2011 AMC 12A 第 23 题

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23.

f(z)=z+az+bf(z) = \dfrac{z + a}{z + b},且 g(z)=f(f(z))g(z) = f(f(z)),其中 aabb 是复数。假设 a=1|a| = 1,并且对所有使 g(g(z))g(g(z)) 有定义的 zz,都有 g(g(z))=zg(g(z)) = zb|b| 的最大可能值与最小可能值之差是多少?

Let f(z)=z+az+bf(z) = \dfrac{z + a}{z + b} and g(z)=f(f(z)),g(z) = f(f(z)), where aa and bb are complex numbers. Suppose that a=1|a| = 1 and g(g(z))=zg(g(z)) = z for all zz for which g(g(z))g(g(z)) is defined. What is the difference between the largest and smallest possible values of b?|b|?

00

21\sqrt{2} - 1

31\sqrt{3} - 1

11

22

答案:C
知识点:复数矩阵单位根
难度评级:2560
解答:

直接复合可得 g(z)=Az+BCz+D, g(z)=\dfrac{Az+B}{Cz+D}, 其中 A=1+a,A=1+a, B=a(1+b),B=a(1+b), C=1+b,C=1+b,D=a+b2.D=a+b^2.

矩阵 (ABCD)\begin{pmatrix}A&B\\C&D\end{pmatrix} 表示变换 g.g. 要使 ggg\circ g 为恒等变换,它的平方必须是标量矩阵。比较非对角元和两个对角元,得到两种可能:或者 B=C=0B=C=0A=D,A=D,或者 A+D=0.A+D=0. 第一种给出 b=1b=-1(其中 a1a\ne-1);第二种给出 b2=(1+2a). b^2=-(1+2a).

在第二种情形中,b2=1+2a.|b|^2=|1+2a|.aa 绕单位圆变化时,1+2a|1+2a| 的取值从 113,3, 所以 1b3.1\le|b|\le\sqrt3. 两个端点都能取得:分别取 (a,b)=(1,1)(a,b)=(-1,1)(a,b)=(1,i3).(a,b)=(1,i\sqrt3). 单独的情形 b=1b=-1 也满足 b=1.|b|=1. 因此所求差为 31.\sqrt3-1.

因此,正确答案是 C

Direct composition gives g(z)=Az+BCz+D, g(z)=\dfrac{Az+B}{Cz+D}, where A=1+a,A=1+a, B=a(1+b),B=a(1+b), C=1+b,C=1+b, and D=a+b2.D=a+b^2.

The matrix (ABCD)\begin{pmatrix}A&B\\C&D\end{pmatrix} represents g.g. For ggg\circ g to be the identity, its square must be scalar. Comparing the off-diagonal entries and the two diagonal entries gives two possibilities: either B=C=0B=C=0 and A=D,A=D, or A+D=0.A+D=0. The first gives b=1b=-1 (with a1a\ne-1); the second gives b2=(1+2a). b^2=-(1+2a).

In the second case, b2=1+2a.|b|^2=|1+2a|. As aa runs around the unit circle, 1+2a|1+2a| ranges from 11 to 3,3, so 1b3.1\le|b|\le\sqrt3. Both endpoints occur: take (a,b)=(1,1)(a,b)=(-1,1) and (a,b)=(1,i3).(a,b)=(1,i\sqrt3). The separate case b=1b=-1 also has b=1.|b|=1. Therefore the requested difference is 31.\sqrt3-1.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

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