2023 AMC 12A 第 16 题

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16.

考虑满足 1+z+z2=4|1+z+z^2|=4 的复数 zz 的集合。zz 的虚部的最大值可写成 mn\dfrac{\sqrt{m}}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm+n

Consider the set of complex numbers zz satisfying 1+z+z2=4.|1+z+z^2|=4. The maximum value of the imaginary part of zz can be written in the form mn,\dfrac{\sqrt{m}}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. What is m+n?m+n?

2020

2121

2222

2323

2424

答案:B
知识点:复数最优化
难度评级:1840
解答:

z=x+yiz=x+yi。则 1+z+z21+z+z^2 =(1+x+x2y2)=(1+x+x^2-y^2) +y(1+2x)i+y(1+2x)i,约束条件为 (1+x+x2y2)2+y2(1+2x)2=16. \begin{gathered} (1+x+x^2-y^2)^2\\ {}+y^2(1+2x)^2=16. \end{gathered}

yyP+2y2=x2+x+1+y2>0P+2y^2=x^2+x+1+y^2\gt 0 的导数为零,可因式分解为 (1+2x)(P+2y2)=0(1+2x)\bigl(P+2y^2\bigr)=0,其中 P=1+x+x2y2P=1+x+x^2-y^2。因子 对实数 不可能成立,所以 x=12x=-\tfrac12

此时 1+2x=01+2x=0,约束化为 (34y2)2=16\left(\tfrac34-y^2\right)^2=16。取 34y2=4\tfrac34-y^2=-4,得 y2=194y^2=\tfrac{19}{4},所以最大值为 y=192y=\dfrac{\sqrt{19}}{2}

这里 m=19m=19n=2n=2,所以 m+n=21m+n=21

所以正确答案是 B

Write z=x+yi.z=x+yi. Then 1+z+z21+z+z^2 =(1+x+x2y2)=(1+x+x^2-y^2) +y(1+2x)i,+y(1+2x)i, and the constraint is (1+x+x2y2)2+y2(1+2x)2=16. \begin{gathered} (1+x+x^2-y^2)^2\\ {}+y^2(1+2x)^2=16. \end{gathered}

At a point where yy is maximal on this closed, bounded curve, implicit differentiation (or Lagrange multipliers) gives (1+2x)(P+2y2)=0,(1+2x)\bigl(P+2y^2\bigr)=0, where P=1+x+x2y2.P=1+x+x^2-y^2. But P+2y2=x2+x+1+y2>0,P+2y^2=x^2+x+1+y^2\gt 0, so x=12.x=-\tfrac12.

Then 1+2x=0,1+2x=0, so the constraint reduces to (34y2)2=16.\left(\tfrac34-y^2\right)^2=16. Taking 34y2=4\tfrac34-y^2=-4 gives y2=194,y^2=\tfrac{19}{4}, so the maximum is y=192.y=\dfrac{\sqrt{19}}{2}.

Here m=19m=19 and n=2,n=2, so m+n=21.m+n=21.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

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