2003 AMC 12B 第 19 题

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

19.

SS 为序列 1,2,3,4,51, 2, 3, 4, 5 的所有排列中第一项不是 11 的排列集合。从 SS 中随机选一个排列。 若第二项为 22 的概率化为最简分数为 a/ba/b。 求 a+ba + b

Let SS be the set of permutations of the sequence 1,2,3,4,51, 2, 3, 4, 5 for which the first term is not 1.1. A permutation is chosen randomly from S.S. The probability that the second term is 2,2, in lowest terms, is a/b.a/b. What is a+b?a + b?

55

66

1111

1616

1919

答案:E
知识点:排列条件概率
难度评级:1620
解答:

集合 SS 中有 44!=964 \cdot 4! = 96 个排列,因为第一项有 44 种选择,剩下四项可按 4!4! 种方式任意排列。

若第二项为 22, 第一项必须是 3,43, 4, 或 55(不能是 11 也不能是 22),有 33 种选择,剩下三项有 3!3! 种排列,共 33!=183 \cdot 3! = 18 个。

概率为 1896=316\dfrac{18}{96} = \dfrac{3}{16}, 所以 a+b=3+16=19a + b = 3 + 16 = 19

因此,正确答案是 E

The set SS contains 44!=964 \cdot 4! = 96 permutations, since the first term has 44 choices and the remaining four terms can be arranged in 4!4! ways.

For the second term to be 2,2, the first term must be 3,4,3, 4, or 55 (not 1,1, not 22), giving 33 choices, and the remaining three terms can be arranged in 3!3! ways: 33!=18.3 \cdot 3! = 18.

The probability is 1896=316,\dfrac{18}{96} = \dfrac{3}{16}, so a+b=3+16=19.a + b = 3 + 16 = 19.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

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