2003 AMC 12B 真题
计时
1:15:00
1.
下列哪一项等于
Which of the following is the same as
小提示:
从分子和分母中分别提出公因数
Factor a common constant out of the numerator and the denominator
大提示:
两个括号中的和 完全相同
The two parenthesized sums are identical
解答:
从分子提出 ,从分母提出 得到
相同的括号和可以约去,剩下 。
因此,正确答案是 C。
Factor from the numerator and from the denominator:
The equal parenthesized sums cancel, leaving
Thus, the correct answer is C.
2.
Al 得了 algebritis,必须连续两周每天服用一粒绿色药丸和一粒粉色药丸。绿色药丸比粉色药丸贵 ,这两周的药丸总费用为 。一粒绿色药丸多少钱?
Al gets the disease algebritis and must take one green pill and one pink pill each day for two weeks. A green pill costs more than a pink pill, and Al’s pills cost a total of for the two weeks. How much does one green pill cost?
小提示:
两周是 天,所以先求一天一对药丸的费用
Two weeks is days, so find the cost of one day’s pair of pills first
大提示:
若绿色药丸价格为 ,则粉色药丸价格为 ,且 是一天的费用
If a green pill costs then the pink pill costs and is one day’s cost
解答:
共 天,两粒药丸的每日费用为
设一粒绿色药丸价格为 。粉色药丸价格为 ,所以 解得 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
Over days the daily cost of the two pills is
Let be the cost of a green pill. The pink pill costs so giving
Thus, the correct answer is D.
3.
Rose 把她的长方形花坛中的每个长方形区域种上不同种类的花。图中给出了这些长方形区域的边长,单位为英尺。她在每平方英尺种一株花。紫菀每株 ,秋海棠每株 ,美人蕉每株 ,大丽花每株 ,复活节百合每株 。她的花园最少可能花费多少美元?
Rose fills each of the rectangular regions of her rectangular flower bed with a different type of flower. The lengths, in feet, of the rectangular regions in her flower bed are as shown in the figure. She plants one flower per square foot in each region. Asters cost each, begonias each, cannas each, dahlias each, and Easter lilies each. What is the least possible cost, in dollars, for her garden?
小提示:
先从图中求出五个区域的面积
Find the area of each of the five regions from the figure
大提示:
要使总费用最小,把最贵的花种在最小的区域,依此类推
To minimize the total, put the most expensive flower in the smallest region and so on
解答:
五个区域的面积分别为 、、、 和 平方英尺。
为了使费用最小,应把越贵的花种在越小的区域。最小可能费用为
因此,正确答案是 A。
The five regions have areas and square feet.
To minimize the cost, plant the most expensive flowers in the smallest regions. The least possible cost is
Thus, the correct answer is A.
4.
Moe 用割草机修剪一块 英尺乘 英尺的长方形草坪。割草机每次割出的草带宽 英寸,但他每次会重叠 英寸,以确保没有漏割。他推割草机时的速度是每小时 英尺。下列哪一项最接近 Moe 修剪完草坪所需的小时数?
Moe uses a mower to cut his rectangular -foot by -foot lawn. The swath he cuts is inches wide, but he overlaps each cut by inches to make sure that no grass is missed. He walks at the rate of feet per hour while pushing the mower. Which of the following is closest to the number of hours it will take Moe to mow his lawn?
小提示:
因为有重叠,每次实际新增割草宽度为 英寸
Each pass effectively cuts a strip only inches wide because of the overlap
大提示:
英寸就是 英尺,所以每走一英尺就割 平方英尺
A -inch strip is feet wide, so each foot walked mows square feet
解答:
因为重叠,每次新增的草带宽度为 英寸 英尺。所以 Moe 每走一英尺就割 平方英尺,也就是每小时割 平方英尺。
草坪面积为 平方英尺,所以所需时间为 小时。
因此,正确答案是 C。
Because of the overlap, each pass adds a strip inches feet wide. So each foot Moe walks mows square feet, that is, square feet per hour.
The lawn has area square feet, so the time is hours.
Thus, the correct answer is C.
5.
许多电视屏幕是用对角线长度来度量的长方形。标准电视屏幕的水平长度与高度之比为 。一台 英寸电视屏幕的水平长度最接近下列哪一个数,单位为英寸?
Many television screens are rectangles that are measured by the length of their diagonals. The ratio of the horizontal length to the height in a standard television screen is The horizontal length of a -inch television screen is closest, in inches, to which of the following?
小提示:
若边长比为 ,则高度、水平长度和对角线之比为
With sides in ratio the height, length, and diagonal are in ratio
大提示:
对角线为 ,所以水平长度是 的
The diagonal is so the horizontal length is of
解答:
边长比为 的长方形,其高度、水平长度和对角线之比为 。对角线为 ,所以水平长度为 最接近 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
A rectangle with side ratio has height, length, and diagonal in ratio With diagonal the horizontal length is which is closest to
Thus, the correct answer is D.
6.
一个等比数列的第二项和第四项分别是 和 。下列哪一项可能是第一项?
The second and fourth terms of a geometric sequence are and Which of the following is a possible first term?
小提示:
若第一项为 ,公比为 ,则 且
If the first term is and the ratio is then and
大提示:
两式相除得到 ,所以
Dividing the two equations gives so
解答:
设第一项为 ,公比为 ,则 ,且 ,因此 ,。
第一项为 选项中出现的是 。
因此,正确答案是 B。
Let the first term be and the common ratio Then and so and
The first term is The choice appears among the options.
Thus, the correct answer is B.
7.
Penniless Pete 的存钱罐里没有便士,但有 枚硬币,全部是镍币、角币和二十五美分硬币,总价值为 。存钱罐不一定三种硬币都有。角币数量可能的最大值与最小值之差是多少?
Penniless Pete’s piggy bank has no pennies in it, but it has coins, all nickels, dimes, and quarters, whose total value is It does not necessarily contain coins of all three types. What is the difference between the largest and smallest number of dimes that could be in the bank?
小提示:
设镍币、角币、二十五美分硬币数分别为 、、,则有 和 。
With nickels, dimes, quarters: and
大提示:
消去 得 ,再利用 且均为整数来限制
Eliminate to get then bound so that are integers
解答:
设镍币、角币、二十五美分硬币数分别为 、、,则 ,且把总价值方程除以 得 。
两式相减得 ,所以 。
当 时 最大,得到 (此时 )。当 时,角币数最小,得到 (此时 )。差为 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
Let be the numbers of nickels, dimes, quarters. Then and (dividing the value equation by ).
Subtracting gives so
The largest is at giving (with ). The smallest occurs at giving (with ). The difference is
Thus, the correct answer is D.
8.
令 表示正整数 的各位数字之和。例如,,且 。有多少个两位数 满足 ?
Let denote the sum of the digits of the positive integer For example, and For how many two-digit values of is
小提示:
令 。对两位数 , 介于 和 之间
Let For a two-digit is between and
大提示:
迫使 或 ;分别数出数字和为这些值的两位数
forces or count two-digit with each digit sum
解答:
令 。因为 ,所以 。因此 要求 或 。
数字和为 的两位数是 ( 个),数字和为 的两位数是 ( 个),共 个。
因此,正确答案是 E。
Let Since we have Then requires or
The two-digit numbers with digit sum are ( values), and those with digit sum are ( values), for in all.
Thus, the correct answer is E.
9.
设 是线性函数,且 。 是多少?
Let be a linear function for which What is
10.
把两个等边三角形接到正五边形 的五个图示位置中的两个位置上,可以得到若干图形。按这种方式能构造出多少个互不全等的图形?
Several figures can be made by attaching two equilateral triangles to the regular pentagon in two of the five positions shown. How many non-congruent figures can be constructed in this way?
小提示:
利用对称性,先假设一个三角形接在固定的一边上,再放第二个
By symmetry, assume one triangle is attached to a fixed side, then place the second
大提示:
除去反射对称,第二个三角形只分为接在相邻边和非相邻边两种情况
Only the two sides adjacent versus non-adjacent to the fixed side give different shapes, up to reflection
解答:
假设一个三角形接在边 上。第二个三角形可以接在与 相隔一步或两步的边上。
接在 或 上得到两种图形;接在 或 上得到的图形分别是前两种关于五边形对称轴的镜像。
因此只有 个互不全等的图形。
因此,正确答案是 B。
Assume one triangle is attached to side The second triangle can be attached to a side that is one step away or two steps away from
Attaching it to or gives two figures; attaching it to or gives figures that are mirror images of these across the pentagon’s axis of symmetry.
So there are only non-congruent figures.
Thus, the correct answer is B.
11.
Cassandra 在中午把手表调到正确时间。实际时间为下午 整时,她发现手表显示 又 秒。假设她的手表以恒定速率走慢,当她的手表第一次显示晚上 整时,实际时间是多少?
Cassandra sets her watch to the correct time at noon. At the actual time of PM, she notices that her watch reads and seconds. Assuming that her watch loses time at a constant rate, what will be the actual time when her watch first reads PM?
晚上 又 秒
PM and seconds
晚上
PM
晚上
PM
晚上
PM
晚上
PM
小提示:
实际经过 分钟时,手表只记录了 分钟
In real minutes the watch records only minutes
大提示:
若手表显示中午后 分钟,则实际经过时间为
If the watch shows minutes past noon, the real time is
解答:
实际经过 分钟时,手表只前进了 分 秒 分钟。因此当手表显示中午后 分钟时,实际经过时间为 分钟。
手表显示晚上 整时,记录经过了 分钟,所以实际经过时间为 分钟 小时 分钟。因此实际时间是晚上 。
因此,正确答案是 C。
In real minutes the watch advances only minutes seconds minutes. So when the watch shows minutes past noon, the real elapsed time is minutes.
The watch reads PM after recorded minutes, so the real elapsed time is minutes hours minutes past noon. The actual time is PM.
Thus, the correct answer is C.
12.
对所有正偶数 ,能整除 的最大整数是多少?
What is the largest integer that is a divisor of for all positive even integers
小提示:
当 为偶数时,这些因数是五个连续的奇数
For even the factors are five consecutive odd numbers
大提示:
任意五个连续奇数中,必有一个是 的倍数,也有一个是 的倍数
Among any five consecutive odd numbers, one is a multiple of and one is a multiple of
解答:
当 为偶数时,这五个因数是连续奇数。任意五个连续奇数中至少有一个能被 整除,且有一个能被 整除,所以乘积总能被 整除。
没有更大的整数总是可行:当 和 时,乘积分别为 和 ,它们的最大公因数是 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
For even the five factors are consecutive odd numbers. Among any five consecutive odd numbers, at least one is divisible by and exactly one by so the product is always divisible by
No larger divisor always works: the products for and are and whose greatest common divisor is
Thus, the correct answer is D.
13.
一个冰淇淋甜筒由一个香草冰淇淋球和一个与球直径相同的直圆锥组成。若冰淇淋融化,它正好装满圆锥。假设融化后的冰淇淋体积是冷冻时体积的 。圆锥的高与半径之比是多少?
An ice cream cone consists of a sphere of vanilla ice cream and a right circular cone that has the same diameter as the sphere. If the ice cream melts, it will exactly fill the cone. Assume that the melted ice cream occupies of the volume of the frozen ice cream. What is the ratio of the cone’s height to its radius?
小提示:
球和圆锥有相同的半径 ;球体积为
The sphere and cone share the same radius sphere volume is
大提示:
令球体积的 等于圆锥体积
Set of the sphere’s volume equal to the cone’s volume
解答:
设共同半径为 ,圆锥高为 。融化后的冰淇淋装满圆锥,所以
化简得 ,所以 ,比为 。
因此,正确答案是 B。
Let be the common radius and the cone’s height. The melted ice cream fills the cone, so
This simplifies to so a ratio of
Thus, the correct answer is B.
14.
在长方形 中,,。点 和 在 上,且 ,。直线 与 相交于 。求 的面积。
In rectangle and Points and are on so that and Lines and intersect at Find the area of
小提示:
,且 与 相似
and is similar to
大提示:
设 到直线 的距离为 ;到 的距离为 ,且
Let the distance from to line be the distance to is with ratio
解答:
因为 ,且 ,所以三角形 与 相似,相似比为 。
设 到直线 的距离为 ,则 到 的距离为 ,且 解得 。
的高为 ,所以面积为
因此,正确答案是 D。
Since and triangles and are similar with ratio
Let the distance from to line be Then the distance from to is and giving
The height of is so its area is
Thus, the correct answer is D.
15.
正八边形 的面积为一平方单位。长方形 的面积是多少?
A regular octagon has an area of one square unit. What is the area of the rectangle
小提示:
设 为八边形中心,也就是对角线 的中点
Let be the center of the octagon, which is the midpoint of diagonal
大提示:
是从中心分出的八个三角形之一,所以面积为
is one of the eight triangles from the center, so it has area
解答:
设 为八边形中心。连接 与各顶点,把八边形分成 个全等三角形,所以 的面积为 。
因为 是 的中点,三角形 和 面积相等,所以 的面积为 。
长方形 被对角线 分成两个全等三角形,所以 是它的一半。因此 的面积为 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
Let be the center of the octagon. Joining to the vertices splits the octagon into congruent triangles, so has area
Since is the midpoint of triangles and have equal areas, so has area
The rectangle is split by diagonal into two congruent triangles, so is half of it. Hence has area
Thus, the correct answer is D.
16.
在半径为 的半圆的直径 上作三个半径为 的半圆。小半圆的圆心把 分成四段相等的线段,如图所示。位于大半圆内且在小半圆外的阴影区域面积是多少?
Three semicircles of radius are constructed on diameter of a semicircle of radius The centers of the small semicircles divide into four line segments of equal length, as shown. What is the area of the shaded region that lies within the large semicircle but outside the smaller semicircles?
小提示:
大半圆面积为
The large semicircle has area
大提示:
用容斥原理:从三个小半圆的总面积中减去两块重叠部分
Use inclusion-exclusion: subtract the two overlaps from the total area of the three small semicircles
解答:
大半圆面积为 。
在计入重叠之前,三个小半圆的总面积为 。每相邻两个小半圆的圆心相距 ,所以它们的公共部分由两个 扇形和一个等边三角形围成。因此两块重叠部分的面积各为 。
阴影面积为
因此,正确答案是 E。
The large semicircle has area
The three small semicircles have total area before their overlaps are accounted for. The centers of each adjacent pair are unit apart, so their intersection is bounded by two sectors and an equilateral triangle. Each of the two overlaps therefore has area
The shaded area is
Thus, the correct answer is E.
17.
18.
设 和 为正整数,且 。 的最小可能值的素因数分解为 。 是多少?
Let and be positive integers such that The minimum possible value of has a prime factorization What is
小提示:
最小的 只需要用素数 和 ,因此写成
The minimum uses only the primes and so write
大提示:
比较 和 的指数:需要 且
Match exponents of and need and
解答:
要使 最小, 和 都不应含有 与 以外的素因数。写成 ,则 。再写成 ,需要 。
比较指数: 给出最小的 ,而 给出最小的 。所以 ,,
因此,正确答案是 B。
For the minimum neither nor has prime factors other than and Write so Writing we need
Matching exponents: gives the least and gives the least So and
Thus, the correct answer is B.
19.
设 为序列 ,,,, 的所有排列中第一项不是 的排列集合。从 中随机选一个排列。若第二项为 的概率化为最简分数为 。 是多少?
Let be the set of permutations of the sequence for which the first term is not A permutation is chosen randomly from The probability that the second term is in lowest terms, is What is
小提示:
直接数 :第一项有 种选择,其余四项有 种排列
Count directly: choices for the first term, then for the rest
大提示:
数 中第二项为 的排列:第一项只能是 或
Count permutations in whose second term is the first term is or
解答:
集合 中有 个排列,因为第一项有 种选择,剩下四项可按 种方式任意排列。
若第二项为 ,第一项必须是 或 (不能是 也不能是 ),有 种选择,剩下三项有 种排列,共 个。
概率为 ,所以 。
因此,正确答案是 E。
The set contains permutations, since the first term has choices and the remaining four terms can be arranged in ways.
For the second term to be the first term must be or (not not ), giving choices, and the remaining three terms can be arranged in ways:
The probability is so
Thus, the correct answer is E.
20.
21.
一个物体从 沿直线移动 cm 到 ,再转过角 。这个角以弧度计,从区间 中随机选取。随后物体沿直线移动 cm 到 。 的概率是多少?
An object moves cm in a straight line from to turns at an angle measured in radians and chosen at random from the interval and moves cm in a straight line to What is the probability that
小提示:
令 为 在 处的内角;对该三角形使用余弦定理
Let be the interior angle at apply the Law of Cosines to
大提示:
,所以 等价于
so is equivalent to
解答:
令 为 在 处的内角。由余弦定理,
于是 表示 ,即 ,也就是 。
因为 在 上均匀分布,所以 也均匀分布。概率为
因此,正确答案是 D。
Let be the interior angle of at By the Law of Cosines,
Then means i.e. i.e.
As is uniform on so is The probability is
Thus, the correct answer is D.
22.
设 是菱形,且 ,。设 是 上一点, 和 分别是从 到 和 的垂足。下列哪一项最接近 的最小可能值?
Let be a rhombus with and Let be a point on and let and be the feet of the perpendiculars from to and respectively. Which of the following is closest to the minimum possible value of
小提示:
设 为中心;菱形对角线垂直,所以 是长方形,且
Let be the center; the diagonals meet at right angles, so is a rectangle and
大提示:
当 是直角三角形 中从 向斜边作的垂足时, 最小,其中两条直角边为 和
is smallest when is the foot of the altitude from in right triangle with legs and
解答:
设 为两条对角线的交点。则 在 处为直角,且 ,。四边形 在 ,, 处均为直角,所以它是长方形,且 。
的最小值是在 中从 到 的高。因为 ,由两种面积表达式相等,得
这最接近 。
因此,正确答案是 C。
Let be the intersection of the diagonals. Then is right-angled at with legs and Quadrilateral has right angles at and so it is a rectangle and
The minimum of is the altitude from to in Since equating the two area expressions gives
This is closest to
Thus, the correct answer is C.
23.
函数 的图像在区间 中的 轴截距个数最接近
The number of -intercepts on the graph of in the interval is closest to
小提示:
当且仅当 ,其中 为非零整数,也就是
when for a nonzero integer i.e.
大提示:
数满足 的整数
Count integers with
解答:
截距出现在 时,也就是 ,其中 为非零整数。
条件 化为
这样的整数个数为 最接近 。
因此,正确答案是 A。
The intercepts occur where that is for a nonzero integer
The condition becomes
The number of such integers is closest to
Thus, the correct answer is A.
24.
选择正整数 、、,使得 ,且方程组 和 恰有一个解。 的最小值是多少?
Positive integers and are chosen so that and the system of equations and has exactly one solution. What is the minimum value of
小提示:
的图像是分段线性的,斜率为
The graph of is piecewise linear with slopes
大提示:
直线斜率为 ;恰有一个交点要求它经过 处的折点,那里
The line has slope a single intersection forces it to touch the corner at where
解答:
函数 是分段线性的,斜率依次为 ,折点在 。直线 的斜率为 。
斜率为 的直线与该图像恰好相交一次,当且仅当它经过最左边的折点 ,此处图像斜率从 跳到 。代入得到 所以 。
因为 ,必须有 ,所以 。这个下界可以达到:取 ,,和 。因此最小值为 。
所以正确答案是 C。
The function is piecewise linear with slopes and corners at The line has slope
A line of slope meets this graph exactly once only if it passes through the leftmost corner where the graph’s slope jumps from to Substituting, so
Since we need so This bound is attained: take and Therefore the minimum is
Thus, the correct answer is C.
25.
在一个圆上随机且独立地选取三个点。三点两两之间的距离都小于该圆半径的概率是多少?
Three points are chosen randomly and independently on a circle. What is the probability that all three pairwise distances between the points are less than the radius of the circle?
小提示:
一条弦短于半径,当且仅当它对应的弧小于
A chord is shorter than the radius exactly when its arc measures less than
大提示:
三条两两弦都短,恰好等价于三个点都落在某个 弧内
All three pairwise chords are short precisely when the three points lie within some arc
解答:
一条弦的长度小于半径,当且仅当它所对的弧小于 ,因为 弧对应的弦长正好等于半径。
三条两两弦都短于半径,恰好等价于三个点都位于某个 弧内。
在任何成功的情形中,恰好有一个点是这样一段包含弧的逆时针端点(概率为零的边界情形除外)。这个端点有 种选法;另外两个点各自独立地以概率 落在其后的 弧内。因此所求概率为
因此,正确答案是 D。
A chord has length less than the radius exactly when the arc it subtends is less than since a chord of a arc equals the radius.
All three pairwise chords are shorter than the radius precisely when the three points all lie within some arc of
For any successful configuration, exactly one of the three points is the counterclockwise endpoint of such a containing arc (apart from probability-zero boundary cases). Choose that endpoint in ways; each of the other two points independently has probability of lying in the next Hence the probability is
Thus, the correct answer is D.