2016 AMC 12A 第 16 题

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

16.

y=log3xy=\log_3 xy=logx3y=\log_x 3y=log1/3xy=\log_{1/3} x 以及 y=logx13y=\log_x\dfrac{1}{3} 的图像画在同一坐标系中。平面上有多少个 xx 坐标为正的点位于两条或更多条图像上?

The graphs of y=log3x,y=\log_3 x, y=logx3,y=\log_x 3, y=log1/3x,y=\log_{1/3} x, and y=logx13y=\log_x\dfrac{1}{3} are plotted on the same set of axes. How many points in the plane with positive xx-coordinates lie on two or more of the graphs?

22

33

44

55

66

答案:D
知识点:对数换元法
难度评级:1860
解答:

u=log3xu=\log_3 xlogx3=1u\log_x 3=\dfrac1ulog1/3x=u\log_{1/3}x=-u,且 logx13=1u\log_x\dfrac13=-\dfrac1u。两条图像相交时,u,1u,u,1uu,\dfrac1u,-u,-\dfrac1u 中有两个相等,并且对应的 x>0x\gt 0 有效。

u=1uu=\dfrac1uu=±1u=\pm1,所以 x=3x=3x=13x=\dfrac13;令 u=1u-u=-\dfrac1u 得到同样的值。令 u=uu=-uu=0u=0,即 x=1x=1,此时 log3x\log_3 xlog1/3x\log_{1/3}x 都等于 00。其余配对没有实数解。

不同交点为 (1,0)(1,0)(3,1)(3,1)(13,1)\left(\dfrac13,-1\right)(3,1)(3,-1)(13,1)\left(\dfrac13,1\right),所以共有 55 个。

所以正确答案是 D

Let u=log3x.u=\log_3 x. Then logx3=1u,\log_x 3=\dfrac1u, log1/3x=u,\log_{1/3}x=-u, and logx13=1u.\log_x\dfrac13=-\dfrac1u. Two graphs meet where two of u,1u,u,1uu,\dfrac1u,-u,-\dfrac1u are equal for some valid x>0.x\gt 0.

Setting u=1uu=\dfrac1u gives u=±1,u=\pm1, so x=3x=3 or x=13;x=\dfrac13; setting u=1u-u=-\dfrac1u gives the same values. Setting u=uu=-u gives u=0,u=0, i.e. x=1,x=1, where log3x\log_3 x and log1/3x\log_{1/3}x are both 0.0. The remaining pairings have no real solution.

The distinct intersection points are (1,0),(1,0), (3,1),(3,1), (13,1),\left(\dfrac13,-1\right), (3,1),(3,-1), and (13,1),\left(\dfrac13,1\right), so there are 5.5.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

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