2016 AMC 12A 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

下面式子的值是多少:11!10!9!\dfrac{11!-10!}{9!}\text{?}

What is the value of 11!10!9!?\dfrac{11!-10!}{9!}?

9999

100100

110110

121121

132132

知识点:阶乘因式分解
难度评级:920
小提示:

从分子中提出 10!10!

Factor 10!10! out of the numerator

大提示:

11!10!=10!(111)11!-10!=10!(11-1),且 10!=109!10!=10\cdot 9!

11!10!=10!(111)11!-10!=10!(11-1) and 10!=109!10!=10\cdot 9!

解答:

分解分子可得 11!10!9!=10!(111)9!=109!109!=100 \begin{gathered} \dfrac{11!-10!}{9!}\\ =\dfrac{10!(11-1)}{9!}\\ =\dfrac{10\cdot 9!\cdot 10}{9!}\\ =100 \end{gathered}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

Factoring the numerator gives 11!10!9!=10!(111)9!=109!109!=100. \begin{gathered} \dfrac{11!-10!}{9!}\\ =\dfrac{10!(11-1)}{9!}\\ =\dfrac{10\cdot 9!\cdot 10}{9!}\\ =100. \end{gathered}

Thus, the correct answer is B.

2.

xx 为何值时,10x1002x=1000510^x\cdot 100^{2x}=1000^5

For what value of xx does 10x1002x=10005?10^x\cdot 100^{2x}=1000^5?

11

22

33

44

55

知识点:指数
难度评级:1020
小提示:

把每个底数都写成 1010 的幂。

Write every base as a power of 1010

大提示:

左边变为 105x10^{5x},右边变为 101510^{15}

The left side becomes 105x10^{5x} and the right side 101510^{15}

解答:

因为 100=102100=10^21000=1031000=10^3,方程变为 10x104x=1015 10^x\cdot 10^{4x}=10^{15}\text{,} 所以 105x=101510^{5x}=10^{15}。于是 5x=155x=15,得到 x=3x=3

所以正确答案是 C

Since 100=102100=10^2 and 1000=103,1000=10^3, the equation becomes 10x104x=1015, 10^x\cdot 10^{4x}=10^{15}, so 105x=1015.10^{5x}=10^{15}. Then 5x=15,5x=15, giving x=3.x=3.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

3.

对所有实数 xx 和满足 y0y\neq 0 的实数 yy,余数函数可定义为 rem(x,y)=xyxy \text{rem}(x,y)=x-y\left\lfloor \dfrac{x}{y}\right\rfloor\text{,} 其中 xy\left\lfloor \dfrac{x}{y}\right\rfloor 表示小于或等于 xy\dfrac{x}{y} 的最大整数。 rem(38,25)\text{rem}\left(\dfrac{3}{8},-\dfrac{2}{5}\right) 的值是多少?

The remainder function can be defined for all real numbers xx and yy with y0y\neq 0 by rem(x,y)=xyxy, \text{rem}(x,y)=x-y\left\lfloor \dfrac{x}{y}\right\rfloor, where xy\left\lfloor \dfrac{x}{y}\right\rfloor denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to xy.\dfrac{x}{y}. What is the value of rem(38,25)?\text{rem}\left(\dfrac{3}{8},-\dfrac{2}{5}\right)?

38-\dfrac{3}{8}

140-\dfrac{1}{40}

00

38\dfrac{3}{8}

3140\dfrac{31}{40}

难度评级:1200
小提示:

先计算 xy=3825\dfrac{x}{y}=\dfrac{\frac{3}{8}}{-\frac{2}{5}}

Compute xy=3825\dfrac{x}{y}=\dfrac{\frac{3}{8}}{-\frac{2}{5}} first

大提示:

1516=1\left\lfloor -\dfrac{15}{16}\right\rfloor=-1

1516=1\left\lfloor -\dfrac{15}{16}\right\rfloor=-1

解答:

首先, xy=3825=38(52)=1516 \begin{gathered} \dfrac{x}{y}=\dfrac{\frac{3}{8}}{-\frac{2}{5}}\\ =\dfrac{3}{8}\cdot\left(-\dfrac{5}{2}\right)\\ =-\dfrac{15}{16} \end{gathered}\text{,} 所以 1516=1\left\lfloor -\dfrac{15}{16}\right\rfloor=-1

因此 rem(38,25)=38(25)(1)=3825=151640=140 \begin{gathered} \text{rem}\left(\dfrac{3}{8},-\dfrac{2}{5}\right)\\ =\dfrac{3}{8}-\left(-\dfrac{2}{5}\right)(-1)\\ =\dfrac{3}{8}-\dfrac{2}{5}\\ =\dfrac{15-16}{40}\\ =-\dfrac{1}{40} \end{gathered}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

First, xy=3825=38(52)=1516, \begin{gathered} \dfrac{x}{y}=\dfrac{\frac{3}{8}}{-\frac{2}{5}}\\ =\dfrac{3}{8}\cdot\left(-\dfrac{5}{2}\right)\\ =-\dfrac{15}{16}, \end{gathered} and 1516=1.\left\lfloor -\dfrac{15}{16}\right\rfloor=-1.

Therefore rem(38,25)=38(25)(1)=3825=151640=140. \begin{gathered} \text{rem}\left(\dfrac{3}{8},-\dfrac{2}{5}\right)\\ =\dfrac{3}{8}-\left(-\dfrac{2}{5}\right)(-1)\\ =\dfrac{3}{8}-\dfrac{2}{5}\\ =\dfrac{15-16}{40}\\ =-\dfrac{1}{40}. \end{gathered}

Thus, the correct answer is B.

4.

77 个数据值 6060100100xx404050502002009090 的平均数、中位数和众数都等于 xxxx 的值是多少?

The mean, median, and mode of the 77 data values 60,60, 100,100, x,x, 40,40, 50,50, 200,200, 9090 are all equal to x.x. What is the value of x?x?

5050

6060

7575

9090

100100

难度评级:1100
小提示:

令平均数等于 xx

Set the mean equal to xx

大提示:

540+x7=x\dfrac{540+x}{7}=x,然后确认中位数和众数。

540+x7=x,\dfrac{540+x}{7}=x, then confirm the median and mode

解答:

由平均数条件, 60+100+x+40+50+200+907=540+x7=x \begin{gathered} \small \dfrac{60+100+x+40+50+200+90}{7}\\ =\dfrac{540+x}{7}\\ =x\text{,} \end{gathered} 所以 540+x=7x540+x=7x,得到 x=90x=90

按非降序排列,数据为 40,50,60,90,90,100,20040, 50, 60, 90, 90, 100, 200,所以中位数为 9090,众数也为 9090,符合要求。

所以正确答案是 D

The mean condition gives 60+100+x+40+50+200+907=540+x7=x, \begin{gathered} \small \dfrac{60+100+x+40+50+200+90}{7}\\ =\dfrac{540+x}{7}\\ =x, \end{gathered} so 540+x=7x540+x=7x and x=90.x=90.

In nondecreasing order the data are 40,50,60,90,90,100,200,40, 50, 60, 90, 90, 100, 200, so the median is 9090 and the mode is 90,90, as required.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

5.

Goldbach 猜想指出:每个大于 22 的偶整数都可以写成两个质数之和,例如 2016=13+20032016=13+2003。到目前为止,还没有人能证明该猜想为真,也没有人找到反例证明它为假。一个反例应当是什么?

Goldbach’s conjecture states that every even integer greater than 22 can be written as the sum of two prime numbers (for example, 2016=13+20032016=13+2003). So far, no one has been able to prove that the conjecture is true, and no one has found a counterexample to show that the conjecture is false. What would a counterexample consist of?

一个大于 22 且可以写成两个质数之和的奇整数

an odd integer greater than 22 that can be written as the sum of two prime numbers

一个大于 22 且不能写成两个质数之和的奇整数

an odd integer greater than 22 that cannot be written as the sum of two prime numbers

一个大于 22 且可以写成两个非质数之和的偶整数

an even integer greater than 22 that can be written as the sum of two numbers that are not prime

一个大于 22 且可以写成两个质数之和的偶整数

an even integer greater than 22 that can be written as the sum of two prime numbers

一个大于 22 且不能写成两个质数之和的偶整数

an even integer greater than 22 that cannot be written as the sum of two prime numbers

知识点:反例逻辑推理
难度评级:1100
小提示:

反例要满足命题的前提,但破坏结论。

A counterexample keeps the hypothesis but breaks the conclusion

大提示:

前提是“大于 22 的偶整数”;结论是“可以写成两个质数之和”。

The hypothesis is “even integer greater than 22”; the conclusion is “a sum of two primes”

解答:

反例必须满足“大于 22 的偶整数”这个前提,同时不满足“可以写成两个质数之和”这个结论。

所以正确答案是 E

A counterexample must satisfy the hypothesis of being an even integer greater than 22 while failing the conclusion that it can be written as the sum of two prime numbers.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

6.

一个由 20162016 枚硬币组成的三角形阵列,第一行有 11 枚,第二行有 22 枚,第三行有 33 枚,依此类推,直到第 NN 行有 NN 枚。NN 的各位数字之和是多少?

A triangular array of 20162016 coins has 11 coin in the first row, 22 coins in the second row, 33 coins in the third row, and so on up to NN coins in the NNth row. What is the sum of the digits of N?N?

66

77

88

99

1010

知识点:三角形数估算
难度评级:1270
小提示:

1+2++N=N(N+1)21+2+\cdots+N=\dfrac{N(N+1)}{2}

1+2++N=N(N+1)21+2+\cdots+N=\dfrac{N(N+1)}{2}

大提示:

N(N+1)=4032N(N+1)=4032,注意 N4032N\approx\sqrt{4032}

Solve N(N+1)=4032N(N+1)=4032 by noting N4032N\approx\sqrt{4032}

解答:

硬币总数为 1+2++N=N(N+1)2=2016 \begin{gathered} 1+2+\cdots+N\\ =\dfrac{N(N+1)}{2}\\ =2016\text{,} \end{gathered} 所以 N(N+1)=4032N(N+1)=4032。因为 6364=403263\cdot 64=4032,所以 N=63N=63,其各位数字之和为 6+3=96+3=9

所以正确答案是 D

The total number of coins is 1+2++N=N(N+1)2=2016, \begin{gathered} 1+2+\cdots+N\\ =\dfrac{N(N+1)}{2}\\ =2016, \end{gathered} so N(N+1)=4032.N(N+1)=4032. Since 6364=4032,63\cdot 64=4032, we have N=63,N=63, and the sum of its digits is 6+3=9.6+3=9.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

7.

下列哪一项描述了 x2(x+y+1)=y2(x+y+1)x^2(x+y+1)=y^2(x+y+1) 的图像?

Which of these describes the graph of x2(x+y+1)=y2(x+y+1)?x^2(x+y+1)=y^2(x+y+1)?

两条平行直线

two parallel lines

两条相交直线

two intersecting lines

三条直线都经过同一个公共点

three lines that all pass through a common point

三条直线不全经过同一个公共点

three lines that do not all pass through a common point

一条直线和一条抛物线

a line and a parabola

难度评级:1410
小提示:

把所有项移到一边,并提出 x+y+1x+y+1

Move everything to one side and factor out x+y+1x+y+1

大提示:

(xy)(x+y)(x+y+1)=0(x-y)(x+y)(x+y+1)=0 是三条直线的并。

(xy)(x+y)(x+y+1)=0(x-y)(x+y)(x+y+1)=0 is the union of three lines

解答:

将所有项移到一边,得到 (x2y2)(x+y+1)=0 (x^2-y^2)(x+y+1)=0\text{,} 再分解为 (xy)(x+y)(x+y+1)=0 (x-y)(x+y)(x+y+1)=0\text{。} 因此图像是直线 x=yx=yx=yx=-yx+y+1=0x+y+1=0 的并集。

前两条直线交于原点,但第三条直线 x+y=1x+y=-1x+y=0x+y=0 平行,不经过原点。因此,图像由三条不全经过同一个公共点的直线组成。

所以正确答案是 D

Moving all terms to one side gives (x2y2)(x+y+1)=0, (x^2-y^2)(x+y+1)=0, which factors as (xy)(x+y)(x+y+1)=0. (x-y)(x+y)(x+y+1)=0. The graph is therefore the union of the lines x=y,x=y, x=y,x=-y, and x+y+1=0.x+y+1=0.

The first two lines intersect at the origin, but the third line x+y=1x+y=-1 is parallel to x+y=0x+y=0 and does not pass through the origin. So the graph consists of three lines that do not all pass through a common point.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

8.

给定的 8×58\times 5 长方形中,阴影区域的面积是多少?

What is the area of the shaded region of the given 8×58\times 5 rectangle?

4344\tfrac{3}{4}

55

5145\tfrac{1}{4}

6126\tfrac{1}{2}

88

难度评级:1350
小提示:

每一条画出的线段都经过长方形的中心。

Every drawn segment passes through the center of the rectangle

大提示:

主对角线把阴影区域分成四个三角形,每个三角形的底为 11

The main diagonal splits the shaded region into four triangles, each with base 11

解答:

从长方形左上角到右下角的对角线将阴影区域分成四个三角形,它们都在长方形中心相遇。

其中两个三角形的水平底边长为 11,高为 125=52\frac12\cdot 5=\frac52;另外两个三角形的竖直底边长为 11,高为 128=4\frac12\cdot 8=4。总面积为 212152+21214=52+4=132 \begin{gathered} 2\cdot\dfrac12\cdot 1\cdot\dfrac52\\ {}+2\cdot\dfrac12\cdot 1\cdot 4\\ =\dfrac52+4\\ =\dfrac{13}{2} \end{gathered}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

The diagonal of the rectangle from the upper-left corner to the lower-right corner divides the shaded region into four triangles, all meeting at the center of the rectangle.

Two of these triangles have a horizontal base of length 11 and altitude 125=52,\frac12\cdot 5=\frac52, and the other two have a vertical base of length 11 and altitude 128=4.\frac12\cdot 8=4. The total area is 212152+21214=52+4=132. \begin{gathered} 2\cdot\dfrac12\cdot 1\cdot\dfrac52\\ {}+2\cdot\dfrac12\cdot 1\cdot 4\\ =\dfrac52+4\\ =\dfrac{13}{2}. \end{gathered}

Thus, the correct answer is D.

9.

在这个单位正方形内有五个全等的小阴影正方形,它们内部互不重叠。如图,中间正方形每条边的中点分别与另外四个小正方形的一个顶点重合。它们的公共边长为 a2b\dfrac{a-\sqrt{2}}{b},其中 aabb 为正整数。a+ba+b 是多少?

The five small shaded squares inside this unit square are congruent and have disjoint interiors. The midpoint of each side of the middle square coincides with one of the vertices of the other four small squares as shown. The common side length is a2b,\dfrac{a-\sqrt{2}}{b}, where aa and bb are positive integers. What is a+b?a+b?

77

88

99

1010

1111

难度评级:1510
小提示:

画出单位正方形的对角线,其长度为 2\sqrt{2}

Draw the diagonal of the unit square, which has length 2\sqrt{2}

大提示:

该对角线等于两条小正方形对角线加上一条小正方形边:2x2+x=22x\sqrt2+x=\sqrt2

That diagonal equals two small-square diagonals plus one small-square side: 2x2+x=22x\sqrt2+x=\sqrt2

解答:

设公共边长为 xx。单位正方形的对角线长为 2\sqrt{2},由两条各长 x2x\sqrt2 的小正方形对角线和一条长为 xx 的小正方形边组成,所以 2x2+x=2 2x\sqrt2+x=\sqrt2\text{。}

解得 x=222+1=2(221)(22+1)(221)=427 \begin{gathered} x=\dfrac{\sqrt2}{2\sqrt2+1}\\ =\dfrac{\sqrt2\,(2\sqrt2-1)}{(2\sqrt2+1)(2\sqrt2-1)}\\ =\dfrac{4-\sqrt2}{7}\text{。} \end{gathered} 因此 a=4a=4b=7b=7,所以 a+b=11a+b=11

所以正确答案是 E

Let xx be the common side length. The diagonal of the unit square has length 2\sqrt{2} and consists of two small-square diagonals (each x2x\sqrt2) plus one small-square side length x,x, so 2x2+x=2. 2x\sqrt2+x=\sqrt2.

Solving, x=222+1=2(221)(22+1)(221)=427. \begin{gathered} x=\dfrac{\sqrt2}{2\sqrt2+1}\\ =\dfrac{\sqrt2\,(2\sqrt2-1)}{(2\sqrt2+1)(2\sqrt2-1)}\\ =\dfrac{4-\sqrt2}{7}. \end{gathered} Thus a=4,a=4, b=7,b=7, and a+b=11.a+b=11.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

10.

五位朋友坐在电影院同一排的 55 个座位上,座位从左到右编号为 1155。(“左”和“右”从坐在座位上的人的视角看。) 电影中途 Ada 去大厅买爆米花。她回来时发现 Bea 向右移动了两个座位,Ceci 向左移动了一个座位,Dee 和 Edie 交换了座位,并给 Ada 留下了一个端座。Ada 起身前坐在哪个座位?

Five friends sat in a movie theater in a row containing 55 seats, numbered 11 to 55 from left to right. (The directions “left” and “right” are from the point of view of the people as they sit in the seats.) During the movie Ada went to the lobby to get some popcorn. When she returned, she found that Bea had moved two seats to the right, Ceci had moved one seat to the left, and Dee and Edie had switched seats, leaving an end seat for Ada. In which seat had Ada been sitting before she got up?

11

22

33

44

55

难度评级:1410
小提示:

总向右位移必须等于总向左位移。

The total rightward movement must equal the total leftward movement

大提示:

Bea 移动 +2+2,Ceci 移动 1-1,Dee 和 Edie 的移动相互抵消;求 Ada 的位移。

Bea moves +2,+2, Ceci moves 1,-1, and Dee and Edie cancel; find Ada’s shift

解答:

五位朋友的总位移为零。Dee 和 Edie 交换座位,所以两人的位移相互抵消。Bea 移动 +2+2 个座位,Ceci 移动 1-1 个座位,净位移为 +1+1,所以 Ada 必须移动 1-1 个座位才能抵消。

Ada 回来后坐在端座;既然她向左移动了一个座位,该端座只能是 11 号座,所以她原来坐在 22 号座。

所以正确答案是 B

The net displacement of all five friends is zero. Dee and Edie swapped seats, so their movements cancel. Bea moved +2+2 and Ceci moved 1,-1, a net of +1,+1, so Ada must move 1-1 to balance.

Ada returns to an end seat; since she moved one seat to the left, that seat must be seat 1,1, so she had been sitting in seat 2.2.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

11.

某夏令营的 100100 名学生每人都会唱歌、跳舞或表演。有些学生有不止一种才艺,但没有学生三种才艺都会。有 4242 名学生不会唱歌,6565 名学生不会跳舞,2929 名学生不会表演。有多少名学生正好有两种才艺?

Each of the 100100 students in a certain summer camp can either sing, dance, or act. Some students have more than one talent, but no student has all three talents. There are 4242 students who cannot sing, 6565 students who cannot dance, and 2929 students who cannot act. How many students have two of these talents?

1616

2525

3636

4949

6464

难度评级:1470
小提示:

分别数会唱歌、会跳舞、会表演的人数。

Count how many students can do each activity

大提示:

把三个人数相加时,两种才艺的学生被数了两次;减去 100100

Adding the three counts tallies two-talent students twice; subtract 100100

解答:

会唱歌、跳舞、表演的人数分别为 10042=58100-42=5810065=35100-65=3510029=71100-29=71,总和为 58+35+71=16458+35+71=164

因为没有人三种才艺都会,每个学生有一种或两种才艺,所以只有一种才艺的学生被数一次,有两种才艺的学生被数两次。因此,被重复计算的人数为 164100=64164-100=64

所以正确答案是 E

The numbers who can sing, dance, and act are 10042=58,100-42=58, 10065=35,100-65=35, and 10029=71,100-29=71, respectively, for a total of 58+35+71=164.58+35+71=164.

Since no student has all three talents, each student has one or two talents, so single-talent students are counted once and two-talent students are counted twice. The number counted twice is 164100=64.164-100=64.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

12.

ABC\triangle ABC 中,AB=6AB=6BC=7BC=7CA=8CA=8。点 DDBC\overline{BC} 上,且 AD\overline{AD} 平分 BAC\angle BAC。点 EEAC\overline{AC} 上,且 BE\overline{BE} 平分 ABC\angle ABC。两条角平分线交于 FF。比值 AF:FDAF:FD 是多少?

In ABC,\triangle ABC, AB=6,AB=6, BC=7,BC=7, and CA=8.CA=8. Point DD lies on BC,\overline{BC}, and AD\overline{AD} bisects BAC.\angle BAC. Point EE lies on AC,\overline{AC}, and BE\overline{BE} bisects ABC.\angle ABC. The bisectors intersect at F.F. What is the ratio AF:FD?AF:FD?

3:23:2

5:35:3

2:12:1

7:37:3

5:25:2

难度评级:1500
小提示:

ABC\triangle ABC 中应用角平分线定理求 BDBD

Apply the Angle Bisector Theorem in ABC\triangle ABC to find BDBD

大提示:

ABD\triangle ABD 中,线段 BFBF 平分 ABD\angle ABD,所以 AF:FD=AB:BDAF:FD=AB:BD

In ABD,\triangle ABD, segment BFBF bisects ABD,\angle ABD, so AF:FD=AB:BDAF:FD=AB:BD

解答:

ABC\triangle ABC 中应用角平分线定理,得到 BD:DC=AB:AC=6:8BD:DC=AB:AC=6:8,所以 BD=66+87=3BD=\dfrac{6}{6+8}\cdot 7=3

ABD\triangle ABD 中,BFBF 平分 ABD\angle ABD,再次应用角平分线定理可得 AF:FD=AB:BD=6:3=2:1 \begin{gathered} AF:FD=AB:BD\\ =6:3=2:1 \end{gathered}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

Applying the Angle Bisector Theorem to ABC\triangle ABC gives BD:DC=AB:AC=6:8,BD:DC=AB:AC=6:8, so BD=66+87=3.BD=\dfrac{6}{6+8}\cdot 7=3.

Now BFBF lies along the bisector of ABD\angle ABD in ABD,\triangle ABD, so by the Angle Bisector Theorem again, AF:FD=AB:BD=6:3=2:1. \begin{gathered} AF:FD=AB:BD\\ =6:3=2:1. \end{gathered}

Thus, the correct answer is C.

13.

NN55 的正倍数。一个红球和 NN 个绿球随机排成一行。令 P(N)P(N) 为至少 35\dfrac{3}{5} 的绿球在红球同一侧的概率。已知 P(5)=1P(5)=1,并且当 NN 变大时 P(N)P(N) 趋近于 45\dfrac{4}{5}。使 P(N)<321400P(N)\lt\dfrac{321}{400} 的最小 NN 的各位数字之和是多少?

Let NN be a positive multiple of 5.5. One red ball and NN green balls are arranged in a line in random order. Let P(N)P(N) be the probability that at least 35\dfrac{3}{5} of the green balls are on the same side of the red ball. Observe that P(5)=1P(5)=1 and that P(N)P(N) approaches 45\dfrac{4}{5} as NN grows large. What is the sum of the digits of the least value of NN such that P(N)<321400?P(N)\lt\dfrac{321}{400}?

1212

1414

1616

1818

2020

难度评级:1690
小提示:

N=5kN=5k;红球有 5k+15k+1 个等可能位置。

Write N=5k;N=5k; the red ball has 5k+15k+1 equally likely positions

大提示:

P(N)=4k+25k+1P(N)=\dfrac{4k+2}{5k+1};解不等式 4k+25k+1<321400\dfrac{4k+2}{5k+1}\lt\dfrac{321}{400}

P(N)=4k+25k+1;P(N)=\dfrac{4k+2}{5k+1}; solve 4k+25k+1<321400\dfrac{4k+2}{5k+1}\lt\dfrac{321}{400}

解答:

N=5kN=5k。从一端开始,将红球的可能位置编号为 0,1,,5k0,1,\ldots,5k,共有 5k+15k+1 个等可能位置。

红球两侧的绿球都少于 35\dfrac{3}{5} 的情形,恰好对应红球位于 2k+1,2k+2,,3k12k+1,2k+2,\ldots,3k-1 中的某个位置,共有 k1k-1 个。因此 P(N)=1k15k+1=4k+25k+1 P(N)=1-\dfrac{k-1}{5k+1}=\dfrac{4k+2}{5k+1}\text{。}

解不等式 4k+25k+1<321400\dfrac{4k+2}{5k+1}\lt\dfrac{321}{400},得到 400(4k+2)<321(5k+1)400(4k+2)\lt 321(5k+1),即 1600k+800<1605k+3211600k+800\lt 1605k+321,所以 5k>4795k\gt 479,也就是 k>95.8k\gt 95.8。因此 k=96k=96N=480N=480,其各位数字之和为 4+8+0=124+8+0=12

所以正确答案是 A

Write N=5k.N=5k. Number the positions of the red ball 0,1,,5k0,1,\ldots,5k from one end; there are 5k+15k+1 equally likely positions.

Fewer than 35\dfrac{3}{5} of the green balls lie on each side exactly when the red ball is in one of the positions 2k+1,2k+2,,3k1,2k+1,2k+2,\ldots,3k-1, which is k1k-1 positions. Hence P(N)=1k15k+1=4k+25k+1. P(N)=1-\dfrac{k-1}{5k+1}=\dfrac{4k+2}{5k+1}.

Solving 4k+25k+1<321400\dfrac{4k+2}{5k+1}\lt\dfrac{321}{400} gives 400(4k+2)<321(5k+1),400(4k+2)\lt 321(5k+1), so 1600k+800<1605k+3211600k+800\lt 1605k+321 and 5k>479,5k\gt 479, meaning k>95.8.k\gt 95.8. Thus k=96k=96 and N=480,N=480, whose digit sum is 4+8+0=12.4+8+0=12.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

14.

一个立方体的每个顶点都要标上 1188 中的一个整数,每个整数恰用一次,并且每个面的四个顶点数字之和都相同。通过旋转立方体可以互相得到的标法视为相同。有多少种不同的标法?

Each vertex of a cube is to be labeled with an integer from 11 through 8,8, with each integer being used once, in such a way that the sum of the four numbers on the vertices of a face is the same for each face. Arrangements that can be obtained from each other through rotations of the cube are considered to be the same. How many different arrangements are possible?

11

33

66

1212

2424

难度评级:1730
小提示:

每个顶点属于 33 个面,所以六个面和的总和为 3(1+2++8)3(1+2+\cdots+8)

Each vertex lies on 33 faces, so the six face-sums total 3(1+2++8)3(1+2+\cdots+8)

大提示:

每个面的和为 1818;证明 1188 必须在相邻顶点上。

The face-sum is 18;18; show 11 and 88 must be on adjacent vertices

解答:

每个顶点属于 33 个面,所以 6S=3(1+2++8)=1086S=3(1+2+\cdots+8)=108,从而每个面的和为 S=18S=18

包含 11 且和为 1818 的四元子集是 {1,2,7,8}\{1,2,7,8\}{1,3,6,8}\{1,3,6,8\}{1,4,5,8}\{1,4,5,8\},和 {1,4,6,7}\{1,4,6,7\}。其中只有一个不含 88,所以经过 11 的三个不同面中至少有两个包含 88。立方体的两个顶点恰好在相邻时才共同位于两个面上;因此 1188 相邻。

旋转立方体,使 11 位于左下前顶点,88 位于右下前顶点。经过 11 而不含 88 的唯一一个面必须放置 4,6,74,6,7,它们有 3!=63!=6 种排列。每种排列都会迫使 5,3,25,3,2 位于三个相对顶点,其余各面的和也都为 1818。因此共有 66 种标法。

因此,正确答案是 C

Each vertex belongs to 33 faces, so 6S=3(1+2++8)=108,6S=3(1+2+\cdots+8)=108, giving each face-sum S=18.S=18.

The four-element subsets containing 11 with sum 1818 are {1,2,7,8},\{1,2,7,8\}, {1,3,6,8},\{1,3,6,8\}, {1,4,5,8},\{1,4,5,8\}, and {1,4,6,7}.\{1,4,6,7\}. Only one omits 8,8, so at least two of the three distinct faces through 11 contain 8.8. Two vertices of a cube lie on two common faces exactly when they are adjacent; hence 11 and 88 are adjacent.

Rotate the cube so that 11 is at the lower-left-front vertex and 88 at the lower-right-front vertex. The unique face through 11 that does not contain 88 must use 4,6,7,4,6,7, and these can be placed in 3!=63!=6 orders. Each order forces 5,3,25,3,2 at the three opposite vertices, and the remaining face sums are then 18.18. Hence there are 66 arrangements.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

15.

圆心为 PPQQRR、半径分别为 112233 的三个圆位于直线 ll 的同侧,并分别在 PP'QQ'RR' 处与 ll 相切,其中 QQ'PP'RR' 之间。圆心为 QQ 的圆与另外两个圆都外切。PQR\triangle PQR 的面积是多少?

Circles with centers P,P, Q,Q, and R,R, having radii 1,1, 2,2, and 3,3, respectively, lie on the same side of line ll and are tangent to ll at P,P', Q,Q', and R,R', respectively, with QQ' between PP' and R.R'. The circle with center QQ is externally tangent to each of the other two circles. What is the area of PQR?\triangle PQR?

00

23\sqrt{\dfrac{2}{3}}

11

62\sqrt{6}-\sqrt{2}

32\sqrt{\dfrac{3}{2}}

难度评级:1800
小提示:

两个相切圆的切点间水平距离为 (r1+r2)2(r2r1)2\sqrt{(r_1+r_2)^2-(r_2-r_1)^2}

The horizontal distance between two tangent points is (r1+r2)2(r2r1)2\sqrt{(r_1+r_2)^2-(r_2-r_1)^2}

大提示:

P,Q,RP,Q,R 放在高度 1,2,31,2,3 上,再用鞋带公式。

Place P,Q,RP,Q,R at heights 1,2,31,2,3 and use the shoelace formula

解答:

三个圆心到直线 ll 的高度分别为 112233。由于圆 QQ 与圆 PP 外切,PQ=3PQ=3,所以水平距离为 PQ=3212=8P'Q'=\sqrt{3^2-1^2}=\sqrt{8}。同理,圆 QQ 与圆 RR 外切,QR=5QR=5,所以 QR=5212=24Q'R'=\sqrt{5^2-1^2}=\sqrt{24}

P=(0,1)P=(0,1)Q=(8,2)Q=(\sqrt8,2)R=(8+24,3)R=(\sqrt8+\sqrt{24},3)。由鞋带公式,面积为 128(31)+(8+24)(12)=12(248)=62 \begin{gathered} \small \dfrac12\left|\sqrt8(3-1)+(\sqrt8+\sqrt{24})(1-2)\right|\\ =\dfrac12\left(\sqrt{24}-\sqrt8\right)\\ =\sqrt6-\sqrt2 \end{gathered}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

The centers lie at heights 1,1, 2,2, and 33 above line l.l. Since circle QQ is externally tangent to circle P,P, we have PQ=3,PQ=3, so the horizontal distance is PQ=3212=8.P'Q'=\sqrt{3^2-1^2}=\sqrt{8}. Since circle QQ is tangent to circle R,R, we have QR=5,QR=5, so QR=5212=24.Q'R'=\sqrt{5^2-1^2}=\sqrt{24}.

Place P=(0,1),P=(0,1), Q=(8,2),Q=(\sqrt8,2), and R=(8+24,3).R=(\sqrt8+\sqrt{24},3). By the shoelace formula, the area is 128(31)+(8+24)(12)=12(248)=62. \begin{gathered} \small \dfrac12\left|\sqrt8(3-1)+(\sqrt8+\sqrt{24})(1-2)\right|\\ =\dfrac12\left(\sqrt{24}-\sqrt8\right)\\ =\sqrt6-\sqrt2. \end{gathered}

Thus, the correct answer is D.

16.

y=log3xy=\log_3 xy=logx3y=\log_x 3y=log13xy=\log_{\frac{1}{3}} x 以及 y=logx13y=\log_x\dfrac{1}{3} 的图像画在同一坐标系中。平面上有多少个 xx 坐标为正的点位于两条或更多条图像上?

The graphs of y=log3x,y=\log_3 x, y=logx3,y=\log_x 3, y=log13x,y=\log_{\frac{1}{3}} x, and y=logx13y=\log_x\dfrac{1}{3} are plotted on the same set of axes. How many points in the plane with positive xx-coordinates lie on two or more of the graphs?

22

33

44

55

66

知识点:对数换元法
难度评级:1860
小提示:

u=log3xu=\log_3 x,把四个函数值改写为 u, 1u, u, 1uu,\ \dfrac1u,\ -u,\ -\dfrac1u

Let u=log3xu=\log_3 x and rewrite all four as u, 1u, u, 1uu,\ \dfrac1u,\ -u,\ -\dfrac1u

大提示:

找出哪些 xx 会让这四个表达式中任意两个相等。

Find every xx where two of these four expressions are equal

解答:

u=log3xu=\log_3 x,则 logx3=1u\log_x 3=\dfrac1ulog13x=u\log_{\frac{1}{3}}x=-u,且 logx13=1u\log_x\dfrac13=-\dfrac1u。两条图像相交时,u,1u,u,1uu,\dfrac1u,-u,-\dfrac1u 中有两个相等,并且对应的 x>0x\gt 0 有效。

u=1uu=\dfrac1uu=±1u=\pm1,所以 x=3x=3x=13x=\dfrac13;令 u=1u-u=-\dfrac1u 得到同样的值。令 u=uu=-uu=0u=0,即 x=1x=1,此时 log3x\log_3 xlog13x\log_{\frac{1}{3}}x 都等于 00。其余配对没有实数解。

不同交点为 (1,0)(1,0)(3,1)(3,1)(13,1)\left(\dfrac13,-1\right)(3,1)(3,-1)(13,1)\left(\dfrac13,1\right),所以共有 55 个。

所以正确答案是 D

Let u=log3x.u=\log_3 x. Then logx3=1u,\log_x 3=\dfrac1u, log13x=u,\log_{\frac{1}{3}}x=-u, and logx13=1u.\log_x\dfrac13=-\dfrac1u. Two graphs meet where two of u,1u,u,1uu,\dfrac1u,-u,-\dfrac1u are equal for some valid x>0.x\gt 0.

Setting u=1uu=\dfrac1u gives u=±1,u=\pm1, so x=3x=3 or x=13;x=\dfrac13; setting u=1u-u=-\dfrac1u gives the same values. Setting u=uu=-u gives u=0,u=0, i.e. x=1,x=1, where log3x\log_3 x and log13x\log_{\frac{1}{3}}x are both 0.0. The remaining pairings have no real solution.

The distinct intersection points are (1,0),(1,0), (3,1),(3,1), (13,1),\left(\dfrac13,-1\right), (3,1),(3,-1), and (13,1),\left(\dfrac13,1\right), so there are 5.5.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

17.

ABCDABCD 是正方形。令 EEFFGGHH 分别为以 AB\overline{AB}BC\overline{BC}CD\overline{CD}DA\overline{DA} 为底、且在正方形外侧的等边三角形的中心。正方形 EFGHEFGH 的面积与正方形 ABCDABCD 的面积之比是多少?

Let ABCDABCD be a square. Let E,E, F,F, G,G, and HH be the centers, respectively, of equilateral triangles with bases AB,\overline{AB}, BC,\overline{BC}, CD,\overline{CD}, and DA,\overline{DA}, each exterior to the square. What is the ratio of the area of square EFGHEFGH to the area of square ABCD?ABCD?

11

2+33\dfrac{2+\sqrt{3}}{3}

2\sqrt{2}

2+32\dfrac{\sqrt{2}+\sqrt{3}}{2}

3\sqrt{3}

难度评级:1800
小提示:

等边三角形的中心距底边为其高的 13\frac13

The center of an equilateral triangle lies 13\frac13 of its height from the base

大提示:

比较两个正方形的对角线;面积比是长度比的平方。

Compare diagonals of the two squares; the area ratio is the square of the length ratio

解答:

设正方形 ABCDABCD 的边长为 66。每个等边三角形的高为 333\sqrt3,其中心到正方形相应边的距离是该高的 13\frac13,即 3\sqrt3

正方形 ABCDABCD 的对角线长为 626\sqrt2。正方形 EFGHEFGH 的对角线等于 ABCDABCD 的边长加上两段长为 3\sqrt3 的距离,即 6+236+2\sqrt3。面积比等于对角线长度之比的平方:(6+2362)2=(3+332)2=12+6318=2+33 \begin{gathered} \left(\dfrac{6+2\sqrt3}{6\sqrt2}\right)^2\\ =\left(\dfrac{3+\sqrt3}{3\sqrt2}\right)^2\\ =\dfrac{12+6\sqrt3}{18}\\ =\dfrac{2+\sqrt3}{3} \end{gathered}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

Let square ABCDABCD have side length 6.6. Each equilateral triangle has height 33,3\sqrt3, and its center lies 13\frac13 of that height, namely 3,\sqrt3, from the square’s side.

Square ABCDABCD has diagonal 62.6\sqrt2. Square EFGHEFGH has diagonal equal to the side of ABCDABCD plus twice 3,\sqrt3, namely 6+23.6+2\sqrt3. The area ratio is the square of the ratio of diagonals: (6+2362)2=(3+332)2=12+6318=2+33. \begin{gathered} \left(\dfrac{6+2\sqrt3}{6\sqrt2}\right)^2\\ =\left(\dfrac{3+\sqrt3}{3\sqrt2}\right)^2\\ =\dfrac{12+6\sqrt3}{18}\\ =\dfrac{2+\sqrt3}{3}. \end{gathered}

Thus, the correct answer is B.

18.

对某个正整数 nn,数 110n3110n^3110110 个正整数因数,其中包括 11110n3110n^3 本身。数 81n481n^4 有多少个正整数因数?

For some positive integer n,n, the number 110n3110n^3 has 110110 positive integer divisors, including 11 and the number 110n3.110n^3. How many positive integer divisors does the number 81n481n^4 have?

110110

191191

261261

325325

425425

难度评级:1910
小提示:

110=2511110=2\cdot5\cdot11,所以 110n3110n^3 恰有三个质因数。

110=2511,110=2\cdot5\cdot11, so 110n3110n^3 has exactly three prime factors

大提示:

各指数加一的乘积为 110=2511110=2\cdot5\cdot11;推出 n=pq3n=p\cdot q^3

The exponents plus one multiply to 110=2511;110=2\cdot5\cdot11; deduce n=pq3n=p\cdot q^3

解答:

110n3110n^3 能被三个不同的质数 2,5,112,5,11 整除。若其质因数指数为 r1,r2,r_1,r_2,\ldots,则 (r1+1)(r2+1)=110(r_1+1)(r_2+1)\cdots=110,其中 110=2511110=2\cdot5\cdot11。因为已经至少有三个大于 11 的因数,所以恰好只有三个,这说明没有其他质数整除 nn

110n3110n^3 中的每个指数都满足 1(mod3)1\pmod3,因此每个因数个数中的因子 ri+1r_i+1 都满足 2(mod3)2\pmod3。因数 2,5,112,5,11 都具有这种形式,所以指数按某种顺序为 1,4,101,4,10。从 110110 中已有的指数减去 11,再除以 33,得到 nn 中的指数按某种顺序为 0,1,30,1,3。因此 n=pq3n=pq^3,其中不同质数 p,qp,q 选自 2,5,112,5,11

所以 n4n^4 中的指数为 441212,而 81=3481=3^4 引入第三个质数,因为 nn 不能被 33 整除。因此 81n481n^4 的因数个数为 (4+1)(4+1)(12+1)=5513=325 \begin{gathered} (4+1)(4+1)(12+1)\\ =5\cdot5\cdot13\\ =325 \end{gathered}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 D

The number 110n3110n^3 is divisible by the three distinct primes 2,5,11.2,5,11. If its prime exponents are r1,r2,,r_1,r_2,\ldots, then (r1+1)(r2+1)=110,(r_1+1)(r_2+1)\cdots=110, where 110=2511.110=2\cdot5\cdot11. Because there are already at least three factors greater than 1,1, there are exactly three, so no other prime divides n.n.

Each exponent in 110n3110n^3 is 1(mod3),1\pmod3, so each divisor-count factor ri+1r_i+1 is 2(mod3).2\pmod3. The factors 2,5,112,5,11 all have that form, so the exponents are 1,4,101,4,10 in some order. After subtracting the exponent 11 from 110110 and dividing by 3,3, the exponents in nn are 0,1,30,1,3 in some order. Thus n=pq3n=pq^3 for two distinct primes p,qp,q chosen from 2,5,11.2,5,11.

Consequently n4n^4 has exponents 44 and 12,12, while 81=3481=3^4 introduces a third prime because nn is not divisible by 3.3. Hence the number of divisors of 81n481n^4 is (4+1)(4+1)(12+1)=5513=325. \begin{gathered} (4+1)(4+1)(12+1)\\ =5\cdot5\cdot13\\ =325. \end{gathered}

Thus, the correct answer is D.

19.

Jerry 从实数轴上的 00 出发。他投掷一枚公平硬币 88 次。若正面朝上,他向正方向移动 11 单位;若反面朝上,他向负方向移动 11 单位。他在这个过程中某一时刻到达 44 的概率为 ab\dfrac{a}{b},其中 aabb 是互质正整数。a+ba+b 是多少?(例如,若投掷序列为 HTHHHHHH,他成功。)

Jerry starts at 00 on the real number line. He tosses a fair coin 88 times. When he gets heads, he moves 11 unit in the positive direction; when he gets tails, he moves 11 unit in the negative direction. The probability that he reaches 44 at some time during this process is ab,\dfrac{a}{b}, where aa and bb are relatively prime positive integers. What is a+b?a+b? (For example, he succeeds if his sequence of tosses is HTHHHHHH.)

6969

151151

257257

293293

313313

难度评级:1990
小提示:

统计 282^8 个投掷序列中,累计位置到达 44 的序列数。

Count the 282^8 toss sequences in which the running total reaches 44

大提示:

反面至多 22 次时一定到达 44;反面有 3344 次时只有部分顺序可行。

With at most 22 tails he always reaches 4;4; with 33 or 44 tails only some orders work

解答:

统计 88 次投掷中累计总和达到过 44 的序列数。如果反面至多出现 22 次,他一定能达到 44,贡献 (80)+(81)+(82)=1+8+28=37 \begin{gathered} \binom80+\binom81+\binom82\\ =1+8+28\\ =37 \end{gathered} 个序列。

恰有 33 次反面时,他只能在第 44 次或第 66 次投掷首次达到 44。要在第 44 次达到,前四次必须全为正面,之后剩下的那个正面有 44 个可能位置。否则第 55 和第 66 次是正面,前四次中有一次反面,最后两次是反面,同样有 44 种可能。因此这一情形贡献 88 个序列。恰有 44 次反面时,只有 HHHHTTTT 可行,贡献 11 个序列。正面少于 44 次时不可能达到 44

所以有利序列共有 37+8+1=4637+8+1=46 个,全部序列有 28=2562^8=256 个,概率为 46256=23128\dfrac{46}{256}=\dfrac{23}{128}。因此 a+b=23+128=151a+b=23+128=151

因此,正确答案是 B

Count the sequences of 88 tosses whose running total reaches 4.4. With at most 22 tails he certainly reaches 4,4, contributing (80)+(81)+(82)=1+8+28=37 \begin{gathered} \binom80+\binom81+\binom82\\ =1+8+28\\ =37 \end{gathered} sequences.

With exactly 33 tails, he can first reach 44 on toss 44 or toss 6.6. Reaching it on toss 44 requires four initial heads, after which the remaining head has 44 possible positions. Otherwise, tosses 55 and 66 are heads, one of the first four tosses is a tail, and the last two are tails, again giving 44 possibilities. Thus this case contributes 8.8. With exactly 44 tails, only HHHHTTTT works, giving 1.1. He cannot reach 44 with fewer than 44 heads.

So there are 37+8+1=4637+8+1=46 favorable sequences out of 28=256,2^8=256, a probability of 46256=23128.\dfrac{46}{256}=\dfrac{23}{128}. Then a+b=23+128=151.a+b=23+128=151.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

20.

二元运算 \diamond 满足:对所有非零实数 aabbcca(bc)=(ab)ca\diamond(b\diamond c)=(a\diamond b)\cdot c,且 aa=1a\diamond a=1。(这里的点 \cdot 表示通常的乘法。)方程 2016(6x)=1002016\diamond(6\diamond x)=100 的解可写为 pq\dfrac{p}{q},其中 ppqq 是互质正整数。p+qp+q 是多少?

A binary operation \diamond has the properties that a(bc)=(ab)ca\diamond(b\diamond c)=(a\diamond b)\cdot c and that aa=1a\diamond a=1 for all nonzero real numbers a,a, b,b, and c.c. (Here the dot \cdot represents the usual multiplication operation.) The solution to the equation 2016(6x)=1002016\diamond(6\diamond x)=100 can be written as pq,\dfrac{p}{q}, where pp and qq are relatively prime positive integers. What is p+q?p+q?

109109

201201

301301

30493049

33,60133{,}601

难度评级:1910
小提示:

aa=1a\diamond a=1 化简 a(aa)a\diamond(a\diamond a)

Use aa=1a\diamond a=1 to simplify a(aa)a\diamond(a\diamond a)

大提示:

证明 ab=aba\diamond b=\dfrac{a}{b},于是 2016(6x)=20166x2016\diamond(6\diamond x)=\dfrac{2016}{\frac{6}{x}}

Show ab=ab,a\diamond b=\dfrac{a}{b}, so 2016(6x)=20166x2016\diamond(6\diamond x)=\dfrac{2016}{\frac{6}{x}}

解答:

b=c=ab=c=a,得到 a1=a(aa)a\diamond 1=a\diamond(a\diamond a) =(aa)a=a=(a\diamond a)\cdot a=a。再令 c=bc=b,得到 a=a1a=a\diamond 1 =a(bb)=(ab)b=a\diamond(b\diamond b)=(a\diamond b)\cdot b,所以 ab=aba\diamond b=\dfrac{a}{b}

因此 2016(6x)=20166x=20166x=336x=100 \begin{gathered} 2016\diamond(6\diamond x)\\ =2016\diamond\dfrac{6}{x}\\ =\dfrac{2016}{\frac{6}{x}}\\ =336x=100 \end{gathered}\text{,} 所以 x=100336=2584x=\dfrac{100}{336}=\dfrac{25}{84},且 p+q=25+84=109p+q=25+84=109

所以正确答案是 A

Setting b=c=ab=c=a gives a1=a(aa)a\diamond 1=a\diamond(a\diamond a) =(aa)a=a.=(a\diamond a)\cdot a=a. Then setting c=bc=b gives a=a1a=a\diamond 1 =a(bb)=(ab)b,=a\diamond(b\diamond b)=(a\diamond b)\cdot b, so ab=ab.a\diamond b=\dfrac{a}{b}.

Therefore 2016(6x)=20166x=20166x=336x=100, \begin{gathered} 2016\diamond(6\diamond x)\\ =2016\diamond\dfrac{6}{x}\\ =\dfrac{2016}{\frac{6}{x}}\\ =336x=100, \end{gathered} so x=100336=2584x=\dfrac{100}{336}=\dfrac{25}{84} and p+q=25+84=109.p+q=25+84=109.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

21.

一个四边形内接于半径为 2002200\sqrt{2} 的圆。该四边形的三条边长为 200200。第四条边长是多少?

A quadrilateral is inscribed in a circle of radius 2002.200\sqrt{2}. Three of the sides of this quadrilateral have length 200.200. What is the length of its fourth side?

200200

2002200\sqrt{2}

2003200\sqrt{3}

3002300\sqrt{2}

500500

难度评级:2040
小提示:

每条长 200200 的边对应圆心角 θ\theta,其中 cosθ=34\cos\theta=\frac34

Each side of length 200200 subtends a central angle θ\theta with cosθ=34\cos\theta=\frac34

大提示:

第四条边对应 3θ3\theta;使用 cos3θ=4cos3θ3cosθ\cos 3\theta=4\cos^3\theta-3\cos\theta

The fourth chord has the same length as one subtending 3θ;3\theta; use cos3θ=4cos3θ3cosθ\cos 3\theta=4\cos^3\theta-3\cos\theta

解答:

设长为 200200 的边所对的圆心角为 θ\theta,圆的半径为 R=2002R=200\sqrt2。对以圆心为顶点的等腰三角形应用余弦定理,得到 2002=2R2(1cosθ)=160000(1cosθ) \begin{gathered} 200^2=2R^2(1-\cos\theta)\\ =160000(1-\cos\theta) \end{gathered}\text{,} 所以 cosθ=34\cos\theta=\dfrac34

三条相等的边占据三段圆心角均为 θ\theta 的连续弧,所以第四段弧的圆心角为 2π3θ2\pi-3\theta。它所对的弦与圆心角为 3θ3\theta 的弦等长,并且 cos3θ=4cos3θ3cosθ=4276494=916 \begin{gathered} \cos 3\theta=4\cos^3\theta-3\cos\theta\\ =4\cdot\dfrac{27}{64}-\dfrac94\\ =-\dfrac{9}{16} \end{gathered}\text{。} 它的长度平方为 2R2(1cos3θ)=160000(1+916)=1600002516=250000 \begin{gathered} 2R^2(1-\cos 3\theta)\\ =160000\left(1+\dfrac{9}{16}\right)\\ =160000\cdot\dfrac{25}{16}\\ =250000 \end{gathered}\text{,} 所以第四条边长为 500500

所以正确答案是 E

Let θ\theta be the central angle subtending a side of length 200,200, with radius R=2002.R=200\sqrt2. By the law of cosines on the isosceles triangle from the center, 2002=2R2(1cosθ)=160000(1cosθ), \begin{gathered} 200^2=2R^2(1-\cos\theta)\\ =160000(1-\cos\theta), \end{gathered} so cosθ=34.\cos\theta=\dfrac34.

The three equal sides use three consecutive arcs of angle θ,\theta, so the fourth arc has angle 2π3θ.2\pi-3\theta. Its chord has the same length as a chord with central angle 3θ,3\theta, and cos3θ=4cos3θ3cosθ=4276494=916. \begin{gathered} \cos 3\theta=4\cos^3\theta-3\cos\theta\\ =4\cdot\dfrac{27}{64}-\dfrac94\\ =-\dfrac{9}{16}. \end{gathered} Its length squared is 2R2(1cos3θ)=160000(1+916)=1600002516=250000, \begin{gathered} 2R^2(1-\cos 3\theta)\\ =160000\left(1+\dfrac{9}{16}\right)\\ =160000\cdot\dfrac{25}{16}\\ =250000, \end{gathered} so the fourth side is 500.500.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

22.

有多少个正整数有序三元组 (x,y,z)(x,y,z) 满足 lcm(x,y)=72\text{lcm}(x,y)=72lcm(x,z)=600\text{lcm}(x,z)=600,且 lcm(y,z)=900\text{lcm}(y,z)=900

How many ordered triples (x,y,z)(x,y,z) of positive integers satisfy lcm(x,y)=72,\text{lcm}(x,y)=72, lcm(x,z)=600,\text{lcm}(x,z)=600, and lcm(y,z)=900?\text{lcm}(y,z)=900?

1515

1616

2424

2727

6464

难度评级:2160
小提示:

分解:72=233272=2^3\cdot3^2600=23352600=2^3\cdot3\cdot5^2900=223252900=2^2\cdot3^2\cdot5^2

Factor: 72=2332,72=2^3\cdot3^2, 600=23352,600=2^3\cdot3\cdot5^2, 900=223252900=2^2\cdot3^2\cdot5^2

大提示:

分别处理质数 2,3,52,3,5,并使用指数的 max\max

Handle each prime 2,3,52,3,5 separately, using max\max of the exponents

解答:

因为 lcm(x,y)=2332\text{lcm}(x,y)=2^3\cdot3^2,且 lcm(x,z)=23352\text{lcm}(x,z)=2^3\cdot3\cdot5^2,所以 525^2 整除 zz,而 xxyy 都不能被 55 整除。同理,323^2 整除 yy,而 xxzz 都不能被 323^2 整除;此外,xx 必须含有因子 232^3

x=233jx=2^3\cdot3^{\,j}y=2k32y=2^{\,k}\cdot3^2z=2m3n52z=2^{\,m}\cdot3^{\,n}\cdot5^2,最小公倍数条件要求 max(j,n)=1\max(j,n)=1,且 max(k,m)=2\max(k,m)=2。第一对可以取 (1,0),(0,1),(1,1)(1,0),(0,1),(1,1),第二对可以取 (2,0),(2,1),(2,2),(0,2),(1,2)(2,0),(2,1),(2,2),(0,2),(1,2),因此共有 35=153\cdot5=15 个有序三元组。

所以正确答案是 A

Because lcm(x,y)=2332\text{lcm}(x,y)=2^3\cdot3^2 and lcm(x,z)=23352,\text{lcm}(x,z)=2^3\cdot3\cdot5^2, the factor 525^2 divides zz while neither xx nor yy is divisible by 5.5. Also 323^2 divides y,y, while neither xx nor zz is divisible by 32,3^2, and xx must have the factor 23.2^3.

Writing x=233j,x=2^3\cdot3^{\,j}, y=2k32,y=2^{\,k}\cdot3^2, and z=2m3n52,z=2^{\,m}\cdot3^{\,n}\cdot5^2, the lcm conditions require max(j,n)=1\max(j,n)=1 and max(k,m)=2.\max(k,m)=2. The first pair can be (1,0),(0,1),(1,1),(1,0),(0,1),(1,1), and the second can be (2,0),(2,1),(2,2),(0,2),(1,2).(2,0),(2,1),(2,2),(0,2),(1,2). Thus there are 35=153\cdot5=15 ordered triples.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

23.

从区间 [0,1][0,1] 中独立随机选取三个数。所选三个数能作为一个面积为正的三角形的边长的概率是多少?

Three numbers in the interval [0,1][0,1] are chosen independently and at random. What is the probability that the chosen numbers are the side lengths of a triangle with positive area?

16\dfrac{1}{6}

13\dfrac{1}{3}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

23\dfrac{2}{3}

56\dfrac{5}{6}

难度评级:2160
小提示:

三元组 (x,y,z)(x,y,z) 填满单位立方体;不能构成三角形意味着某个数 \ge 另外两个数之和。

The triples (x,y,z)(x,y,z) fill a unit cube; failure means one number \ge the sum of the other two

大提示:

每个区域,例如 zx+yz\ge x+y 都是体积为 16\frac16 的四面体。

Each region such as zx+yz\ge x+y is a tetrahedron of volume 16\frac16

解答:

有序三元组 (x,y,z)(x,y,z) 填满体积为 11 的单位立方体。不能构成三角形,恰好意味着某个数大于或等于另外两个数之和。

区域 zx+yz\ge x+y 是一个四面体,顶点为 (0,0,0),(0,0,1),(0,1,1),(1,0,1)(0,0,0),(0,0,1),(0,1,1),(1,0,1),体积为 16\frac16。类似地,区域 xy+zx\ge y+zyx+zy\ge x+z 的体积也各为 16\frac16,而且内部互不相交。因此不能构成三角形的概率为 316=123\cdot\frac16=\frac12,能构成三角形的概率为 112=121-\frac12=\frac12

所以正确答案是 C

The ordered triples (x,y,z)(x,y,z) fill the unit cube of volume 1.1. They fail to form a triangle exactly when one value is at least the sum of the other two.

The region zx+yz\ge x+y is a tetrahedron with vertices (0,0,0),(0,0,1),(0,1,1),(1,0,1)(0,0,0),(0,0,1),(0,1,1),(1,0,1) of volume 16.\frac16. The analogous regions xy+zx\ge y+z and yx+zy\ge x+z also have volume 16\frac16 and have disjoint interiors. So the failure probability is 316=12,3\cdot\frac16=\frac12, and the triangle probability is 112=12.1-\frac12=\frac12.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

24.

存在一个最小正实数 aa,使得存在正实数 bb,并且多项式 x3ax2+bxax^3-ax^2+bx-a 的所有根都是实数。事实上,对这个 aa 值,bb 是唯一的。这个 bb 的值是多少?

There is a smallest positive real number aa such that there exists a positive real number bb such that all the roots of the polynomial x3ax2+bxax^3-ax^2+bx-a are real. In fact, for this value of aa the value of bb is unique. What is this value of b?b?

88

99

1010

1111

1212

难度评级:2380
小提示:

若根为 r,s,tr,s,t,则 r+s+t=ar+s+t=arst=arst=a

If the roots are r,s,t,r,s,t, then r+s+t=ar+s+t=a and rst=arst=a

大提示:

r,s,tr,s,t 使用算术平均数与几何平均数不等式;最小的 aa 迫使 r=s=tr=s=t

Apply AM-GM to r,s,t;r,s,t; the minimum aa forces r=s=tr=s=t

解答:

由韦达定理,实根 r,s,tr,s,t 满足 r+s+t=ar+s+t=ars+st+tr=brs+st+tr=b,且 rst=arst=a,所以 r+s+t=rstr+s+t=rst

乘积为正,说明三个根全为正,或有两个根为负。在后一种情形中,将根写成 u,v,w-u,-v,w,其中 u,v,w>0u,v,w\gt0。和为正迫使 w>u+vw\gt u+v,于是 b=uvw(u+v)<0b=uv-w(u+v)\lt0,矛盾。因此三个根都为正。

由算术平均数与几何平均数不等式,27rst(r+s+t)3=(rst)327rst\le(r+s+t)^3=(rst)^3,所以 a=rst33a=rst\ge 3\sqrt3,等号成立当且仅当 r=s=t=3r=s=t=\sqrt3。在这个最小的 aa 下,b=rs+st+tr=3r2=33=9 \begin{gathered} b=rs+st+tr\\ =3r^2=3\cdot 3=9 \end{gathered}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 B

By Vieta’s formulas, the real roots r,s,tr,s,t satisfy r+s+t=a,r+s+t=a, rs+st+tr=b,rs+st+tr=b, and rst=a,rst=a, so r+s+t=rst.r+s+t=rst.

The positive product means either all three roots are positive or two are negative. In the latter case write the roots as u,v,w-u,-v,w with u,v,w>0.u,v,w\gt0. The positive sum forces w>u+v,w\gt u+v, and then b=uvw(u+v)<0,b=uv-w(u+v)\lt0, a contradiction. Hence all three roots are positive.

By the AM-GM inequality, 27rst(r+s+t)3=(rst)3,27rst\le(r+s+t)^3=(rst)^3, so a=rst33,a=rst\ge 3\sqrt3, with equality if and only if r=s=t=3.r=s=t=\sqrt3. At this smallest a,a, b=rs+st+tr=3r2=33=9. \begin{gathered} b=rs+st+tr\\ =3r^2=3\cdot 3=9. \end{gathered}

Thus, the correct answer is B.

25.

kk 为正整数。Bernardo 和 Silvia 轮流在黑板上写数和擦数:Bernardo 先写下最小的 k+1k+1 位完全平方数。每当 Bernardo 写下一个数,Silvia 就擦去它的最后 kk 位数字。然后 Bernardo 写下下一个完全平方数,Silvia 再擦去最后 kk 位,如此继续,直到黑板上最后留下的两个数相差至少 22。令 f(k)f(k) 为黑板上没有出现过的最小正整数。例如,当 k=1k=1 时,Bernardo 写下的数为 16162525363649496464;Silvia 擦除后黑板上显示的数为 1122334466,因此 f(1)=5f(1)=5。求 f(2)+f(4)f(2)+f(4) +f(6)++f(2016)+f(6)+\cdots+f(2016) 的各位数字之和。

Let kk be a positive integer. Bernardo and Silvia take turns writing and erasing numbers on a blackboard as follows: Bernardo starts by writing the smallest perfect square with k+1k+1 digits. Every time Bernardo writes a number, Silvia erases the last kk digits of it. Bernardo then writes the next perfect square, Silvia erases the last kk digits of it, and this process continues until the last two numbers that remain on the board differ by at least 2.2. Let f(k)f(k) be the smallest positive integer not written on the board. For example, if k=1,k=1, then the numbers that Bernardo writes are 16,16, 25,25, 36,36, 49,49, and 64,64, and the numbers showing on the board after Silvia erases are 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, 4,4, and 6,6, and thus f(1)=5.f(1)=5. What is the sum of the digits of f(2)+f(4)f(2)+f(4) +f(6)++f(2016)?+f(6)+\cdots+f(2016)?

79867986

80028002

80308030

80488048

80648064

难度评级:2720
小提示:

对偶数 k=2jk=2j,黑板上显示的数是 n210k\left\lfloor \frac{n^2}{10^{k}}\right\rfloor,其中 n10jn\ge 10^{j}

For even k=2j,k=2j, the numbers shown are n210k\left\lfloor \frac{n^2}{10^{k}}\right\rfloor for n10jn\ge 10^{j}

大提示:

证明 f(2j)=102j4+10jf(2j)=\dfrac{10^{2j}}{4}+10^{j},然后对 jj 求和。

Show f(2j)=102j4+10j,f(2j)=\dfrac{10^{2j}}{4}+10^{j}, then add over jj

解答:

k=2jk=2j。最小的 k+1k+1 位完全平方数是 10k=(10j)210^{k}=(10^{j})^2。Silvia 擦除数字后,黑板上显示的数为 n210k\left\lfloor \frac{n^2}{10^{k}}\right\rfloor,其中 n=10j,10j+1,n=10^{j}, 10^{j}+1,\ldots

M=10kM=10^k。从 nnn+1n+1 要出现至少为 22 的跳跃,需要 (n+1)2n2=2n+1>M(n+1)^2-n^2=2n+1\gt M,因此写 n=M2+mn=\frac{M}{2}+m,其中 m0m\ge0。当 m=0m=0 时跳跃只有 11,所以第一次更大的跳跃满足 m1m\ge1。令 A=n2MA=\left\lfloor \frac{n^2}{M}\right\rfloorB=(n+1)2MB=\left\lfloor\frac{(n+1)^2}{M}\right\rfloor。因为 MM 能被 44 整除,A=M4+m+m2M,B=M4+m+1+(m+1)2M \begin{aligned} A&=\dfrac M4+m+\left\lfloor\dfrac{m^2}{M}\right\rfloor,\\ B&=\dfrac M4+m+1\\ &\quad{}+\left\lfloor\dfrac{(m+1)^2}{M}\right\rfloor \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此第一次至少为 22 的跳跃出现在使 m2<M(m+1)2m^2\lt M\le(m+1)^2 成立的最小 mm 处。因为 M=10j\sqrt M=10^j,所以 m=10j1m=10^j-1。间隙之前最后显示的数是 M4+10j1\frac{M}{4}+10^j-1,所以最小的未出现正整数为 f(2j)=102j4+10jf(2j)=\dfrac{10^{2j}}4+10^j\text{。}

j=1,,1008j=1,\ldots,1008 求和,得到 j=11008f(2j)=25j=01007102j+10j=0100710j=2525252016 位数字+111101009 位数字 \begin{gathered} \sum_{j=1}^{1008}f(2j)\\ =25\sum_{j=0}^{1007}10^{2j}\\ {}+10\sum_{j=0}^{1007}10^{j}\\ =\underbrace{2525\cdots25}_{2016\text{ 位数字}}\\ {}+\underbrace{111\cdots10}_{1009\text{ 位数字}} \end{gathered}\text{。} 相加时没有进位,所以各位数字之和为 1008(2+5)1008\cdot(2+5) +10081=10088=8064+1008\cdot 1=1008\cdot 8=8064

所以正确答案是 E

Take k=2j.k=2j. The smallest perfect square with k+1k+1 digits is 10k=(10j)2,10^{k}=(10^{j})^2, and after Silvia erases, the numbers shown are n210k\left\lfloor \frac{n^2}{10^{k}}\right\rfloor for n=10j,10j+1,n=10^{j}, 10^{j}+1,\ldots

Put M=10k.M=10^k. A jump of at least 22 from nn to n+1n+1 requires (n+1)2n2=2n+1>M,(n+1)^2-n^2=2n+1\gt M, so write n=M2+mn=\frac{M}{2}+m with m0.m\ge0. The case m=0m=0 gives a jump of only 1,1, so the first larger jump has m1.m\ge1. Let A=n2MA=\left\lfloor \frac{n^2}{M}\right\rfloor and B=(n+1)2M.B=\left\lfloor\frac{(n+1)^2}{M}\right\rfloor. Because MM is divisible by 4,4, A=M4+m+m2M,B=M4+m+1+(m+1)2M. \begin{aligned} A&=\dfrac M4+m+\left\lfloor\dfrac{m^2}{M}\right\rfloor,\\ B&=\dfrac M4+m+1\\ &\quad{}+\left\lfloor\dfrac{(m+1)^2}{M}\right\rfloor. \end{aligned}

Therefore the first jump of at least 22 occurs at the first mm for which m2<M(m+1)2.m^2\lt M\le(m+1)^2. Since M=10j,\sqrt M=10^j, this is m=10j1.m=10^j-1. The last displayed value before the gap is M4+10j1,\frac{M}{4}+10^j-1, so the smallest missing integer is f(2j)=102j4+10j.f(2j)=\dfrac{10^{2j}}4+10^j.

Summing over j=1,,1008,j=1,\ldots,1008, j=11008f(2j)=25j=01007102j+10j=0100710j=2525252016 digits+111101009 digits. \begin{gathered} \sum_{j=1}^{1008}f(2j)\\ =25\sum_{j=0}^{1007}10^{2j}\\ {}+10\sum_{j=0}^{1007}10^{j}\\ =\underbrace{2525\cdots25}_{2016\text{ digits}}\\ {}+\underbrace{111\cdots10}_{1009\text{ digits}}. \end{gathered} There are no carries, so the digit sum is 1008(2+5)1008\cdot(2+5) +10081=10088=8064.+1008\cdot 1=1008\cdot 8=8064.

Thus, the correct answer is E.