2003 AMC 12B 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

下列哪一项等于

24+68+1012+1436+912+1518+21\frac{2 - 4 + 6 - 8 + 10 - 12 + 14}{3 - 6 + 9 - 12 + 15 - 18 + 21}\text{?}

Which of the following is the same as

24+68+1012+1436+912+1518+21?\frac{2 - 4 + 6 - 8 + 10 - 12 + 14}{3 - 6 + 9 - 12 + 15 - 18 + 21}?

1-1

23-\dfrac{2}{3}

23\dfrac{2}{3}

11

143\dfrac{14}{3}

知识点:因式分解分数
难度评级:840
小提示:

从分子和分母中分别提出公因数

Factor a common constant out of the numerator and the denominator

大提示:

两个括号中的和 12+3+71 - 2 + 3 - \cdots + 7 完全相同

The two parenthesized sums 12+3+71 - 2 + 3 - \cdots + 7 are identical

解答:

从分子提出 22,从分母提出 33 得到 2(12+34+56+7)3(12+34+56+7)\frac{2(1 - 2 + 3 - 4 + 5 - 6 + 7)}{3(1 - 2 + 3 - 4 + 5 - 6 + 7)}\text{。}

相同的括号和可以约去,剩下 23\dfrac{2}{3}

因此,正确答案是 C

Factor 22 from the numerator and 33 from the denominator: 2(12+34+56+7)3(12+34+56+7).\frac{2(1 - 2 + 3 - 4 + 5 - 6 + 7)}{3(1 - 2 + 3 - 4 + 5 - 6 + 7)}.

The equal parenthesized sums cancel, leaving 23.\dfrac{2}{3}.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

2.

Al 得了 algebritis,必须连续两周每天服用一粒绿色药丸和一粒粉色药丸。绿色药丸比粉色药丸贵 $1\$1,这两周的药丸总费用为 $546\$546。一粒绿色药丸多少钱?

Al gets the disease algebritis and must take one green pill and one pink pill each day for two weeks. A green pill costs $1\$1 more than a pink pill, and Al’s pills cost a total of $546\$546 for the two weeks. How much does one green pill cost?

$7\$7

$14\$14

$19\$19

$20\$20

$39\$39

难度评级:1020
小提示:

两周是 1414 天,所以先求一天一对药丸的费用

Two weeks is 1414 days, so find the cost of one day’s pair of pills first

大提示:

若绿色药丸价格为 gg,则粉色药丸价格为 g1g - 1,且 g+(g1)g + (g-1) 是一天的费用

If a green pill costs g,g, then the pink pill costs g1,g - 1, and g+(g1)g + (g-1) is one day’s cost

解答:

1414 天,两粒药丸的每日费用为 54614=39 \frac{546}{14} = 39\text{。}

设一粒绿色药丸价格为 gg。粉色药丸价格为 g1g - 1,所以 g+(g1)=39 g + (g - 1) = 39\text{,} 解得 g=20g = 20

因此,正确答案是 D

Over 1414 days the daily cost of the two pills is 54614=39. \frac{546}{14} = 39.

Let gg be the cost of a green pill. The pink pill costs g1,g - 1, so g+(g1)=39, g + (g - 1) = 39, giving g=20.g = 20.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

3.

Rose 把她的长方形花坛中的每个长方形区域种上不同种类的花。图中给出了这些长方形区域的边长,单位为英尺。她在每平方英尺种一株花。紫菀每株 $1\$1,秋海棠每株 $1.50\$1.50,美人蕉每株 $2\$2,大丽花每株 $2.50\$2.50,复活节百合每株 $3\$3。她的花园最少可能花费多少美元?

Rose fills each of the rectangular regions of her rectangular flower bed with a different type of flower. The lengths, in feet, of the rectangular regions in her flower bed are as shown in the figure. She plants one flower per square foot in each region. Asters cost $1\$1 each, begonias $1.50\$1.50 each, cannas $2\$2 each, dahlias $2.50\$2.50 each, and Easter lilies $3\$3 each. What is the least possible cost, in dollars, for her garden?

108108

115115

132132

144144

156156

知识点:最优化面积
难度评级:1170
小提示:

先从图中求出五个区域的面积

Find the area of each of the five regions from the figure

大提示:

要使总费用最小,把最贵的花种在最小的区域,依此类推

To minimize the total, put the most expensive flower in the smallest region and so on

解答:

五个区域的面积分别为 4466151520202121 平方英尺。

为了使费用最小,应把越贵的花种在越小的区域。最小可能费用为 3(4)+2.5(6)+2(15)+1.5(20)+1(21)=108 \begin{aligned} &3(4) + 2.5(6) + 2(15) \\ &\quad {}+ 1.5(20) + 1(21) = 108 \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 A

The five regions have areas 4,4, 6,6, 15,15, 20,20, and 2121 square feet.

To minimize the cost, plant the most expensive flowers in the smallest regions. The least possible cost is 3(4)+2.5(6)+2(15)+1.5(20)+1(21)=108. \begin{aligned} &3(4) + 2.5(6) + 2(15) \\ &\quad {}+ 1.5(20) + 1(21) = 108. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is A.

4.

Moe 用割草机修剪一块 9090 英尺乘 150150 英尺的长方形草坪。割草机每次割出的草带宽 2828 英寸,但他每次会重叠 44 英寸,以确保没有漏割。他推割草机时的速度是每小时 50005000 英尺。下列哪一项最接近 Moe 修剪完草坪所需的小时数?

Moe uses a mower to cut his rectangular 9090-foot by 150150-foot lawn. The swath he cuts is 2828 inches wide, but he overlaps each cut by 44 inches to make sure that no grass is missed. He walks at the rate of 50005000 feet per hour while pushing the mower. Which of the following is closest to the number of hours it will take Moe to mow his lawn?

0.750.75

0.80.8

1.351.35

1.51.5

33

难度评级:1270
小提示:

因为有重叠,每次实际新增割草宽度为 284=2428 - 4 = 24 英寸

Each pass effectively cuts a strip only 284=2428 - 4 = 24 inches wide because of the overlap

大提示:

2424 英寸就是 22 英尺,所以每走一英尺就割 22 平方英尺

A 2424-inch strip is 22 feet wide, so each foot walked mows 22 square feet

解答:

因为重叠,每次新增的草带宽度为 284=2428 - 4 = 24 英寸 =2= 2 英尺。所以 Moe 每走一英尺就割 22 平方英尺,也就是每小时割 25000=100002 \cdot 5000 = 10000 平方英尺。

草坪面积为 90150=1350090 \cdot 150 = 13500 平方英尺,所以所需时间为 1350010000=1.35 \frac{13500}{10000} = 1.35 小时。

因此,正确答案是 C

Because of the overlap, each pass adds a strip 284=2428 - 4 = 24 inches =2= 2 feet wide. So each foot Moe walks mows 22 square feet, that is, 25000=100002 \cdot 5000 = 10000 square feet per hour.

The lawn has area 90150=1350090 \cdot 150 = 13500 square feet, so the time is 1350010000=1.35 \frac{13500}{10000} = 1.35 hours.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

5.

许多电视屏幕是用对角线长度来度量的长方形。标准电视屏幕的水平长度与高度之比为 4:34 : 3。一台 2727 英寸电视屏幕的水平长度最接近下列哪一个数,单位为英寸?

Many television screens are rectangles that are measured by the length of their diagonals. The ratio of the horizontal length to the height in a standard television screen is 4:3.4 : 3. The horizontal length of a 2727-inch television screen is closest, in inches, to which of the following?

2020

20.520.5

2121

21.521.5

2222

难度评级:1050
小提示:

若边长比为 4:34 : 3,则高度、水平长度和对角线之比为 3:4:53 : 4 : 5

With sides in ratio 4:3,4 : 3, the height, length, and diagonal are in ratio 3:4:53 : 4 : 5

大提示:

对角线为 2727,所以水平长度是 272745\dfrac{4}{5}

The diagonal is 27,27, so the horizontal length is 45\dfrac{4}{5} of 2727

解答:

边长比为 4:34 : 3 的长方形,其高度、水平长度和对角线之比为 3:4:53 : 4 : 5。对角线为 2727,所以水平长度为 45(27)=21.6 \frac{4}{5}(27) = 21.6\text{,} 最接近 21.521.5

因此,正确答案是 D

A rectangle with side ratio 4:34 : 3 has height, length, and diagonal in ratio 3:4:5.3 : 4 : 5. With diagonal 27,27, the horizontal length is 45(27)=21.6, \frac{4}{5}(27) = 21.6, which is closest to 21.5.21.5.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

6.

一个等比数列的第二项和第四项分别是 2266。下列哪一项可能是第一项?

The second and fourth terms of a geometric sequence are 22 and 6.6. Which of the following is a possible first term?

3-\sqrt{3}

233-\dfrac{2\sqrt{3}}{3}

33-\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{3}

3\sqrt{3}

33

知识点:等比数列根式
难度评级:1290
小提示:

若第一项为 aa,公比为 rr,则 ar=2ar = 2ar3=6ar^3 = 6

If the first term is aa and the ratio is r,r, then ar=2ar = 2 and ar3=6ar^3 = 6

大提示:

两式相除得到 r2=3r^2 = 3,所以 r=±3r = \pm\sqrt{3}

Dividing the two equations gives r2=3,r^2 = 3, so r=±3r = \pm\sqrt{3}

解答:

设第一项为 aa,公比为 rr,则 ar=2ar = 2,且 ar3=6ar^3 = 6,因此 r2=3r^2 = 3r=±3r = \pm\sqrt{3}

第一项为 a=2r=±23=±233 a = \frac{2}{r} = \pm\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}} = \pm\frac{2\sqrt{3}}{3}\text{。} 选项中出现的是 233-\dfrac{2\sqrt{3}}{3}

因此,正确答案是 B

Let the first term be aa and the common ratio r.r. Then ar=2ar = 2 and ar3=6,ar^3 = 6, so r2=3r^2 = 3 and r=±3.r = \pm\sqrt{3}.

The first term is a=2r=±23=±233. a = \frac{2}{r} = \pm\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}} = \pm\frac{2\sqrt{3}}{3}. The choice 233-\dfrac{2\sqrt{3}}{3} appears among the options.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

7.

Penniless Pete 的存钱罐里没有便士,但有 100100 枚硬币,全部是镍币、角币和二十五美分硬币,总价值为 $8.35\$8.35。存钱罐不一定三种硬币都有。角币数量可能的最大值与最小值之差是多少?

Penniless Pete’s piggy bank has no pennies in it, but it has 100100 coins, all nickels, dimes, and quarters, whose total value is $8.35.\$8.35. It does not necessarily contain coins of all three types. What is the difference between the largest and smallest number of dimes that could be in the bank?

00

1313

3737

6464

8383

难度评级:1430
小提示:

设镍币、角币、二十五美分硬币数分别为 nnddqq,则有 n+d+q=100n + d + q = 1005n+10d+25q=8355n + 10d + 25q = 835

With nn nickels, dd dimes, qq quarters: n+d+q=100n + d + q = 100 and 5n+10d+25q=8355n + 10d + 25q = 835

大提示:

消去 nnd+4q=67d + 4q = 67,再利用 n,d,q0n,d,q \ge 0 且均为整数来限制 qq

Eliminate nn to get d+4q=67,d + 4q = 67, then bound qq so that n,d,q0n,d,q \ge 0 are integers

解答:

设镍币、角币、二十五美分硬币数分别为 nnddqq,则 n+d+q=100n + d + q = 100,且把总价值方程除以 55n+2d+5q=167n + 2d + 5q = 167

两式相减得 d+4q=67d + 4q = 67,所以 d=674qd = 67 - 4q

q=0q = 0dd 最大,得到 d=67d = 67(此时 n=33n = 33)。当 q=16q = 16 时,角币数最小,得到 d=3d = 3(此时 n=81n = 81)。差为 673=6467 - 3 = 64

因此,正确答案是 D

Let n,n, d,d, qq be the numbers of nickels, dimes, quarters. Then n+d+q=100n + d + q = 100 and n+2d+5q=167n + 2d + 5q = 167 (dividing the value equation by 55).

Subtracting gives d+4q=67,d + 4q = 67, so d=674q.d = 67 - 4q.

The largest dd is at q=0,q = 0, giving d=67d = 67 (with n=33n = 33). The smallest occurs at q=16,q = 16, giving d=3d = 3 (with n=81n = 81). The difference is 673=64.67 - 3 = 64.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

8.

(x)\clubsuit(x) 表示正整数 xx 的各位数字之和。例如,(8)=8\clubsuit(8) = 8,且 (123)=1+2+3=6\clubsuit(123) = 1 + 2 + 3 = 6。有多少个两位数 xx 满足 ((x))=3\clubsuit(\clubsuit(x)) = 3

Let (x)\clubsuit(x) denote the sum of the digits of the positive integer x.x. For example, (8)=8\clubsuit(8) = 8 and (123)=1+2+3=6.\clubsuit(123) = 1 + 2 + 3 = 6. For how many two-digit values of xx is ((x))=3?\clubsuit(\clubsuit(x)) = 3?

33

44

66

99

1010

知识点:数字分类讨论
难度评级:1390
小提示:

y=(x)y = \clubsuit(x)。对两位数 xxyy 介于 111818 之间

Let y=(x).y = \clubsuit(x). For a two-digit x,x, yy is between 11 and 1818

大提示:

(y)=3\clubsuit(y) = 3 迫使 y=3y = 3y=12y = 12;分别数出数字和为这些值的两位数 xx

(y)=3\clubsuit(y) = 3 forces y=3y = 3 or y=12;y = 12; count two-digit xx with each digit sum

解答:

y=(x)y = \clubsuit(x)。因为 x99x \le 99,所以 y18y \le 18。因此 (y)=3\clubsuit(y) = 3 要求 y=3y = 3y=12y = 12

数字和为 33 的两位数是 12,21,3012, 21, 3033 个),数字和为 1212 的两位数是 39,48,57,66,75,84,9339, 48, 57, 66, 75, 84, 9377 个),共 1010 个。

因此,正确答案是 E

Let y=(x).y = \clubsuit(x). Since x99,x \le 99, we have y18.y \le 18. Then (y)=3\clubsuit(y) = 3 requires y=3y = 3 or y=12.y = 12.

The two-digit numbers with digit sum 33 are 12,21,3012, 21, 30 (33 values), and those with digit sum 1212 are 39,48,57,66,75,84,9339, 48, 57, 66, 75, 84, 93 (77 values), for 1010 in all.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

9.

ff 是线性函数,且 f(6)f(2)=12f(6) - f(2) = 12f(12)f(2)f(12) - f(2) 是多少?

Let ff be a linear function for which f(6)f(2)=12.f(6) - f(2) = 12. What is f(12)f(2)?f(12) - f(2)?

1212

1818

2424

3030

3636

知识点:斜率一次方程
难度评级:1040
小提示:

线性函数有恒定的变化率,也就是斜率

A linear function has a constant rate of change (slope)

大提示:

斜率为 f(6)f(2)62\dfrac{f(6) - f(2)}{6 - 2},答案是该斜率乘以 12212 - 2

The slope is f(6)f(2)62,\dfrac{f(6) - f(2)}{6 - 2}, and the answer is that slope times 12212 - 2

解答:

ff 的斜率为 f(6)f(2)62=124=3 \frac{f(6) - f(2)}{6 - 2} = \frac{12}{4} = 3\text{。}

因此 f(12)f(2)=3(122)=30 f(12) - f(2) = 3(12 - 2) = 30\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 D

The slope of ff is f(6)f(2)62=124=3. \frac{f(6) - f(2)}{6 - 2} = \frac{12}{4} = 3.

Therefore f(12)f(2)=3(122)=30. f(12) - f(2) = 3(12 - 2) = 30.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

10.

把两个等边三角形接到正五边形 ABCDEABCDE 的五个图示位置中的两个位置上,可以得到若干图形。按这种方式能构造出多少个互不全等的图形?

Several figures can be made by attaching two equilateral triangles to the regular pentagon ABCDEABCDE in two of the five positions shown. How many non-congruent figures can be constructed in this way?

11

22

33

44

55

难度评级:1490
小提示:

利用对称性,先假设一个三角形接在固定的一边上,再放第二个

By symmetry, assume one triangle is attached to a fixed side, then place the second

大提示:

除去反射对称,第二个三角形只分为接在相邻边和非相邻边两种情况

Only the two sides adjacent versus non-adjacent to the fixed side give different shapes, up to reflection

解答:

假设一个三角形接在边 ABAB 上。第二个三角形可以接在与 ABAB 相隔一步或两步的边上。

接在 BCBCCDCD 上得到两种图形;接在 AEAEDEDE 上得到的图形分别是前两种关于五边形对称轴的镜像。

因此只有 22 个互不全等的图形。

因此,正确答案是 B

Assume one triangle is attached to side AB.AB. The second triangle can be attached to a side that is one step away or two steps away from AB.AB.

Attaching it to BCBC or CDCD gives two figures; attaching it to AEAE or DEDE gives figures that are mirror images of these across the pentagon’s axis of symmetry.

So there are only 22 non-congruent figures.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

11.

Cassandra 在中午把手表调到正确时间。实际时间为下午 1:001{:}00 整时,她发现手表显示 12:5712{:}573636 秒。假设她的手表以恒定速率走慢,当她的手表第一次显示晚上 10:0010{:}00 整时,实际时间是多少?

Cassandra sets her watch to the correct time at noon. At the actual time of 1:001{:}00 PM, she notices that her watch reads 12:5712{:}57 and 3636 seconds. Assuming that her watch loses time at a constant rate, what will be the actual time when her watch first reads 10:0010{:}00 PM?

晚上 10:2210{:}222424

10:2210{:}22 PM and 2424 seconds

晚上 10:2410{:}24

10:2410{:}24 PM

晚上 10:2510{:}25

10:2510{:}25 PM

晚上 10:2710{:}27

10:2710{:}27 PM

晚上 10:3010{:}30

10:3010{:}30 PM

知识点:速率比与比例
难度评级:1390
小提示:

实际经过 6060 分钟时,手表只记录了 57.657.6 分钟

In 6060 real minutes the watch records only 57.657.6 minutes

大提示:

若手表显示中午后 tt 分钟,则实际经过时间为 6057.6t=2524t\dfrac{60}{57.6}\,t = \dfrac{25}{24}\,t

If the watch shows tt minutes past noon, the real time is 6057.6t=2524t\dfrac{60}{57.6}\,t = \dfrac{25}{24}\,t

解答:

实际经过 6060 分钟时,手表只前进了 57573636=57.6= 57.6 分钟。因此当手表显示中午后 tt 分钟时,实际经过时间为 6057.6t=2524t\dfrac{60}{57.6}t = \dfrac{25}{24}t 分钟。

手表显示晚上 10:0010{:}00 整时,记录经过了 600600 分钟,所以实际经过时间为 2524(600)=625 \frac{25}{24}(600) = 625 分钟 =10= 10 小时 2525 分钟。因此实际时间是晚上 10:2510{:}25

因此,正确答案是 C

In 6060 real minutes the watch advances only 5757 minutes 3636 seconds =57.6= 57.6 minutes. So when the watch shows tt minutes past noon, the real elapsed time is 6057.6t=2524t\dfrac{60}{57.6}t = \dfrac{25}{24}t minutes.

The watch reads 10:0010{:}00 PM after 600600 recorded minutes, so the real elapsed time is 2524(600)=625 \frac{25}{24}(600) = 625 minutes =10= 10 hours 2525 minutes past noon. The actual time is 10:2510{:}25 PM.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

12.

对所有正偶数 nn,能整除 (n+1)(n+3)(n+5)(n+7)(n+9) \begin{aligned} &(n + 1)(n + 3)(n + 5) \\ &\quad {}\cdot (n + 7)(n + 9) \end{aligned} 的最大整数是多少?

What is the largest integer that is a divisor of (n+1)(n+3)(n+5)(n+7)(n+9) \begin{aligned} &(n + 1)(n + 3)(n + 5) \\ &\quad {}\cdot (n + 7)(n + 9) \end{aligned} for all positive even integers n?n?

33

55

1111

1515

165165

难度评级:1530
小提示:

nn 为偶数时,这些因数是五个连续的奇数

For even n,n, the factors are five consecutive odd numbers

大提示:

任意五个连续奇数中,必有一个是 33 的倍数,也有一个是 55 的倍数

Among any five consecutive odd numbers, one is a multiple of 33 and one is a multiple of 55

解答:

nn 为偶数时,这五个因数是连续奇数。任意五个连续奇数中至少有一个能被 33 整除,且有一个能被 55 整除,所以乘积总能被 1515 整除。

没有更大的整数总是可行:当 n=20n = 20n=10n = 10 时,乘积分别为 212325272921 \cdot 23 \cdot 25 \cdot 27 \cdot 29111315171911 \cdot 13 \cdot 15 \cdot 17 \cdot 19,它们的最大公因数是 1515

因此,正确答案是 D

For even n,n, the five factors are consecutive odd numbers. Among any five consecutive odd numbers, at least one is divisible by 33 and exactly one by 5,5, so the product is always divisible by 15.15.

No larger divisor always works: the products for n=10n = 10 and n=20n = 20 are 111315171911 \cdot 13 \cdot 15 \cdot 17 \cdot 19 and 2123252729,21 \cdot 23 \cdot 25 \cdot 27 \cdot 29, whose greatest common divisor is 15.15.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

13.

一个冰淇淋甜筒由一个香草冰淇淋球和一个与球直径相同的直圆锥组成。若冰淇淋融化,它正好装满圆锥。假设融化后的冰淇淋体积是冷冻时体积的 75%75\%。圆锥的高与半径之比是多少?

An ice cream cone consists of a sphere of vanilla ice cream and a right circular cone that has the same diameter as the sphere. If the ice cream melts, it will exactly fill the cone. Assume that the melted ice cream occupies 75%75\% of the volume of the frozen ice cream. What is the ratio of the cone’s height to its radius?

2:12 : 1

3:13 : 1

4:14 : 1

16:316 : 3

6:16 : 1

知识点:圆锥体积
难度评级:1490
小提示:

球和圆锥有相同的半径 rr;球体积为 43πr3\dfrac{4}{3}\pi r^3

The sphere and cone share the same radius r;r; sphere volume is 43πr3\dfrac{4}{3}\pi r^3

大提示:

令球体积的 75%75\% 等于圆锥体积 13πr2h\dfrac{1}{3}\pi r^2 h

Set 75%75\% of the sphere’s volume equal to the cone’s volume 13πr2h\dfrac{1}{3}\pi r^2 h

解答:

设共同半径为 rr,圆锥高为 hh。融化后的冰淇淋装满圆锥,所以 3443πr3=13πr2h \frac{3}{4}\cdot\frac{4}{3}\pi r^3 = \frac{1}{3}\pi r^2 h\text{。}

化简得 πr3=13πr2h\pi r^3 = \dfrac{1}{3}\pi r^2 h,所以 h=3rh = 3r,比为 3:13 : 1

因此,正确答案是 B

Let rr be the common radius and hh the cone’s height. The melted ice cream fills the cone, so 3443πr3=13πr2h. \frac{3}{4}\cdot\frac{4}{3}\pi r^3 = \frac{1}{3}\pi r^2 h.

This simplifies to πr3=13πr2h,\pi r^3 = \dfrac{1}{3}\pi r^2 h, so h=3r,h = 3r, a ratio of 3:1.3 : 1.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

14.

在长方形 ABCDABCD 中,AB=5AB = 5BC=3BC = 3。点 FFGGCD\overline{CD} 上,且 DF=1DF = 1GC=2GC = 2。直线 AFAFBGBG 相交于 EE。求 AEB\triangle AEB 的面积。

In rectangle ABCD,ABCD, AB=5AB = 5 and BC=3.BC = 3. Points FF and GG are on CD\overline{CD} so that DF=1DF = 1 and GC=2.GC = 2. Lines AFAF and BGBG intersect at E.E. Find the area of AEB.\triangle AEB.

1010

212\dfrac{21}{2}

1212

252\dfrac{25}{2}

1515

难度评级:1580
小提示:

FG=512=2FG = 5 - 1 - 2 = 2,且 FEG\triangle FEGAEB\triangle AEB 相似

FG=512=2,FG = 5 - 1 - 2 = 2, and FEG\triangle FEG is similar to AEB\triangle AEB

大提示:

EE 到直线 CDCD 的距离为 kk;到 ABAB 的距离为 k+3k + 3,且 kk+3=25\dfrac{k}{k+3} = \dfrac{2}{5}

Let the distance from EE to line CDCD be k;k; the distance to ABAB is k+3,k + 3, with ratio kk+3=25\dfrac{k}{k+3} = \dfrac{2}{5}

解答:

因为 FG=512=2FG = 5 - 1 - 2 = 2,且 FGAB\overline{FG} \parallel \overline{AB},所以三角形 FEGFEGAEBAEB 相似,相似比为 FGAB=25\dfrac{FG}{AB} = \dfrac{2}{5}

EE 到直线 CDCD 的距离为 kk,则 EEABAB 的距离为 k+3k + 3,且 kk+3=25 \frac{k}{k + 3} = \frac{2}{5}\text{,} 解得 k=2k = 2

AEB\triangle AEB 的高为 k+3=5k + 3 = 5,所以面积为 12(5)(5)=252 \frac{1}{2}(5)(5) = \frac{25}{2}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 D

Since FG=512=2FG = 5 - 1 - 2 = 2 and FGAB,\overline{FG} \parallel \overline{AB}, triangles FEGFEG and AEBAEB are similar with ratio FGAB=25.\dfrac{FG}{AB} = \dfrac{2}{5}.

Let the distance from EE to line CDCD be k.k. Then the distance from EE to ABAB is k+3,k + 3, and kk+3=25, \frac{k}{k + 3} = \frac{2}{5}, giving k=2.k = 2.

The height of AEB\triangle AEB is k+3=5,k + 3 = 5, so its area is 12(5)(5)=252. \frac{1}{2}(5)(5) = \frac{25}{2}.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

15.

正八边形 ABCDEFGHABCDEFGH 的面积为一平方单位。长方形 ABEFABEF 的面积是多少?

A regular octagon ABCDEFGHABCDEFGH has an area of one square unit. What is the area of the rectangle ABEF?ABEF?

1221 - \dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}

24\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{4}

21\sqrt{2} - 1

12\dfrac{1}{2}

1+24\dfrac{1 + \sqrt{2}}{4}

难度评级:1740
小提示:

OO 为八边形中心,也就是对角线 AEAE 的中点

Let OO be the center of the octagon, which is the midpoint of diagonal AEAE

大提示:

AOB\triangle AOB 是从中心分出的八个三角形之一,所以面积为 18\dfrac{1}{8}

AOB\triangle AOB is one of the eight triangles from the center, so it has area 18\dfrac{1}{8}

解答:

OO 为八边形中心。连接 OO 与各顶点,把八边形分成 88 个全等三角形,所以 AOB\triangle AOB 的面积为 18\dfrac{1}{8}

因为 OOAE\overline{AE} 的中点,三角形 AOBAOBBOEBOE 面积相等,所以 ABE\triangle ABE 的面积为 14\dfrac{1}{4}

长方形 ABEFABEF 被对角线 BE\overline{BE} 分成两个全等三角形,所以 ABE\triangle ABE 是它的一半。因此 ABEFABEF 的面积为 12\dfrac{1}{2}

因此,正确答案是 D

Let OO be the center of the octagon. Joining OO to the vertices splits the octagon into 88 congruent triangles, so AOB\triangle AOB has area 18.\dfrac{1}{8}.

Since OO is the midpoint of AE,\overline{AE}, triangles AOBAOB and BOEBOE have equal areas, so ABE\triangle ABE has area 14.\dfrac{1}{4}.

The rectangle ABEFABEF is split by diagonal BE\overline{BE} into two congruent triangles, so ABE\triangle ABE is half of it. Hence ABEFABEF has area 12.\dfrac{1}{2}.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

16.

在半径为 22 的半圆的直径 AB\overline{AB} 上作三个半径为 11 的半圆。小半圆的圆心把 AB\overline{AB} 分成四段相等的线段,如图所示。位于大半圆内且在小半圆外的阴影区域面积是多少?

Three semicircles of radius 11 are constructed on diameter AB\overline{AB} of a semicircle of radius 2.2. The centers of the small semicircles divide AB\overline{AB} into four line segments of equal length, as shown. What is the area of the shaded region that lies within the large semicircle but outside the smaller semicircles?

π3\pi - \sqrt{3}

π2\pi - \sqrt{2}

π+22\dfrac{\pi + \sqrt{2}}{2}

π+32\dfrac{\pi + \sqrt{3}}{2}

76π32\dfrac{7}{6}\pi - \dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2}

难度评级:1680
小提示:

大半圆面积为 12π(2)2=2π\dfrac{1}{2}\pi(2)^2 = 2\pi

The large semicircle has area 12π(2)2=2π\dfrac{1}{2}\pi(2)^2 = 2\pi

大提示:

用容斥原理:从三个小半圆的总面积中减去两块重叠部分

Use inclusion-exclusion: subtract the two overlaps from the total area of the three small semicircles

解答:

大半圆面积为 12π(2)2=2π\dfrac{1}{2}\pi(2)^2 = 2\pi

在计入重叠之前,三个小半圆的总面积为 3π2\dfrac{3\pi}{2}。每相邻两个小半圆的圆心相距 11,所以它们的公共部分由两个 6060^\circ 扇形和一个等边三角形围成。因此两块重叠部分的面积各为 π334\dfrac{\pi}{3} - \dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{4}

阴影面积为 2π[3π22(π334)]=76π32 \begin{aligned} &2\pi - \left[\frac{3\pi}{2} - 2\left(\frac{\pi}{3} - \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4}\right)\right] \\ &= \frac{7}{6}\pi - \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 E

The large semicircle has area 12π(2)2=2π.\dfrac{1}{2}\pi(2)^2 = 2\pi.

The three small semicircles have total area 3π2\dfrac{3\pi}{2} before their overlaps are accounted for. The centers of each adjacent pair are 11 unit apart, so their intersection is bounded by two 6060^\circ sectors and an equilateral triangle. Each of the two overlaps therefore has area π334.\dfrac{\pi}{3} - \dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{4}.

The shaded area is 2π[3π22(π334)]=76π32. \begin{aligned} &2\pi - \left[\frac{3\pi}{2} - 2\left(\frac{\pi}{3} - \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4}\right)\right] \\ &= \frac{7}{6}\pi - \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is E.

17.

log(xy3)=1\log(xy^3) = 1log(x2y)=1\log(x^2y) = 1log(xy)\log(xy) 是多少?

If log(xy3)=1\log(xy^3) = 1 and log(x2y)=1,\log(x^2y) = 1, what is log(xy)?\log(xy)?

12-\dfrac{1}{2}

00

12\dfrac{1}{2}

35\dfrac{3}{5}

11

知识点:对数方程组
难度评级:1540
小提示:

X=logxX = \log xY=logyY = \log y;方程会变成关于 XXYY 的线性方程

Let X=logxX = \log x and Y=logy;Y = \log y; the equations become linear in XX and YY

大提示:

X+3Y=1X + 3Y = 12X+Y=12X + Y = 1,再求 X+YX + Y

Solve X+3Y=1X + 3Y = 1 and 2X+Y=1,2X + Y = 1, then compute X+YX + Y

解答:

X=logxX = \log xY=logyY = \log y,则 X+3Y=1X + 3Y = 12X+Y=12X + Y = 1\text{。}

解得 X=25X = \dfrac{2}{5}Y=15Y = \dfrac{1}{5},所以 log(xy)=X+Y=35 \log(xy) = X + Y = \frac{3}{5}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 D

Let X=logxX = \log x and Y=logy.Y = \log y. Then X+3Y=1X + 3Y = 1 and 2X+Y=1.2X + Y = 1.

Solving gives X=25X = \dfrac{2}{5} and Y=15,Y = \dfrac{1}{5}, so log(xy)=X+Y=35. \log(xy) = X + Y = \frac{3}{5}.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

18.

xxyy 为正整数,且 7x5=11y137x^5 = 11y^{13}xx 的最小可能值的素因数分解为 acbda^c b^da+b+c+da + b + c + d 是多少?

Let xx and yy be positive integers such that 7x5=11y13.7x^5 = 11y^{13}. The minimum possible value of xx has a prime factorization acbd.a^c b^d. What is a+b+c+d?a + b + c + d?

3030

3131

3232

3333

3434

难度评级:1710
小提示:

最小的 xx 只需要用素数 771111,因此写成 x=7c11dx = 7^c 11^d

The minimum xx uses only the primes 77 and 11,11, so write x=7c11dx = 7^c 11^d

大提示:

比较 771111 的指数:需要 5c+10(mod13)5c + 1 \equiv 0 \pmod{13}5d1(mod13)5d \equiv 1 \pmod{13}

Match exponents of 77 and 11:11: need 5c+10(mod13)5c + 1 \equiv 0 \pmod{13} and 5d1(mod13)5d \equiv 1 \pmod{13}

解答:

要使 xx 最小,xxyy 都不应含有 771111 以外的素因数。写成 x=7c11dx = 7^c 11^d,则 7x5=75c+1115d7x^5 = 7^{5c+1} 11^{5d}。再写成 y=7m11ny = 7^m 11^n,需要 75c+1115d=713m1113n+17^{5c+1}11^{5d} = 7^{13m}11^{13n+1}

比较指数:5c+10(mod13)5c + 1 \equiv 0 \pmod{13} 给出最小的 c=5c = 5,而 5d1(mod13)5d \equiv 1 \pmod{13} 给出最小的 d=8d = 8。所以 a=7a = 7b=11b = 11a+b+c+d=7+11+5+8=31 \begin{aligned} &a + b + c + d \\ &= 7 + 11 + 5 + 8 = 31 \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 B

For the minimum x,x, neither xx nor yy has prime factors other than 77 and 11.11. Write x=7c11d,x = 7^c 11^d, so 7x5=75c+1115d.7x^5 = 7^{5c+1} 11^{5d}. Writing y=7m11n,y = 7^m 11^n, we need 75c+1115d=713m1113n+1.7^{5c+1}11^{5d} = 7^{13m}11^{13n+1}.

Matching exponents: 5c+10(mod13)5c + 1 \equiv 0 \pmod{13} gives the least c=5,c = 5, and 5d1(mod13)5d \equiv 1 \pmod{13} gives the least d=8.d = 8. So a=7,a = 7, b=11,b = 11, and a+b+c+d=7+11+5+8=31. \begin{aligned} &a + b + c + d \\ &= 7 + 11 + 5 + 8 = 31. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is B.

19.

SS 为序列 1122334455 的所有排列中第一项不是 11 的排列集合。从 SS 中随机选一个排列。若第二项为 22 的概率化为最简分数为 ab\frac{a}{b}a+ba + b 是多少?

Let SS be the set of permutations of the sequence 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, 4,4, 55 for which the first term is not 1.1. A permutation is chosen randomly from S.S. The probability that the second term is 2,2, in lowest terms, is ab.\frac{a}{b}. What is a+b?a + b?

55

66

1111

1616

1919

知识点:排列条件概率
难度评级:1620
小提示:

直接数 SS:第一项有 44 种选择,其余四项有 4!4! 种排列

Count SS directly: 44 choices for the first term, then 4!4! for the rest

大提示:

SS 中第二项为 22 的排列:第一项只能是 3,43, 455

Count permutations in SS whose second term is 2:2: the first term is 3,4,3, 4, or 55

解答:

集合 SS 中有 44!=964 \cdot 4! = 96 个排列,因为第一项有 44 种选择,剩下四项可按 4!4! 种方式任意排列。

若第二项为 22,第一项必须是 3,43, 455(不能是 11 也不能是 22),有 33 种选择,剩下三项有 3!3! 种排列,共 33!=183 \cdot 3! = 18 个。

概率为 1896=316\dfrac{18}{96} = \dfrac{3}{16},所以 a+b=3+16=19a + b = 3 + 16 = 19

因此,正确答案是 E

The set SS contains 44!=964 \cdot 4! = 96 permutations, since the first term has 44 choices and the remaining four terms can be arranged in 4!4! ways.

For the second term to be 2,2, the first term must be 3,4,3, 4, or 55 (not 1,1, not 22), giving 33 choices, and the remaining three terms can be arranged in 3!3! ways: 33!=18.3 \cdot 3! = 18.

The probability is 1896=316,\dfrac{18}{96} = \dfrac{3}{16}, so a+b=3+16=19.a + b = 3 + 16 = 19.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

20.

图中给出了 f(x)=ax3+bx2+cx+df(x) = ax^3 + bx^2 + cx + d 的部分图像。bb 是多少?

Part of the graph of f(x)=ax3+bx2+cx+df(x) = ax^3 + bx^2 + cx + d is shown. What is b?b?

4-4

2-2

00

22

44

知识点:多项式换元法
难度评级:1580
小提示:

从图像读出 f(1)=0f(-1) = 0f(1)=0f(1) = 0,和 f(0)=2f(0) = 2

Read off f(1)=0,f(-1) = 0, f(1)=0,f(1) = 0, and f(0)=2f(0) = 2 from the graph

大提示:

f(1)+f(1)f(1) + f(-1) 相加会消去 aacc,留下 2b+2d=02b + 2d = 0

Adding f(1)+f(1)f(1) + f(-1) eliminates aa and c,c, leaving 2b+2d=02b + 2d = 0

解答:

图像经过 (1,0)(-1, 0)(1,0)(1, 0),和 (0,2)(0, 2)。所以 f(0)=d=2f(0) = d = 2

将两式相加:f(1)+f(1)=(a+b+c+d)+(a+bc+d)=2b+2d=0 \begin{aligned} &f(1) + f(-1) \\ &= (a + b + c + d) \\ &\quad {}+ (-a + b - c + d) \\ &= 2b + 2d = 0\text{,} \end{aligned} 因此 b=d=2b = -d = -2

因此,正确答案是 B

The graph passes through (1,0),(-1, 0), (1,0),(1, 0), and (0,2).(0, 2). So f(0)=d=2.f(0) = d = 2.

Adding f(1)+f(1)=(a+b+c+d)+(a+bc+d)=2b+2d=0, \begin{aligned} &f(1) + f(-1) \\ &= (a + b + c + d) \\ &\quad {}+ (-a + b - c + d) \\ &= 2b + 2d = 0, \end{aligned} so b=d=2.b = -d = -2.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

21.

一个物体从 AA 沿直线移动 88 cm 到 BB,再转过角 α\alpha。这个角以弧度计,从区间 (0,π)(0, \pi) 中随机选取。随后物体沿直线移动 55 cm 到 CCAC<7AC \lt 7 的概率是多少?

An object moves 88 cm in a straight line from AA to B,B, turns at an angle α,\alpha, measured in radians and chosen at random from the interval (0,π),(0, \pi), and moves 55 cm in a straight line to C.C. What is the probability that AC<7?AC \lt 7?

16\dfrac{1}{6}

15\dfrac{1}{5}

14\dfrac{1}{4}

13\dfrac{1}{3}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

难度评级:1910
小提示:

β=πα\beta = \pi - \alphaABC\triangle ABCBB 处的内角;对该三角形使用余弦定理

Let β=πα\beta = \pi - \alpha be the interior angle at B;B; apply the Law of Cosines to ABC\triangle ABC

大提示:

AC2=8980cosβAC^2 = 89 - 80\cos\beta,所以 AC<7AC \lt 7 等价于 cosβ>12\cos\beta \gt \dfrac{1}{2}

AC2=8980cosβ,AC^2 = 89 - 80\cos\beta, so AC<7AC \lt 7 is equivalent to cosβ>12\cos\beta \gt \dfrac{1}{2}

解答:

β=πα\beta = \pi - \alphaABC\triangle ABCBB 处的内角。由余弦定理,AC2=82+522(8)(5)cosβ=8980cosβ \begin{aligned} &AC^2 = 8^2 + 5^2 \\ &\quad {}- 2(8)(5)\cos\beta \\ &= 89 - 80\cos\beta \end{aligned}\text{。}

于是 AC<7AC \lt 7 表示 8980cosβ<4989 - 80\cos\beta \lt 49,即 cosβ>12\cos\beta \gt \dfrac{1}{2},也就是 β<π3\beta \lt \dfrac{\pi}{3}

因为 α\alpha(0,π)(0, \pi) 上均匀分布,所以 β\beta 也均匀分布。概率为 π3π=13 \frac{\frac{\pi}{3}}{\pi} = \frac{1}{3}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 D

Let β=πα\beta = \pi - \alpha be the interior angle of ABC\triangle ABC at B.B. By the Law of Cosines, AC2=82+522(8)(5)cosβ=8980cosβ. \begin{aligned} &AC^2 = 8^2 + 5^2 \\ &\quad {}- 2(8)(5)\cos\beta \\ &= 89 - 80\cos\beta. \end{aligned}

Then AC<7AC \lt 7 means 8980cosβ<49,89 - 80\cos\beta \lt 49, i.e. cosβ>12,\cos\beta \gt \dfrac{1}{2}, i.e. β<π3.\beta \lt \dfrac{\pi}{3}.

As α\alpha is uniform on (0,π),(0, \pi), so is β.\beta. The probability is π3π=13. \frac{\frac{\pi}{3}}{\pi} = \frac{1}{3}.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

22.

ABCDABCD 是菱形,且 AC=16AC = 16BD=30BD = 30。设 NNAB\overline{AB} 上一点,PPQQ 分别是从 NNAC\overline{AC}BD\overline{BD} 的垂足。下列哪一项最接近 PQPQ 的最小可能值?

Let ABCDABCD be a rhombus with AC=16AC = 16 and BD=30.BD = 30. Let NN be a point on AB,\overline{AB}, and let PP and QQ be the feet of the perpendiculars from NN to AC\overline{AC} and BD,\overline{BD}, respectively. Which of the following is closest to the minimum possible value of PQ?PQ?

6.56.5

6.756.75

77

7.257.25

7.57.5

难度评级:2020
小提示:

OO 为中心;菱形对角线垂直,所以 OPNQOPNQ 是长方形,且 PQ=ONPQ = ON

Let OO be the center; the diagonals meet at right angles, so OPNQOPNQ is a rectangle and PQ=ONPQ = ON

大提示:

NN 是直角三角形 AOBAOB 中从 OO 向斜边作的垂足时,ONON 最小,其中两条直角边为 881515

ONON is smallest when NN is the foot of the altitude from OO in right triangle AOBAOB with legs 88 and 1515

解答:

OO 为两条对角线的交点。则 AOB\triangle AOBOO 处为直角,且 OA=8OA = 8OB=15OB = 15。四边形 OPNQOPNQOOPPQQ 处均为直角,所以它是长方形,且 PQ=ONPQ = ON

ONON 的最小值是在 AOB\triangle AOB 中从 OOAB\overline{AB} 的高。因为 AB=82+152=17AB = \sqrt{8^2 + 15^2} = 17,由两种面积表达式相等,得 ON=OAOBAB=81517=120177.06 \begin{aligned} ON &= \frac{OA \cdot OB}{AB} \\ &= \frac{8 \cdot 15}{17} \\ &= \frac{120}{17} \approx 7.06 \end{aligned}\text{。}

这最接近 77

因此,正确答案是 C

Let OO be the intersection of the diagonals. Then AOB\triangle AOB is right-angled at OO with legs OA=8OA = 8 and OB=15.OB = 15. Quadrilateral OPNQOPNQ has right angles at O,O, P,P, and Q,Q, so it is a rectangle and PQ=ON.PQ = ON.

The minimum of ONON is the altitude from OO to AB\overline{AB} in AOB.\triangle AOB. Since AB=82+152=17,AB = \sqrt{8^2 + 15^2} = 17, equating the two area expressions gives ON=OAOBAB=81517=120177.06. \begin{aligned} ON &= \frac{OA \cdot OB}{AB} \\ &= \frac{8 \cdot 15}{17} \\ &= \frac{120}{17} \approx 7.06. \end{aligned}

This is closest to 7.7.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

23.

函数 y=sin(1x)y = \sin(\frac{1}{x}) 的图像在区间 (0.0001,0.001)(0.0001, 0.001) 中的 xx 轴截距个数最接近

The number of xx-intercepts on the graph of y=sin(1x)y = \sin(\frac{1}{x}) in the interval (0.0001,0.001)(0.0001, 0.001) is closest to

29002900

30003000

31003100

32003200

33003300

难度评级:1950
小提示:

sin(1x)=0\sin(\frac{1}{x}) = 0 当且仅当 1x=kπ\frac{1}{x} = k\pi,其中 kk 为非零整数,也就是 x=1kπx = \dfrac{1}{k\pi}

sin(1x)=0\sin(\frac{1}{x}) = 0 when 1x=kπ\frac{1}{x} = k\pi for a nonzero integer k,k, i.e. x=1kπx = \dfrac{1}{k\pi}

大提示:

数满足 1000π<k<10000π\dfrac{1000}{\pi} \lt k \lt \dfrac{10000}{\pi} 的整数 kk

Count integers kk with 1000π<k<10000π\dfrac{1000}{\pi} \lt k \lt \dfrac{10000}{\pi}

解答:

截距出现在 1x=kπ\frac{1}{x} = k\pi 时,也就是 x=1kπx = \dfrac{1}{k\pi},其中 kk 为非零整数。

条件 0.0001<1kπ<0.0010.0001 \lt \dfrac{1}{k\pi} \lt 0.001 化为 1000π<k<10000π \frac{1000}{\pi} \lt k \lt \frac{10000}{\pi}\text{。}

这样的整数个数为 10000π1000π=3183318=2865 \begin{aligned} &\left\lfloor \frac{10000}{\pi} \right\rfloor - \left\lfloor \frac{1000}{\pi} \right\rfloor \\ &= 3183 - 318 = 2865\text{,} \end{aligned} 最接近 29002900

因此,正确答案是 A

The intercepts occur where 1x=kπ,\frac{1}{x} = k\pi, that is x=1kπx = \dfrac{1}{k\pi} for a nonzero integer k.k.

The condition 0.0001<1kπ<0.0010.0001 \lt \dfrac{1}{k\pi} \lt 0.001 becomes 1000π<k<10000π. \frac{1000}{\pi} \lt k \lt \frac{10000}{\pi}.

The number of such integers is 10000π1000π=3183318=2865, \begin{aligned} &\left\lfloor \frac{10000}{\pi} \right\rfloor - \left\lfloor \frac{1000}{\pi} \right\rfloor \\ &= 3183 - 318 = 2865, \end{aligned} closest to 2900.2900.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

24.

选择正整数 aabbcc,使得 a<b<ca \lt b \lt c,且方程组 2x+y=20032x + y = 2003y=xa+xb+xc \begin{aligned} &y = |x - a| + |x - b| \\ &\quad {}+ |x - c| \end{aligned} 恰有一个解。cc 的最小值是多少?

Positive integers a,a, b,b, and cc are chosen so that a<b<c,a \lt b \lt c, and the system of equations 2x+y=20032x + y = 2003 and y=xa+xb+xc \begin{aligned} &y = |x - a| + |x - b| \\ &\quad {}+ |x - c| \end{aligned} has exactly one solution. What is the minimum value of c?c?

668668

669669

10021002

20032003

20042004

知识点:绝对值方程组
难度评级:2160
小提示:

y=xa+xb+xcy = |x-a| + |x-b| + |x-c| 的图像是分段线性的,斜率为 3,1,1,3-3, -1, 1, 3

The graph of y=xa+xb+xcy = |x-a| + |x-b| + |x-c| is piecewise linear with slopes 3,1,1,3-3, -1, 1, 3

大提示:

直线斜率为 2-2;恰有一个交点要求它经过 x=ax = a 处的折点,那里 y=b+c2ay = b + c - 2a

The line has slope 2;-2; a single intersection forces it to touch the corner at x=a,x = a, where y=b+c2ay = b + c - 2a

解答:

函数 y=xa+xb+xcy = |x-a| + |x-b| + |x-c| 是分段线性的,斜率依次为 3,1,1,3-3, -1, 1, 3,折点在 x=a,b,cx = a, b, c。直线 2x+y=20032x + y = 2003 的斜率为 2-2

斜率为 2-2 的直线与该图像恰好相交一次,当且仅当它经过最左边的折点 (a,b+c2a)(a,\, b + c - 2a),此处图像斜率从 3-3 跳到 1-1。代入得到 2a+(b+c2a)=2003 2a + (b + c - 2a) = 2003\text{,}所以 b+c=2003b + c = 2003

因为 b<cb \lt c,必须有 c>20032c \gt \dfrac{2003}{2},所以 c1002c \ge 1002。这个下界可以达到:取 a=1a = 1b=1001b = 1001,和 c=1002c = 1002。因此最小值为 10021002

所以正确答案是 C

The function y=xa+xb+xcy = |x-a| + |x-b| + |x-c| is piecewise linear with slopes 3,1,1,3-3, -1, 1, 3 and corners at x=a,b,c.x = a, b, c. The line 2x+y=20032x + y = 2003 has slope 2.-2.

A line of slope 2-2 meets this graph exactly once only if it passes through the leftmost corner (a,b+c2a),(a,\, b + c - 2a), where the graph’s slope jumps from 3-3 to 1.-1. Substituting, 2a+(b+c2a)=2003, 2a + (b + c - 2a) = 2003, so b+c=2003.b + c = 2003.

Since b<c,b \lt c, we need c>20032,c \gt \dfrac{2003}{2}, so c1002.c \ge 1002. This bound is attained: take a=1,a = 1, b=1001,b = 1001, and c=1002.c = 1002. Therefore the minimum is 1002.1002.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

25.

在一个圆上随机且独立地选取三个点。三点两两之间的距离都小于该圆半径的概率是多少?

Three points are chosen randomly and independently on a circle. What is the probability that all three pairwise distances between the points are less than the radius of the circle?

136\dfrac{1}{36}

124\dfrac{1}{24}

118\dfrac{1}{18}

112\dfrac{1}{12}

19\dfrac{1}{9}

知识点:几何概率
难度评级:2270
小提示:

一条弦短于半径,当且仅当它对应的弧小于 6060^\circ

A chord is shorter than the radius exactly when its arc measures less than 6060^\circ

大提示:

三条两两弦都短,恰好等价于三个点都落在某个 6060^\circ 弧内

All three pairwise chords are short precisely when the three points lie within some 6060^\circ arc

解答:

一条弦的长度小于半径,当且仅当它所对的弧小于 6060^\circ,因为 6060^\circ 弧对应的弦长正好等于半径。

三条两两弦都短于半径,恰好等价于三个点都位于某个 6060^\circ 弧内。

在任何成功的情形中,恰好有一个点是这样一段包含弧的逆时针端点(概率为零的边界情形除外)。这个端点有 33 种选法;另外两个点各自独立地以概率 16\dfrac{1}{6} 落在其后的 6060^\circ 弧内。因此所求概率为 3(16)2=112 3\left(\frac{1}{6}\right)^2 = \frac{1}{12}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 D

A chord has length less than the radius exactly when the arc it subtends is less than 60,60^\circ, since a chord of a 6060^\circ arc equals the radius.

All three pairwise chords are shorter than the radius precisely when the three points all lie within some arc of 60.60^\circ.

For any successful configuration, exactly one of the three points is the counterclockwise endpoint of such a containing arc (apart from probability-zero boundary cases). Choose that endpoint in 33 ways; each of the other two points independently has probability 16\dfrac{1}{6} of lying in the next 60.60^\circ. Hence the probability is 3(16)2=112. 3\left(\frac{1}{6}\right)^2 = \frac{1}{12}.

Thus, the correct answer is D.