2005 AMC 12A 真题
计时
1:15:00
1.
2.
方程 和 有相同的 解。求 的值。
The equations and have the same solution for What is the value of
3.
一个矩形的对角线长为 ,长是宽的两倍。该矩形面积是多少?
A rectangle with a diagonal of length is twice as long as it is wide. What is the area of the rectangle?
4.
一家商店通常以每扇 的价格出售窗户。本周每买四扇就赠送一扇。Dave 需要七扇窗户,Doug 需要八扇窗户。如果他们合在一起购买而不是分别购买,可以节省多少美元?
A store normally sells windows at each. This week the store is offering one free window for each purchase of four. Dave needs seven windows and Doug needs eight windows. How many dollars will they save if they purchase the windows together rather than separately?
答案:A
小提示:
每付钱买 扇窗户,就免费得到第 扇。
For every windows paid for, a th comes free
大提示:
比较分别购买时需要付款的窗户数,以及合起来买 扇时需要付款的窗户数。
Compare the number of paid windows separately versus for windows together
解答:
分别购买时,Dave 买 扇需付 扇的钱,即 ;Doug 买 扇需付 扇的钱,即 ,合计 。
合起来买时共需 扇,付 扇的钱可得 扇免费,费用为 。
因此节省 。
所以正确答案是 A。
Buying separately, Dave gets windows by paying for (), and Doug gets by paying for (), for a total of
Buying together, they need windows: paying for yields free, for a cost of
The savings are
Thus, the correct answer is A.
5.
个数的平均数是 ,另外 个数的平均数是 。全部 个数的平均数是多少?
The average (mean) of numbers is and the average of other numbers is What is the average of all numbers?
答案:B
小提示:
先求全部 个数的总和。
Find the total sum of all numbers first
大提示:
合并后的总和是 。
The combined sum is
解答:
全部 个数的总和为 。
平均数为 。
所以正确答案是 B。
The total of all numbers is
The average is
Thus, the correct answer is B.
6.
Josh 和 Mike 相距 英里。昨天 Josh 先骑自行车朝 Mike 家出发,稍后 Mike 也骑车朝 Josh 家出发。他们相遇时,Josh 骑车的时间是 Mike 的两倍,速度是 Mike 的五分之四。相遇时 Mike 骑了多少英里?
Josh and Mike live miles apart. Yesterday Josh started to ride his bicycle toward Mike’s house. A little later Mike started to ride his bicycle toward Josh’s house. When they met, Josh had ridden for twice the length of time as Mike and at four-fifths of Mike’s rate. How many miles had Mike ridden when they met?
小提示:
对每个人,路程等于速度乘以时间。
Distance equals rate times time for each rider
大提示:
Josh 的路程是 Mike 路程的 。
Josh’s distance is of Mike’s distance
解答:
因为路程等于速度乘以时间,Josh 骑的距离是 Mike 的 。
设 Mike 骑了 英里,则 所以 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Since distance is rate times time, Josh rode as far as Mike.
Let be the miles Mike rode. Then so
Thus, the correct answer is B.
7.
正方形 在正方形 内,使得 的每一边延长后都经过 的一个顶点。正方形 的边长为 , 在 和 之间,且 。求内正方形 的面积。
Square is inside square so that each side of can be extended to pass through a vertex of Square has side length is between and and What is the area of the inner square
小提示:
由对称性,四个角上的直角三角形全等。
By symmetry the four corner triangles are congruent right triangles
大提示:
在直角三角形 中,边 。
In right triangle the leg
解答:
由图形对称性,三角形 、三角形 、三角形 、三角形 是全等直角三角形。于是
因为 在 与 之间,内正方形边长为 。
的面积为 。
所以正确答案是 C。
By the symmetry of the figure, triangles and are congruent right triangles. Hence
Since lies between and the side of the inner square is
Therefore the area of is
Thus, the correct answer is C.
8.
设 、、 为数字,且 求 。
Let and be digits with What is
小提示:
把 分解质因数。
Factor into primes
大提示:
数字和 至多为 ,这会确定它等于哪个因数。
The digit sum is at most which pins down which factor it equals
解答:
因为 ,且 ,所以数字和只能是 或 。它不能是 ,否则就有 。因此它只能是较小的那个非平凡因数:
由第一式可直接读出 、、。
所以正确答案是 D。
Since and the digit sum can only be or It cannot be because then Thus it must be the smaller nontrivial factor:
Reading off the digits, and
Thus, the correct answer is D.
9.
有两个 的值使方程 对 只有一个解。这两个 的和是多少?
There are two values of for which the equation has only one solution for What is the sum of those values of
小提示:
二次方程只有一个解,当且仅当判别式为 。
A quadratic has one solution exactly when its discriminant is
大提示:
把一次项系数写成 ,令 。
Write the linear coefficient as and set
解答:
方程为 。它只有一个解时判别式为零: 所以 ,。
因此 或 ,和为 。
所以正确答案是 A。
The equation is It has one solution when the discriminant vanishes: so and
Thus or and their sum is
Thus, the correct answer is A.
10.
一个边长为 的木立方体六个面都涂成红色,然后切成 个单位立方体。所有单位立方体的面中,恰有四分之一是红色的。 是多少?
A wooden cube units on a side is painted red on all six faces and then cut into unit cubes. Exactly one-fourth of the total number of faces of the unit cubes are red. What is
小提示:
分别数小立方体面的总数和红色面的数量。
Count the total number of small-cube faces and the number that are red
大提示:
总共有 个面,其中红色面有 个。
There are faces in all and red ones
解答:
个单位立方体共有 个面,其中红色面正是原立方体的表面,共 个。
令红色面所占比例为四分之一:所以 。
所以正确答案是 B。
The unit cubes have faces total. The red faces are exactly the surface of the original cube, of them.
Setting the red fraction to one-fourth, so
Thus, the correct answer is B.
11.
有多少个三位数满足:中间数字是首位数字和末位数字的平均数?
How many three-digit numbers satisfy the property that the middle digit is the average of the first and the last digits?
小提示:
只有首位和末位数字奇偶性相同时,中间数字才是整数。
The middle digit is an integer only when the first and last digits have the same parity
大提示:
分别数奇奇配对和偶偶配对,注意首位数字不能是零。
Count the odd-odd pairs and the even-even pairs separately, remembering the first digit is nonzero
解答:
中间数字为整数,当且仅当首位数字与末位数字奇偶性相同。每一对这样的首末数字都唯一确定中间数字。
首末数字都是奇数的选择有 种;首末数字都是偶数时,首位不能为 ,所以有 种。
总数为 。
所以正确答案是 E。
The middle digit is an integer only when the first and last digits are both odd or both even. Each such pair determines the middle digit uniquely.
There are odd-odd choices for the first and last digits. For even-even, the first digit cannot be giving choices.
The total is
Thus, the correct answer is E.
12.
一条直线经过 和 。在线段 与 之间且坐标均为整数的其他点有多少个?
A line passes through and How many other points with integer coordinates are on the line and strictly between and
小提示:
把斜率 约到最简。
Reduce the slope to lowest terms
大提示:
直线上的点形如 ;数出严格在两端之间的整数 。
Points on the line take the form count integer strictly between the endpoints
解答:
斜率为
直线上的点形如 ,并且恰好在 为整数时是格点。该点严格位于 、 之间时,。
这样的整数 共有 个,因此符合条件的格点有 个。
所以正确答案是 D。
The slope is
So every point on the line has the form which is a lattice point exactly when is an integer. The point is strictly between and when
There are such integers giving lattice points.
Thus, the correct answer is D.
13.
如图所示的五角星中,字母 、、、、 被数字 ,,, 和 替换,顺序不一定相同。线段 、、、、 两端数字的和构成一个等差数列,顺序也不一定相同。这个等差数列的中项是多少?
In the five-sided star shown, the letters and are replaced by the numbers and although not necessarily in that order. The sums of the numbers at the ends of the line segments and form an arithmetic sequence, although not necessarily in that order. What is the middle term of the arithmetic sequence?
小提示:
五个数字中每一个都恰好是两条线段的端点。
Each of the five numbers is an endpoint of exactly two segments
大提示:
五项等差数列的中项等于五项的平均数。
The middle term of a five-term arithmetic sequence equals the mean of all five terms
解答:
每个数字恰好作为五条线段中两条的端点,所以五个端点和的总和为
五项等差数列的中项等于平均数,即 。
所以正确答案是 D。
Every number appears as an endpoint of exactly two of the five segments, so the total of the five sums is
The middle term of a five-term arithmetic sequence is its mean, namely
Thus, the correct answer is D.
14.
在一个标准骰子上,随机去掉一个点,每个点被选中的可能性相同。然后掷这个骰子。朝上一面有奇数个点的概率是多少?
On a standard die one of the dots is removed at random with each dot equally likely to be chosen. The die is then rolled. What is the probability that the top face has an odd number of dots?
小提示:
标准骰子共有 个点,所以被去掉的点来自 点面的概率是 。
A standard die has dots, so the removed dot comes from face with probability
大提示:
从偶数面去掉一点会使它变成奇数;从奇数面去掉一点会使它变成偶数。
Removing a dot from an even face makes it odd; removing from an odd face makes it even
解答:
骰子共有 个点,所以去掉的点来自 点面的概率为 。
若从奇数面去掉一点,该面变成偶数面,只剩两个奇数面,所以朝上一面为奇数点的概率是 ;若从偶数面去掉一点,该面变成奇数面,共有四个奇数面,所以概率是 。去掉点来自奇数面的概率为 ,来自偶数面的概率为 。
因此所求概率为
所以正确答案是 D。
The die has dots, so a dot is removed from the face with dots with probability
If a dot is removed from an odd face, that face becomes even, leaving two odd faces and hence probability of an odd top. If a dot is removed from an even face, that face becomes odd, leaving four odd faces and hence probability The removed dot lies on an odd face with probability and on an even face with probability
Hence the answer is
Thus, the correct answer is D.
15.
设 是一个圆的直径, 是 上一点,且 。设 、 在圆上,使 ,且 是另一条直径。求 的面积与 的面积之比。
Let be a diameter of a circle and be a point on with Let and be points on the circle such that and is a second diameter. What is the ratio of the area of to the area of
小提示:
设 为圆心。因为 且 ,求出 。
Let be the center. Since and find
大提示:
和 面积相等,因为 是 的中点。
and have equal areas because is the midpoint of
解答:
设 为圆心。由 可知 ,又有 ,所以
三角形 与三角形 共享从 到直线 的高,因此
因为 是 的中点,三角形 与 面积相等,所以
所以正确答案是 C。
Let be the center. Since we have and so
Triangles and share the same altitude from to line so
Because is the midpoint of triangles and have equal areas, so
Thus, the correct answer is C.
16.
三个半径为 的圆位于 平面第一象限。第一个圆与两条坐标轴都相切,第二个圆与第一个圆和 -轴相切,第三个圆与第一个圆和 -轴相切。另有一个半径为 的圆,它与两条坐标轴以及第二、第三个圆相切。求 。
Three circles of radius are drawn in the first quadrant of the -plane. The first circle is tangent to both axes, the second is tangent to the first circle and the -axis, and the third is tangent to the first circle and the -axis. A circle of radius is tangent to both axes and to the second and third circles. What is
小提示:
按各圆的半径定出圆心:大圆圆心为 ,第二个小圆圆心为 。
Place the centers by their radii: the big circle is at and the second small circle at
大提示:
两个外切圆的圆心距为 ;再对圆心之间的水平、竖直距离使用勾股定理。
The distance between the big center and a tangent small center equals apply the Pythagorean theorem to the horizontal and vertical gaps
解答:
大圆圆心为 ,第二个小圆圆心为 。两圆外切,所以圆心距为 。
两个圆心之间的水平距离为 ,竖直距离为 ,因此
展开并整理得 。因为 ,所以 ,故 。
所以正确答案是 D。
Put the big circle’s center at and the second small circle’s center at They are externally tangent, so the distance between centers is
The horizontal and vertical gaps are and so
Expanding gives Since we get so
Thus, the correct answer is D.
17.
一个单位立方体被切两刀,形成三个三棱柱,其中两个全等,如图 所示。然后按图 中虚线所示用同样方式切割该立方体,得到九块。包含顶点 的那一块体积是多少?
A unit cube is cut twice to form three triangular prisms, two of which are congruent, as shown in Figure The cube is then cut in the same manner along the dashed lines shown in Figure This creates nine pieces. What is the volume of the piece that contains vertex
小提示:
含 的那块是一个棱锥;确定它的底面和顶点。
The piece at is a pyramid; identify its base and apex
大提示:
它的底面积记为 ,高记为 ;使用公式 。
If its base area is and height is use
解答:
两组互相垂直的切割都从上底面的棱一直切到下底面的中线。在 附近,它们切出一个正四棱锥:它的底面是下底面中与 相邻的那四分之一,顶点位于下底面中心正上方一个单位处。
它的底面是边长 的正方形,即下底面的四分之一,高为 。因此体积为
所以正确答案是 A。
The two perpendicular sets of cuts each run from top edges to midlines of the bottom face. Near they carve out a square pyramid. Its base is the quarter of the bottom face adjacent to and its apex lies one unit above the center of the bottom face.
Thus its base is a square of side and its altitude is the full height Therefore the volume is
Thus, the correct answer is A.
18.
称一个数为“看似质数”,如果它是合数但不能被 , 和 整除。最小的三个看似质数是 , 和 。小于 的质数有 个。小于 的看似质数有多少个?
Call a number “prime-looking” if it is composite but not divisible by or The three smallest prime-looking numbers are and There are prime numbers less than How many prime-looking numbers are there less than
小提示:
用容斥原理数出小于 且能被 和 中至少一个整除的数。
Use inclusion-exclusion to count the numbers below divisible by or
大提示:
从与 都互质的数中,去掉质数和数字 。
From the numbers coprime to remove the primes and the number
解答:
在 到 这 个数中,由容斥原理可得 个数能被 或 中至少一个整除。
因此与 都互质的数共有 个;其中有 个质数( 个质数去掉 ),另有 既不是质数也不是合数。
剩下 个就是看似质数。
所以正确答案是 A。
Among the numbers from to inclusion-exclusion gives that are divisible by or
That leaves numbers coprime to Of these, are primes (the primes minus ), and is neither prime nor composite.
The remaining numbers are prime-looking.
Thus, the correct answer is A.
19.
一个故障汽车里程表在任意位置都会从数字 直接跳到数字 ,总是跳过数字 ,例如,行驶一英里后,里程表从 变为 。如果现在里程表读数为 ,汽车实际行驶了多少英里?
A faulty car odometer proceeds from digit to digit always skipping the digit regardless of position. For example, after traveling one mile the odometer changed from to If the odometer now reads how many miles has the car actually traveled?
答案:B
小提示:
里程表只显示 种不同数字,所以它实际上在用 进制计数。
The odometer only ever shows distinct digits, so it is really counting in base
大提示:
把显示数字映射到 进制值: 分别代表 。
Map each shown digit to its base- value: stand for
解答:
因为里程表从不显示 ,它只用 个符号计数,实际上相当于采用 进制;显示的 分别代表 进制数字 。
读数 对应 进制的 ,其值为
所以正确答案是 B。
Because the odometer never displays a it uses only symbols and counts in base where its digits represent the base- digits
The reading therefore corresponds to in base which equals
Thus, the correct answer is B.
20.
设 取遍 ,并定义 令 ,再令 ,其中 为整数。有多少个 在 中满足 ?
For each in define Let and for each integer For how many values of in is
小提示:
设 为 的解的个数;找 的递推式。
Let be the number of solutions of find a recursion for
大提示:
因为 把 和 各自映到整个 ,每个解分裂成两个,所以 。
Because maps each of and onto all of each solution splits into two, giving
解答:
设 表示方程 在 中的解数。由于 把两个半区间 与 都映到整个 ,所以 的每个解都来自两个 值。
边界值 满足 ,不会造成解的重合或丢失,因此 。
由于 ,可得 。
所以正确答案是 E。
Let count the solutions of in Since maps each of the two halves and onto all of every solution of comes from two values of (one in each half).
The boundary value satisfies so no solutions are lost, giving
Since we conclude
Thus, the correct answer is E.
21.
有多少个整数有序三元组 ,其中 、、,同时满足 和 ?
How many ordered triples of integers with and satisfy both and
小提示:
把第一个条件改写为 。
Rewrite the first condition as
大提示:
若 ,则 远大于 ;只有 和 可能成立。
If then is astronomically larger than only and can work
解答:
条件 等价于 。
若 ,则 ,远大于 ,不可能满足 。
当 时,,且 ,得到 。当 时,,且 ,得到 。
共有 个三元组。
所以正确答案是 C。
The condition means
If then which vastly exceeds so is impossible.
For so gives For so gives
There are such triples.
Thus, the correct answer is C.
22.
一个长方体 内接于半径为 的球。 的表面积为 ,其 条棱长之和为 。 是多少?
A rectangular box is inscribed in a sphere of radius The surface area of is and the sum of the lengths of its edges is What is
小提示:
设长方体尺寸为 。棱长和给出 ,表面积给出 。
Let the dimensions be The edge sum gives and the surface area gives
大提示:
球的直径等于长方体的空间对角线,因此 。
The sphere’s diameter is the space diagonal:
解答:
设长方体的尺寸为 。 条棱给出 ,所以 ;表面积给出 。
空间对角线是球的直径,因此
因此 ,所以 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Let the dimensions be The edges give so and the surface area gives
The space diagonal is a diameter of the sphere, so
Thus and
Thus, the correct answer is B.
23.
随机选择两个不同的数 和 ,它们都来自集合 。 为整数的概率是多少?
Two distinct numbers and are chosen randomly from the set What is the probability that is an integer?
小提示:
写 、,则 。
Write and so
大提示:
对每个 ,数出 在 中的倍数;排除 本身后,个数为 。
For each count the multiples of among other than itself, namely
解答:
设 ,。则 ,它为整数当且仅当 是 的倍数。
对每个 ,满足 且位于 中的有效指数共有 个。对 求和得到 个有序对 。
总共有 个有序不同对,所以概率为 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Let and Then which is an integer exactly when is a multiple of
For each the number of valid in is Summing over gives ordered pairs
Since there are ordered pairs of distinct elements, the probability is
Thus, the correct answer is B.
24.
设 。有多少个多项式 ,使得存在多项式 ,其次数为 ,并满足 ?
Let For how many polynomials does there exist a polynomial of degree such that
小提示:
比较次数: 的次数是 而 的次数是 ,所以 。
Compare degrees: has degree and has degree so
大提示:
当 时,右侧为 ,所以 都在 中;去掉次数小于 的三元组。
For the right side is so each of lies in discard the triples giving degree less than
解答:
因为 次数为 ,而 次数为 ,所以 。二次多项式 由有序三元组 决定。
当 时,右侧为零,所以 ,迫使每个 都属于 ,共有 个三元组。
其中 次以下的情形有五个:三个常数三元组 ,以及线性函数 的 和 的 。其余 个给出真正的二次多项式。
所以正确答案是 B。
Since has degree and has degree we need A quadratic is determined by the ordered triple
At the right side vanishes, so forcing each of into That gives triples.
Five of them give a polynomial of degree less than the constants from and the linear from and from The other triples are non-collinear and yield genuine quadratics.
Thus, the correct answer is B.
25.
设 为所有形如 的点组成的集合,其中 , 和 都从集合 中选择。顶点全在 中的等边三角形有多少个?
Let be the set of all points with coordinates where and are each chosen from the set How many equilateral triangles have all their vertices in
小提示:
这种网格中的等边三角形三边相等,所以每条边是某种面对角线或特定的斜线段。
An equilateral triangle in this grid must have all three sides equal, so each side is a face diagonal or a specific slanted segment
大提示:
分别数边为单位立方体面对角线、大立方体面对角线,以及长度为 的边中点到边中点线段的三角形。
Count separately the triangles whose sides are unit-cube face diagonals, big-cube face diagonals, and edge-midpoint-to-edge-midpoint segments of length
解答:
这样的三角形三条边长度相等。检查 网格中的可能平方边长,只有三类边会出现。
单位立方体的面对角线(长 ): 个单位立方体中每个贡献 个三角形,共 个。
大立方体的面对角线(长 ):每个顶点相邻的三个面形成一个三角形,共 个。
边中点之间的线段(长 ): 个边中点中的每一个,都是两个这种三角形的顶点,所以共有 个。
总数为 。
所以正确答案是 C。
The three equal sides of such a triangle must all have the same length. Checking the possible squared lengths in the grid, only three families of side occur.
Face diagonals of a unit cube (length ): each of the unit cubes contributes triangles, one at each corner, for
Face diagonals of the cube (length ): the three faces meeting at a vertex form one triangle, giving triangles.
Edge-midpoint segments (length joining midpoints of two edges): each of the edge midpoints is a vertex of two such triangles, for
The total is
Thus, the correct answer is C.