2021 AMC 12B Fall 第 25 题

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25.

对正整数 nn,令 R(n)R(n)nn 分别除以 22334455667788991010 时所得余数之和。例如, 有多少个两位正整数 nn 满足 R(15)=1+0+3+0+3+1+7+6+5=26. \begin{aligned} &R(15) = 1 + 0 + 3 + 0 + 3 \\ &\quad {}+ 1 + 7 + 6 + 5 = 26. \end{aligned} R(n)=R(n+1)?R(n) = R(n + 1)?

For nn a positive integer, let R(n)R(n) be the sum of the remainders when nn is divided by 2,2, 3,3, 4,4, 5,5, 6,6, 7,7, 8,8, 9,9, and 10.10. For example, R(15)=1+0+3+0+3+1+7+6+5=26. \begin{aligned} &R(15) = 1 + 0 + 3 + 0 + 3 \\ &\quad {}+ 1 + 7 + 6 + 5 = 26. \end{aligned} How many two-digit positive integers nn satisfy R(n)=R(n+1)?R(n) = R(n + 1)?

00

11

22

33

44

答案:C
知识点:模运算整除性
难度评级:2800
解答:

nn 变为 n+1,n + 1, 时,每个余数 nmodmn \bmod m 都增加 11,除非 mn+1,m \mid n + 1,此时它从 m1m - 1 降为 0.0. 所以 R(n+1)R(n)=92m10mn+1m. \begin{aligned} &R(n+1) - R(n) \\ &= 9 - \sum_{\substack{2 \le m \le 10 \\ m \mid n+1}} m. \end{aligned}

221010 的互异整数之和等于 99 的方式只有 {9},{2,7},{3,6},{4,5},\{9\},\{2,7\},\{3,6\},\{4,5\},{2,3,4}.\{2,3,4\}. 因数的闭包性质排除了除 {2,7}:\{2,7\}: 外的所有情形:例如,99 的倍数也有因数 3,3,66 的倍数也有因数 223.3. 因此 n+1n+1 必须是 1414 的倍数,并且在 {2,,10}.\{2,\ldots,10\}. 中没有其他因数。

检查所需范围内的倍数 14,28,42,56,70,84,9814,28,42,56,70,84,98,只留下 141498.98. 所以 n=13n=13n=97,n=97,共有 22 个值。

因此,正确答案是 C

Going from nn to n+1,n + 1, each remainder nmodmn \bmod m increases by 11 unless mn+1,m \mid n + 1, in which case it drops from m1m - 1 to 0.0. So R(n+1)R(n)=92m10mn+1m. \begin{aligned} &R(n+1) - R(n) \\ &= 9 - \sum_{\substack{2 \le m \le 10 \\ m \mid n+1}} m. \end{aligned}

Distinct integers from 22 through 1010 can sum to 99 only as {9},{2,7},{3,6},{4,5},\{9\},\{2,7\},\{3,6\},\{4,5\}, or {2,3,4}.\{2,3,4\}. Divisibility closure eliminates every case except {2,7}:\{2,7\}: for example, a multiple of 99 also has divisor 3,3, and a multiple of 66 also has divisors 22 and 3.3. Thus n+1n+1 must be a multiple of 1414 with no other divisor in {2,,10}.\{2,\ldots,10\}.

Testing the multiples 14,28,42,56,70,84,9814,28,42,56,70,84,98 in the required range leaves only 1414 and 98.98. Hence n=13n=13 or n=97,n=97, giving 22 values.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

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