2022 AMC 12A 第 24 题
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24.
用数字 组成长度为 的字符串。有多少个这样的字符串满足:对每个 , 至少有 个数字小于 ? (例如, 满足条件,因为它含有至少 个小于 的数字,至少 个小于 的数字, 至少 个小于 的数字,且至少 个小于 的数字。字符串 不满足条件, 因为它不含至少 个小于 的数字。)
How many strings of length formed from the digits are there such that for each at least of the digits are less than (For example, satisfies the condition because it contains at least digit less than at least digits less than at least digits less than and at least digits less than The string does not satisfy the condition because it does not contain at least digits less than )
答案:E
解答:
将五个数字排序为 条件“至少有 个数字小于 ”等价于对 有 ,即 (而 自动成立)。
这些字符串恰好是长度为 的停车函数。为计数,将 个停车位排成圆形,让 辆有标号的汽车任意选择首选车位。每辆车向前行驶到第一个空位。在 个偏好字符串中,同时旋转所有偏好会使唯一的空位依次经过全部 个位置。因此,恰有 个字符串使指定车位为空。将这个车位选作额外的第六个车位,恰好得到上述排序不等式。
因此,正确答案是 E。
Sort the five digits as The requirement "at least digits less than " is equivalent to for i.e. (with automatic).
These strings are exactly the parking functions of length To count them, arrange parking spaces in a circle and let labeled cars choose arbitrary preferred spaces. Each car moves forward to the first open space. Among the preference strings, rotating all preferences cycles the unique empty space through all positions. Therefore exactly strings leave a specified space empty. Choosing that space as the extra sixth space gives precisely the sorted inequalities above.
Thus, the correct answer is E.
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