2012 AMC 12B 第 19 题

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

19.

一个单位立方体的顶点为 P1P_1P2P_2P3P_3P4P_4P1P_1'P2P_2'P3P_3', 和 P4P_4'。 顶点 P2P_2P3P_3, 和 P4P_4 都与 P1P_1, 相邻,并且对 1i41 \le i \le 4, 顶点 PiP_iPiP_i' 互为对顶点。一个正八面体在每条线段 P1P2P_1P_2P1P3P_1P_3P1P4P_1P_4P1P2P_1'P_2'P1P3P_1'P_3', 和 P1P4P_1'P_4' 上各有一个顶点。这个八面体的边长是多少?

A unit cube has vertices P1,P_1, P2,P_2, P3,P_3, P4,P_4, P1,P_1', P2,P_2', P3,P_3', and P4.P_4'. Vertices P2,P_2, P3,P_3, and P4P_4 are adjacent to P1,P_1, and for 1i4,1 \le i \le 4, vertices PiP_i and PiP_i' are opposite to each other. A regular octahedron has one vertex in each of the segments P1P2,P_1P_2, P1P3,P_1P_3, P1P4,P_1P_4, P1P2,P_1'P_2', P1P3,P_1'P_3', and P1P4.P_1'P_4'. What is the octahedron's side length?

324\dfrac{3\sqrt{2}}{4}

7616\dfrac{7\sqrt{6}}{16}

52\dfrac{\sqrt{5}}{2}

233\dfrac{2\sqrt{3}}{3}

62\dfrac{\sqrt{6}}{2}

答案:A
知识点:正方体勾股定理对称性
难度评级:2110
解答:

P1P_1 放在原点,使三条棱沿坐标轴,并设靠近 P1P_1 的三个八面体顶点都与 P1P_1 相距 tt。由对称性,靠近 P1P_1' 的三个顶点也都与 P1P_1' 相距 tt

两个同靠近 P1P_1 的顶点,例如 (t,0,0)(t,0,0)(0,t,0)(0,t,0),相距 t2t\sqrt2。靠近 P1P_1 的一个顶点,例如 (t,0,0)(t,0,0),与靠近 P1P_1' 的相应顶点,例如 (1,1t,1)(1,1-t,1),之间也必须有相同距离。

令这两种边长的平方相等,并使用单位立方体的棱长,得到 t=34t=\tfrac34, 因此边长为 t2=324t\sqrt2=\dfrac{3\sqrt2}{4}

因此正确答案是 A

Place P1P_1 at the origin with edges along the axes, and let each of the three octahedron vertices near P1P_1 be a distance tt from P1;P_1; by symmetry the three near P1P_1' are also a distance tt from P1.P_1'.

Two vertices sharing P1,P_1, such as (t,0,0)(t,0,0) and (0,t,0),(0,t,0), are a distance t2t\sqrt2 apart. A vertex near P1,P_1, say (t,0,0),(t,0,0), and the appropriate vertex near P1,P_1', say (1,1t,1),(1,1-t,1), must be the same distance apart.

Setting the two squared side lengths equal and using the cube's unit edges yields t=34,t=\tfrac34, so the side length is t2=324.t\sqrt2=\dfrac{3\sqrt2}{4}.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

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