n?n?

33

44

55

66

77

答案:B
难度评级:1430
小提示:

分别数小立方体面的总数和红色面的数量。

Count the total number of small-cube faces and the number that are red

大提示:

总共有 6n36n^3 个面,其中红色面有 6n26n^2 个。

There are 6n36n^3 faces in all and 6n26n^2 red ones

解答:

n3n^3 个单位立方体共有 6n36n^3 个面,其中红色面正是原立方体的表面,共 6n26n^2 个。

令红色面所占比例为四分之一:6n26n3=1n=14 \dfrac{6n^2}{6n^3} = \dfrac{1}{n} = \dfrac{1}{4}\text{,} 所以 n=4n = 4

所以正确答案是 B

The n3n^3 unit cubes have 6n36n^3 faces total. The red faces are exactly the surface of the original cube, 6n26n^2 of them.

Setting the red fraction to one-fourth, 6n26n3=1n=14, \dfrac{6n^2}{6n^3} = \dfrac{1}{n} = \dfrac{1}{4}, so n=4.n = 4.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

11.

有多少个三位数满足:中间数字是首位数字和末位数字的平均数?

How many three-digit numbers satisfy the property that the middle digit is the average of the first and the last digits?

4141

4242

4343

4444

4545

答案:E
难度评级:1620
小提示:

只有首位和末位数字奇偶性相同时,中间数字才是整数。

The middle digit is an integer only when the first and last digits have the same parity

大提示:

分别数奇奇配对和偶偶配对,注意首位数字不能是零。

Count the odd-odd pairs and the even-even pairs separately, remembering the first digit is nonzero

解答:

中间数字为整数,当且仅当首位数字与末位数字奇偶性相同。每一对这样的首末数字都唯一确定中间数字。

首末数字都是奇数的选择有 55=255 \cdot 5 = 25 种;首末数字都是偶数时,首位不能为 00,所以有 45=204 \cdot 5 = 20 种。

总数为 25+20=4525 + 20 = 45

所以正确答案是 E

The middle digit is an integer only when the first and last digits are both odd or both even. Each such pair determines the middle digit uniquely.

There are 55=255 \cdot 5 = 25 odd-odd choices for the first and last digits. For even-even, the first digit cannot be 0,0, giving 45=204 \cdot 5 = 20 choices.

The total is 25+20=45.25 + 20 = 45.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

12.

一条直线经过 A(1,1)A(1, 1)B(100,1000)B(100, 1000)。在线段 AABB 之间且坐标均为整数的其他点有多少个?

A line passes through A(1,1)A(1, 1) and B(100,1000).B(100, 1000). How many other points with integer coordinates are on the line and strictly between AA and B?B?

00

22

33

88

99

答案:D
难度评级:1660
小提示:

把斜率 100011001\dfrac{1000 - 1}{100 - 1} 约到最简。

Reduce the slope 100011001\dfrac{1000 - 1}{100 - 1} to lowest terms

大提示:

直线上的点形如 (1+11t, 1+111t)(1 + 11t,\ 1 + 111t);数出严格在两端之间的整数 tt

Points on the line take the form (1+11t, 1+111t);(1 + 11t,\ 1 + 111t); count integer tt strictly between the endpoints

解答:

斜率为 100011001=99999=11111 \dfrac{1000 - 1}{100 - 1} = \dfrac{999}{99} = \dfrac{111}{11}\text{。}

直线上的点形如 (1+11t, 1+111t)(1 + 11t,\ 1 + 111t),并且恰好在 tt 为整数时是格点。该点严格位于 AABB 之间时,0<t<90 \lt t \lt 9

这样的整数 tt 共有 88 个,因此符合条件的格点有 88 个。

所以正确答案是 D

The slope is 100011001=99999=11111. \dfrac{1000 - 1}{100 - 1} = \dfrac{999}{99} = \dfrac{111}{11}.

So every point on the line has the form (1+11t, 1+111t),(1 + 11t,\ 1 + 111t), which is a lattice point exactly when tt is an integer. The point is strictly between AA and BB when 0<t<9.0 \lt t \lt 9.

There are 88 such integers t,t, giving 88 lattice points.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

13.

如图所示的五角星中,字母 AABBCCDDEE 被数字 3355667799 替换,顺序不一定相同。线段 ABABBCBCCDCDDEDEEAEA 两端数字的和构成一个等差数列,顺序也不一定相同。这个等差数列的中项是多少?

In the five-sided star shown, the letters A,A, B,B, C,C, D,D, and EE are replaced by the numbers 3,3, 5,5, 6,6, 7,7, and 9,9, although not necessarily in that order. The sums of the numbers at the ends of the line segments AB,AB, BC,BC, CD,CD, DE,DE, and EAEA form an arithmetic sequence, although not necessarily in that order. What is the middle term of the arithmetic sequence?

99

1010

1111

1212

1313

答案:D
难度评级:1620
小提示:

五个数字中每一个都恰好是两条线段的端点。

Each of the five numbers is an endpoint of exactly two segments

大提示:

五项等差数列的中项等于五项的平均数。

The middle term of a five-term arithmetic sequence equals the mean of all five terms

解答:

每个数字恰好作为五条线段中两条的端点,所以五个端点和的总和为 2(3+5+6+7+9)=60 2(3 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 9) = 60\text{。}

五项等差数列的中项等于平均数,即 60÷5=1260 \div 5 = 12

所以正确答案是 D

Every number appears as an endpoint of exactly two of the five segments, so the total of the five sums is 2(3+5+6+7+9)=60. 2(3 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 9) = 60.

The middle term of a five-term arithmetic sequence is its mean, namely 60÷5=12.60 \div 5 = 12.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

14.

在一个标准骰子上,随机去掉一个点,每个点被选中的可能性相同。然后掷这个骰子。朝上一面有奇数个点的概率是多少?

On a standard die one of the dots is removed at random with each dot equally likely to be chosen. The die is then rolled. What is the probability that the top face has an odd number of dots?

511\dfrac{5}{11}

1021\dfrac{10}{21}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

1121\dfrac{11}{21}

611\dfrac{6}{11}

答案:D
难度评级:1870
小提示:

标准骰子共有 1+2++6=211 + 2 + \cdots + 6 = 21 个点,所以被去掉的点来自 nn 点面的概率是 n21\dfrac{n}{21}

A standard die has 1+2++6=211 + 2 + \cdots + 6 = 21 dots, so the removed dot comes from face nn with probability n21\dfrac{n}{21}

大提示:

从偶数面去掉一点会使它变成奇数;从奇数面去掉一点会使它变成偶数。

Removing a dot from an even face makes it odd; removing from an odd face makes it even

解答:

骰子共有 2121 个点,所以去掉的点来自 nn 点面的概率为 n21\dfrac{n}{21}

若从奇数面去掉一点,该面变成偶数面,只剩两个奇数面,所以朝上一面为奇数点的概率是 26=13\dfrac{2}{6}=\dfrac{1}{3};若从偶数面去掉一点,该面变成奇数面,共有四个奇数面,所以概率是 46=23\dfrac{4}{6}=\dfrac{2}{3}。去掉点来自奇数面的概率为 1+3+521\dfrac{1 + 3 + 5}{21},来自偶数面的概率为 2+4+621\dfrac{2 + 4 + 6}{21}

因此所求概率为 13921+231221=3363=1121 \dfrac{1}{3} \cdot \dfrac{9}{21} + \dfrac{2}{3} \cdot \dfrac{12}{21} = \dfrac{33}{63} = \dfrac{11}{21}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

The die has 2121 dots, so a dot is removed from the face with nn dots with probability n21.\dfrac{n}{21}.

If a dot is removed from an odd face, that face becomes even, leaving two odd faces and hence probability 26=13\dfrac{2}{6}=\dfrac{1}{3} of an odd top. If a dot is removed from an even face, that face becomes odd, leaving four odd faces and hence probability 46=23.\dfrac{4}{6}=\dfrac{2}{3}. The removed dot lies on an odd face with probability 1+3+521\dfrac{1 + 3 + 5}{21} and on an even face with probability 2+4+621.\dfrac{2 + 4 + 6}{21}.

Hence the answer is 13921+231221=3363=1121. \dfrac{1}{3} \cdot \dfrac{9}{21} + \dfrac{2}{3} \cdot \dfrac{12}{21} = \dfrac{33}{63} = \dfrac{11}{21}.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

15.

ABAB 是一个圆的直径,CCABAB 上一点,且 2AC=BC2 \cdot AC = BC。设 DDEE 在圆上,使 DCABDC \perp AB,且 DEDE 是另一条直径。求 DCE\triangle DCE 的面积与 ABD\triangle ABD 的面积之比。

Let ABAB be a diameter of a circle and CC be a point on ABAB with 2AC=BC.2 \cdot AC = BC. Let DD and EE be points on the circle such that DCABDC \perp AB and DEDE is a second diameter. What is the ratio of the area of DCE\triangle DCE to the area of ABD?\triangle ABD?

16\dfrac{1}{6}

14\dfrac{1}{4}

13\dfrac{1}{3}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

23\dfrac{2}{3}

答案:C
知识点:面积比中点
难度评级:1770
小提示:

OO 为圆心。因为 AC=AB3AC = \dfrac{AB}{3}AO=AB2AO = \dfrac{AB}{2},求出 COCO

Let OO be the center. Since AC=AB3AC = \dfrac{AB}{3} and AO=AB2,AO = \dfrac{AB}{2}, find COCO

大提示:

DCO\triangle DCOECO\triangle ECO 面积相等,因为 OODEDE 的中点。

DCO\triangle DCO and ECO\triangle ECO have equal areas because OO is the midpoint of DEDE

解答:

OO 为圆心。由 2AC=BC2 \cdot AC = BC 可知 AC=AB3AC = \dfrac{AB}{3},又有 AO=AB2AO = \dfrac{AB}{2},所以 CO=AOAC=AB2AB3=AB6 \begin{aligned} &CO = AO - AC \\ &= \dfrac{AB}{2} - \dfrac{AB}{3} \\ &= \dfrac{AB}{6} \end{aligned}\text{。}

三角形 DCODCO 与三角形 DABDAB 共享从 DD 到直线 ABAB 的高,因此 [DCO][DAB]=COAB=16 \dfrac{[DCO]}{[DAB]} = \dfrac{CO}{AB} = \dfrac{1}{6}\text{。}

因为 OODEDE 的中点,三角形 DCODCOECOECO 面积相等,所以 [DCE]=2[DCO]=26[DAB]=13[DAB] \begin{aligned} &[DCE] = 2\,[DCO] \\ &= \dfrac{2}{6}[DAB] = \dfrac{1}{3}[DAB] \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

Let OO be the center. Since 2AC=BC,2 \cdot AC = BC, we have AC=AB3,AC = \dfrac{AB}{3}, and AO=AB2,AO = \dfrac{AB}{2}, so CO=AOAC=AB2AB3=AB6. \begin{aligned} &CO = AO - AC \\ &= \dfrac{AB}{2} - \dfrac{AB}{3} \\ &= \dfrac{AB}{6}. \end{aligned}

Triangles DCODCO and DABDAB share the same altitude from DD to line AB,AB, so [DCO][DAB]=COAB=16. \dfrac{[DCO]}{[DAB]} = \dfrac{CO}{AB} = \dfrac{1}{6}.

Because OO is the midpoint of DE,DE, triangles DCODCO and ECOECO have equal areas, so [DCE]=2[DCO]=26[DAB]=13[DAB]. \begin{aligned} &[DCE] = 2\,[DCO] \\ &= \dfrac{2}{6}[DAB] = \dfrac{1}{3}[DAB]. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is C.

16.

三个半径为 ss 的圆位于 xyxy 平面第一象限。第一个圆与两条坐标轴都相切,第二个圆与第一个圆和 xx-轴相切,第三个圆与第一个圆和 yy-轴相切。另有一个半径为 r>sr \gt s 的圆,它与两条坐标轴以及第二、第三个圆相切。求 rs\frac{r}{s}

Three circles of radius ss are drawn in the first quadrant of the xyxy-plane. The first circle is tangent to both axes, the second is tangent to the first circle and the xx-axis, and the third is tangent to the first circle and the yy-axis. A circle of radius r>sr \gt s is tangent to both axes and to the second and third circles. What is rs?\frac{r}{s}?

55

66

88

99

1010

答案:D
难度评级:2000
小提示:

按各圆的半径定出圆心:大圆圆心为 (r,r)(r, r),第二个小圆圆心为 (3s,s)(3s, s)

Place the centers by their radii: the big circle is at (r,r)(r, r) and the second small circle at (3s,s)(3s, s)

大提示:

两个外切圆的圆心距为 r+sr + s;再对圆心之间的水平、竖直距离使用勾股定理。

The distance between the big center and a tangent small center equals r+s;r + s; apply the Pythagorean theorem to the horizontal and vertical gaps

解答:

大圆圆心为 (r,r)(r, r),第二个小圆圆心为 (3s,s)(3s, s)。两圆外切,所以圆心距为 r+sr + s

两个圆心之间的水平距离为 r3sr - 3s,竖直距离为 rsr - s,因此 (r+s)2=(r3s)2+(rs)2 (r + s)^2 = (r - 3s)^2 + (r - s)^2\text{。}

展开并整理得 0=r210rs+9s20 = r^2 - 10rs + 9s^2 =(r9s)(rs)= (r - 9s)(r - s)。因为 rsr \ne s,所以 r=9sr = 9s,故 rs=9\frac{r}{s} = 9

所以正确答案是 D

Put the big circle’s center at (r,r)(r, r) and the second small circle’s center at (3s,s).(3s, s). They are externally tangent, so the distance between centers is r+s.r + s.

The horizontal and vertical gaps are r3sr - 3s and rs,r - s, so (r+s)2=(r3s)2+(rs)2. (r + s)^2 = (r - 3s)^2 + (r - s)^2.

Expanding gives 0=r210rs+9s20 = r^2 - 10rs + 9s^2 =(r9s)(rs).= (r - 9s)(r - s). Since rs,r \ne s, we get r=9s,r = 9s, so rs=9.\frac{r}{s} = 9.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

17.

一个单位立方体被切两刀,形成三个三棱柱,其中两个全等,如图 11 所示。然后按图 22 中虚线所示用同样方式切割该立方体,得到九块。包含顶点 WW 的那一块体积是多少?

A unit cube is cut twice to form three triangular prisms, two of which are congruent, as shown in Figure 1.1. The cube is then cut in the same manner along the dashed lines shown in Figure 2.2. This creates nine pieces. What is the volume of the piece that contains vertex W?W?

112\dfrac{1}{12}

19\dfrac{1}{9}

18\dfrac{1}{8}

16\dfrac{1}{6}

14\dfrac{1}{4}

答案:A
难度评级:1910
小提示:

WW 的那块是一个棱锥;确定它的底面和顶点。

The piece at WW is a pyramid; identify its base and apex

大提示:

它的底面积记为 BB,高记为 hh;使用公式 V=13BhV = \dfrac{1}{3}Bh

If its base area is BB and height is h,h, use V=13BhV = \dfrac{1}{3}Bh

解答:

两组互相垂直的切割都从上底面的棱一直切到下底面的中线。在 WW 附近,它们切出一个正四棱锥:它的底面是下底面中与 WW 相邻的那四分之一,顶点位于下底面中心正上方一个单位处。

它的底面是边长 12\dfrac{1}{2} 的正方形,即下底面的四分之一,高为 11。因此体积为 13(12)2(1)=112 \dfrac{1}{3} \left(\dfrac{1}{2}\right)^2 (1) = \dfrac{1}{12}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 A

The two perpendicular sets of cuts each run from top edges to midlines of the bottom face. Near WW they carve out a square pyramid. Its base is the quarter of the bottom face adjacent to W,W, and its apex lies one unit above the center of the bottom face.

Thus its base is a square of side 12\dfrac{1}{2} and its altitude is the full height 1.1. Therefore the volume is 13(12)2(1)=112. \dfrac{1}{3} \left(\dfrac{1}{2}\right)^2 (1) = \dfrac{1}{12}.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

18.

称一个数为“看似质数”,如果它是合数但不能被 223355 整除。最小的三个看似质数是 494977779191。小于 10001000 的质数有 168168 个。小于 10001000 的看似质数有多少个?

Call a number “prime-looking” if it is composite but not divisible by 2,2, 3,3, or 5.5. The three smallest prime-looking numbers are 49,49, 77,77, and 91.91. There are 168168 prime numbers less than 1000.1000. How many prime-looking numbers are there less than 1000?1000?

100100

102102

104104

106106

108108

答案:A
难度评级:1950
小提示:

用容斥原理数出小于 10001000 且能被 2,32, 355 中至少一个整除的数。

Use inclusion-exclusion to count the numbers below 10001000 divisible by 2,3,2, 3, or 55

大提示:

从与 2,3,52, 3, 5 都互质的数中,去掉质数和数字 11

From the numbers coprime to 2,3,5,2, 3, 5, remove the primes and the number 11

解答:

11999999999999 个数中,由容斥原理可得 499+333+1991669966+33=733 \begin{aligned} &499 + 333 + 199 - 166 \\ &\quad {}- 99 - 66 + 33 = 733 \end{aligned} 个数能被 2,32, 355 中至少一个整除。

因此与 2,3,52, 3, 5 都互质的数共有 999733=266999 - 733 = 266 个;其中有 165165 个质数(168168 个质数去掉 2,3,52, 3, 5),另有 11 既不是质数也不是合数。

剩下 2661651=100266 - 165 - 1 = 100 个就是看似质数。

所以正确答案是 A

Among the 999999 numbers from 11 to 999,999, inclusion-exclusion gives 499+333+1991669966+33=733 \begin{aligned} &499 + 333 + 199 - 166 \\ &\quad {}- 99 - 66 + 33 = 733 \end{aligned} that are divisible by 2,3,2, 3, or 5.5.

That leaves 999733=266999 - 733 = 266 numbers coprime to 2,3,5.2, 3, 5. Of these, 165165 are primes (the 168168 primes minus 2,3,52, 3, 5), and 11 is neither prime nor composite.

The remaining 2661651=100266 - 165 - 1 = 100 numbers are prime-looking.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

19.

一个故障汽车里程表在任意位置都会从数字 33 直接跳到数字 55,总是跳过数字 44,例如,行驶一英里后,里程表从 000039000039 变为 000050000050。如果现在里程表读数为 002005002005,汽车实际行驶了多少英里?

A faulty car odometer proceeds from digit 33 to digit 5,5, always skipping the digit 4,4, regardless of position. For example, after traveling one mile the odometer changed from 000039000039 to 000050.000050. If the odometer now reads 002005,002005, how many miles has the car actually traveled?

14041404

14621462

16041604

16051605

18041804

答案:B
知识点:进制
难度评级:1950
小提示:

里程表只显示 99 种不同数字,所以它实际上在用 99 进制计数。

The odometer only ever shows 99 distinct digits, so it is really counting in base 99

大提示:

把显示数字映射到 99 进制值:5,6,7,8,95, 6, 7, 8, 9 分别代表 4,5,6,7,84, 5, 6, 7, 8

Map each shown digit to its base-99 value: 5,6,7,8,95, 6, 7, 8, 9 stand for 4,5,6,7,84, 5, 6, 7, 8

解答:

因为里程表从不显示 44,它只用 99 个符号计数,实际上相当于采用 99 进制;显示的 5,6,7,8,95, 6, 7, 8, 9 分别代表 99 进制数字 4,5,6,7,84, 5, 6, 7, 8

读数 002005002005 对应 99 进制的 20042004,其值为 293+4=2729+4=1462 2 \cdot 9^3 + 4 = 2 \cdot 729 + 4 = 1462\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

Because the odometer never displays a 4,4, it uses only 99 symbols and counts in base 9,9, where its digits 5,6,7,8,95, 6, 7, 8, 9 represent the base-99 digits 4,5,6,7,8.4, 5, 6, 7, 8.

The reading 002005002005 therefore corresponds to 20042004 in base 9,9, which equals 293+4=2729+4=1462. 2 \cdot 9^3 + 4 = 2 \cdot 729 + 4 = 1462.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

20.

xx 取遍 [0,1][0, 1],并定义 f(x)={2x,0x12,22x,12<x1 f(x) = \begin{cases} 2x, & 0 \le x \le \tfrac{1}{2},\\ 2 - 2x, & \tfrac{1}{2} \lt x \le 1\text{。} \end{cases} f[2](x)=f(f(x))f^{[2]}(x) = f(f(x)),再令 f[n+1](x)=f[n](f(x))f^{[n+1]}(x) = f^{[n]}(f(x)),其中 n2n \ge 2 为整数。有多少个 xx[0,1][0, 1] 中满足 f[2005](x)=12f^{[2005]}(x) = \tfrac{1}{2}

For each xx in [0,1],[0, 1], define f(x)={2x,0x12,22x,12<x1. f(x) = \begin{cases} 2x, & 0 \le x \le \tfrac{1}{2},\\ 2 - 2x, & \tfrac{1}{2} \lt x \le 1. \end{cases} Let f[2](x)=f(f(x)),f^{[2]}(x) = f(f(x)), and f[n+1](x)=f[n](f(x))f^{[n+1]}(x) = f^{[n]}(f(x)) for each integer n2.n \ge 2. For how many values of xx in [0,1][0, 1] is f[2005](x)=12?f^{[2005]}(x) = \tfrac{1}{2}?

00

20052005

40104010

200522005^2

220052^{2005}

答案:E
知识点:函数递推
难度评级:2330
小提示:

g(n)g(n)f[n](x)=12f^{[n]}(x) = \tfrac{1}{2} 的解的个数;找 g(n)g(n) 的递推式。

Let g(n)g(n) be the number of solutions of f[n](x)=12;f^{[n]}(x) = \tfrac{1}{2}; find a recursion for g(n)g(n)

大提示:

因为 ff[0,12][0, \tfrac12][12,1][\tfrac12, 1] 各自映到整个 [0,1][0, 1],每个解分裂成两个,所以 g(n)=2g(n1)g(n) = 2\,g(n-1)

Because ff maps each of [0,12][0, \tfrac12] and [12,1][\tfrac12, 1] onto all of [0,1],[0, 1], each solution splits into two, giving g(n)=2g(n1)g(n) = 2\,g(n-1)

解答:

g(n)g(n) 表示方程 f[n](x)=12f^{[n]}(x) = \tfrac{1}{2}[0,1][0, 1] 中的解数。由于 ff 把两个半区间 [0,12][0, \tfrac12][12,1][\tfrac12, 1] 都映到整个 [0,1][0, 1],所以 f[n1](y)=12f^{[n-1]}(y) = \tfrac12 的每个解都来自两个 xx 值。

边界值 x=12x = \tfrac12 满足 f[n](12)=f[n1](1)=012f^{[n]}(\tfrac12) = f^{[n-1]}(1) = 0 \ne \tfrac12,不会造成解的重合或丢失,因此 g(n)=2g(n1)g(n) = 2\,g(n-1)

由于 g(1)=2g(1) = 2,可得 g(2005)=22005g(2005) = 2^{2005}

所以正确答案是 E

Let g(n)g(n) count the solutions of f[n](x)=12f^{[n]}(x) = \tfrac{1}{2} in [0,1].[0, 1]. Since ff maps each of the two halves [0,12][0, \tfrac12] and [12,1][\tfrac12, 1] onto all of [0,1],[0, 1], every solution of f[n1](y)=12f^{[n-1]}(y) = \tfrac12 comes from two values of xx (one in each half).

The boundary value x=12x = \tfrac12 satisfies f[n](12)=f[n1](1)=012,f^{[n]}(\tfrac12) = f^{[n-1]}(1) = 0 \ne \tfrac12, so no solutions are lost, giving g(n)=2g(n1).g(n) = 2\,g(n-1).

Since g(1)=2,g(1) = 2, we conclude g(2005)=22005.g(2005) = 2^{2005}.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

21.

有多少个整数有序三元组 (a,b,c)(a, b, c),其中 a2a \ge 2b1b \ge 1c0c \ge 0,同时满足 logab=c2005\log_a b = c^{2005}a+b+c=2005a + b + c = 2005

How many ordered triples of integers (a,b,c),(a, b, c), with a2,a \ge 2, b1,b \ge 1, and c0,c \ge 0, satisfy both logab=c2005\log_a b = c^{2005} and a+b+c=2005?a + b + c = 2005?

00

11

22

33

44

答案:C
难度评级:2440
小提示:

把第一个条件改写为 b=a(c2005)b = a^{\left(c^{2005}\right)}

Rewrite the first condition as b=a(c2005)b = a^{\left(c^{2005}\right)}

大提示:

c2c \ge 2,则 bb 远大于 20052005;只有 c=0c = 0c=1c = 1 可能成立。

If c2,c \ge 2, then bb is astronomically larger than 2005;2005; only c=0c = 0 and c=1c = 1 can work

解答:

条件 logab=c2005\log_a b = c^{2005} 等价于 b=a(c2005)b = a^{\left(c^{2005}\right)}

c2c \ge 2,则 b=a(c2005)2(22005)b = a^{\left(c^{2005}\right)} \ge 2^{\left(2^{2005}\right)},远大于 20052005,不可能满足 a+b+c=2005a + b + c = 2005

c=0c = 0 时,b=a0=1b = a^0 = 1,且 a+1+0=2005a + 1 + 0 = 2005,得到 (a,b,c)=(2004,1,0)(a, b, c) = (2004, 1, 0)。当 c=1c = 1 时,b=a1=ab = a^1 = a,且 2a+1=20052a + 1 = 2005,得到 (a,b,c)=(1002,1002,1)(a, b, c) = (1002, 1002, 1)

共有 22 个三元组。

所以正确答案是 C

The condition logab=c2005\log_a b = c^{2005} means b=a(c2005).b = a^{\left(c^{2005}\right)}.

If c2,c \ge 2, then b=a(c2005)2(22005),b = a^{\left(c^{2005}\right)} \ge 2^{\left(2^{2005}\right)}, which vastly exceeds 2005,2005, so a+b+c=2005a + b + c = 2005 is impossible.

For c=0:c = 0: b=a0=1,b = a^0 = 1, so a+1+0=2005a + 1 + 0 = 2005 gives (a,b,c)=(2004,1,0).(a, b, c) = (2004, 1, 0). For c=1:c = 1: b=a1=a,b = a^1 = a, so 2a+1=20052a + 1 = 2005 gives (a,b,c)=(1002,1002,1).(a, b, c) = (1002, 1002, 1).

There are 22 such triples.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

22.

一个长方体 PP 内接于半径为 rr 的球。PP 的表面积为 384384,其 1212 条棱长之和为 112112rr 是多少?

A rectangular box PP is inscribed in a sphere of radius r.r. The surface area of PP is 384,384, and the sum of the lengths of its 1212 edges is 112.112. What is r?r?

88

1010

1212

1414

1616

答案:B
难度评级:1990
小提示:

设长方体尺寸为 x,y,zx, y, z。棱长和给出 x+y+zx + y + z,表面积给出 2xy+2yz+2xz2xy + 2yz + 2xz

Let the dimensions be x,y,z.x, y, z. The edge sum gives x+y+zx + y + z and the surface area gives 2xy+2yz+2xz2xy + 2yz + 2xz

大提示:

球的直径等于长方体的空间对角线,因此 (2r)2(2r)^2 =x2+y2+z2= x^2 + y^2 + z^2 =(x+y+z)2= (x+y+z)^2 (2xy+2yz+2xz)- (2xy + 2yz + 2xz)

The sphere’s diameter is the space diagonal: (2r)2(2r)^2 =x2+y2+z2= x^2 + y^2 + z^2 =(x+y+z)2= (x+y+z)^2 (2xy+2yz+2xz)- (2xy + 2yz + 2xz)

解答:

设长方体的尺寸为 x,y,zx, y, z1212 条棱给出 4(x+y+z)=1124(x + y + z) = 112,所以 x+y+z=28x + y + z = 28;表面积给出 2xy+2yz+2xz=3842xy + 2yz + 2xz = 384

空间对角线是球的直径,因此 (2r)2=x2+y2+z2=(x+y+z)2(2xy+2yz+2xz)=282384=400 \begin{aligned} &(2r)^2 = x^2 + y^2 + z^2 \\ &= (x + y + z)^2 \\ &\quad {}- (2xy + 2yz + 2xz) \\ &= 28^2 - 384 = 400 \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此 2r=202r = 20,所以 r=10r = 10

所以正确答案是 B

Let the dimensions be x,y,z.x, y, z. The 1212 edges give 4(x+y+z)=112,4(x + y + z) = 112, so x+y+z=28,x + y + z = 28, and the surface area gives 2xy+2yz+2xz=384.2xy + 2yz + 2xz = 384.

The space diagonal is a diameter of the sphere, so (2r)2=x2+y2+z2=(x+y+z)2(2xy+2yz+2xz)=282384=400. \begin{aligned} &(2r)^2 = x^2 + y^2 + z^2 \\ &= (x + y + z)^2 \\ &\quad {}- (2xy + 2yz + 2xz) \\ &= 28^2 - 384 = 400. \end{aligned}

Thus 2r=202r = 20 and r=10.r = 10.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

23.

随机选择两个不同的数 aabb,它们都来自集合 {2,22,23,,225}\{2, 2^2, 2^3, \ldots, 2^{25}\}logab\log_a b 为整数的概率是多少?

Two distinct numbers aa and bb are chosen randomly from the set {2,22,23,,225}.\{2, 2^2, 2^3, \ldots, 2^{25}\}. What is the probability that logab\log_a b is an integer?

225\dfrac{2}{25}

31300\dfrac{31}{300}

13100\dfrac{13}{100}

750\dfrac{7}{50}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

答案:B
难度评级:2330
小提示:

a=2ja = 2^jb=2kb = 2^k,则 logab=kj\log_a b = \dfrac{k}{j}

Write a=2ja = 2^j and b=2k,b = 2^k, so logab=kj\log_a b = \dfrac{k}{j}

大提示:

对每个 jj,数出 jj1,,251, \ldots, 25 中的倍数;排除 jj 本身后,个数为 25j1\left\lfloor \tfrac{25}{j} \right\rfloor - 1

For each j,j, count the multiples of jj among 1,,251, \ldots, 25 other than jj itself, namely 25j1\left\lfloor \tfrac{25}{j} \right\rfloor - 1

解答:

a=2ja = 2^jb=2kb = 2^k。则 logab=kj\log_a b = \dfrac{k}{j},它为整数当且仅当 kkjj 的倍数。

对每个 jj,满足 kjk \ne j 且位于 {1,,25}\{1, \ldots, 25\} 中的有效指数共有 25j1\left\lfloor \tfrac{25}{j} \right\rfloor - 1 个。对 jj 求和得到 24+11+7+5+4+3+2+2+41=62 \begin{aligned} &24 + 11 + 7 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 \\ &\quad {}+ 2 + 4 \cdot 1 = 62 \end{aligned} 个有序对 (a,b)(a, b)

总共有 2524=60025 \cdot 24 = 600 个有序不同对,所以概率为 62600=31300\dfrac{62}{600} = \dfrac{31}{300}

所以正确答案是 B

Let a=2ja = 2^j and b=2k.b = 2^k. Then logab=kj,\log_a b = \dfrac{k}{j}, which is an integer exactly when kk is a multiple of j.j.

For each j,j, the number of valid kjk \ne j in {1,,25}\{1, \ldots, 25\} is 25j1.\left\lfloor \tfrac{25}{j} \right\rfloor - 1. Summing over jj gives 24+11+7+5+4+3+2+2+41=62 \begin{aligned} &24 + 11 + 7 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 \\ &\quad {}+ 2 + 4 \cdot 1 = 62 \end{aligned} ordered pairs (a,b).(a, b).

Since there are 2524=60025 \cdot 24 = 600 ordered pairs of distinct elements, the probability is 62600=31300.\dfrac{62}{600} = \dfrac{31}{300}.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

24.

P(x)=(x1)(x2)(x3)P(x) = (x - 1)(x - 2)(x - 3)。有多少个多项式 Q(x)Q(x),使得存在多项式 R(x)R(x),其次数为 33,并满足 P(Q(x))=P(x)R(x)P(Q(x)) = P(x) \cdot R(x)

Let P(x)=(x1)(x2)(x3).P(x) = (x - 1)(x - 2)(x - 3). For how many polynomials Q(x)Q(x) does there exist a polynomial R(x)R(x) of degree 33 such that P(Q(x))=P(x)R(x)?P(Q(x)) = P(x) \cdot R(x)?

1919

2222

2424

2727

3232

答案:B
难度评级:2520
小提示:

比较次数:P(Q(x))P(Q(x)) 的次数是 3degQ3\deg QP(x)R(x)P(x)R(x) 的次数是 66,所以 degQ=2\deg Q = 2

Compare degrees: P(Q(x))P(Q(x)) has degree 3degQ3\deg Q and P(x)R(x)P(x)R(x) has degree 6,6, so degQ=2\deg Q = 2

大提示:

x=1,2,3x = 1, 2, 3 时,右侧为 00,所以 Q(1),Q(2),Q(3)Q(1), Q(2), Q(3) 都在 {1,2,3}\{1, 2, 3\} 中;去掉次数小于 22 的三元组。

For x=1,2,3,x = 1, 2, 3, the right side is 0,0, so each of Q(1),Q(2),Q(3)Q(1), Q(2), Q(3) lies in {1,2,3};\{1, 2, 3\}; discard the triples giving degree less than 22

解答:

因为 P(x)R(x)P(x)R(x) 次数为 66,而 P(Q(x))P(Q(x)) 次数为 3degQ3\deg Q,所以 degQ=2\deg Q = 2。二次多项式 QQ 由有序三元组 (Q(1),Q(2),Q(3))(Q(1), Q(2), Q(3)) 决定。

x=1,2,3x = 1, 2, 3 时,右侧为零,所以 P(Q(x))=0P(Q(x)) = 0,迫使每个 Q(1),Q(2),Q(3)Q(1), Q(2), Q(3) 都属于 {1,2,3}\{1, 2, 3\},共有 2727 个三元组。

其中 22 次以下的情形有五个:三个常数三元组 (1,1,1),(2,2,2),(3,3,3)(1,1,1), (2,2,2), (3,3,3),以及线性函数 Q(x)=xQ(x) = x(1,2,3)(1,2,3)Q(x)=4xQ(x) = 4 - x(3,2,1)(3,2,1)。其余 275=2227 - 5 = 22 个给出真正的二次多项式。

所以正确答案是 B

Since P(x)R(x)P(x)R(x) has degree 66 and P(Q(x))P(Q(x)) has degree 3degQ,3\deg Q, we need degQ=2.\deg Q = 2. A quadratic QQ is determined by the ordered triple (Q(1),Q(2),Q(3)).(Q(1), Q(2), Q(3)).

At x=1,2,3x = 1, 2, 3 the right side vanishes, so P(Q(x))=0,P(Q(x)) = 0, forcing each of Q(1),Q(2),Q(3)Q(1), Q(2), Q(3) into {1,2,3}.\{1, 2, 3\}. That gives 2727 triples.

Five of them give a polynomial of degree less than 2:2: the constants from (1,1,1),(2,2,2),(3,3,3)(1,1,1), (2,2,2), (3,3,3) and the linear Q(x)=xQ(x) = x from (1,2,3)(1,2,3) and Q(x)=4xQ(x) = 4 - x from (3,2,1).(3,2,1). The other 275=2227 - 5 = 22 triples are non-collinear and yield genuine quadratics.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

25.

SS 为所有形如 (x,y,z)(x, y, z) 的点组成的集合,其中 xxyyzz 都从集合 {0,1,2}\{0, 1, 2\} 中选择。顶点全在 SS 中的等边三角形有多少个?

Let SS be the set of all points with coordinates (x,y,z),(x, y, z), where x,x, y,y, and zz are each chosen from the set {0,1,2}.\{0, 1, 2\}. How many equilateral triangles have all their vertices in S?S?

7272

7676

8080

8484

8888

答案:C
难度评级:2640
小提示:

这种网格中的等边三角形三边相等,所以每条边是某种面对角线或特定的斜线段。

An equilateral triangle in this grid must have all three sides equal, so each side is a face diagonal or a specific slanted segment

大提示:

分别数边为单位立方体面对角线、大立方体面对角线,以及长度为 6\sqrt{6} 的边中点到边中点线段的三角形。

Count separately the triangles whose sides are unit-cube face diagonals, big-cube face diagonals, and edge-midpoint-to-edge-midpoint segments of length 6\sqrt{6}

解答:

这样的三角形三条边长度相等。检查 3×3×33 \times 3 \times 3 网格中的可能平方边长,只有三类边会出现。

单位立方体的面对角线(长 2\sqrt2):88 个单位立方体中每个贡献 88 个三角形,共 88=648 \cdot 8 = 64 个。

2×2×22 \times 2 \times 2 大立方体的面对角线(长 222\sqrt2):每个顶点相邻的三个面形成一个三角形,共 88 个。

边中点之间的线段(长 6\sqrt6):1212 个边中点中的每一个,都是两个这种三角形的顶点,所以共有 1223=8\dfrac{12 \cdot 2}{3} = 8 个。

总数为 64+8+8=8064 + 8 + 8 = 80

所以正确答案是 C

The three equal sides of such a triangle must all have the same length. Checking the possible squared lengths in the 3×3×33 \times 3 \times 3 grid, only three families of side occur.

Face diagonals of a unit cube (length 2\sqrt2): each of the 88 unit cubes contributes 88 triangles, one at each corner, for 88=64.8 \cdot 8 = 64.

Face diagonals of the 2×2×22 \times 2 \times 2 cube (length 222\sqrt2): the three faces meeting at a vertex form one triangle, giving 88 triangles.

Edge-midpoint segments (length 6,\sqrt6, joining midpoints of two edges): each of the 1212 edge midpoints is a vertex of two such triangles, for 1223=8.\dfrac{12 \cdot 2}{3} = 8.

The total is 64+8+8=80.64 + 8 + 8 = 80.

Thus, the correct answer is C.