2024 AMC 12A 第 25 题

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25.

如果一个图像关于某条直线反射后保持不变,则称它关于这条直线对称。有多少个整数四元组 (a,b,c,d)(a,b,c,d),其中 a|a|b|b|c|c|d5|d|\le5,且 ccdd 不同时为 00,使得 y=ax+bcx+d y=\frac{ax+b}{cx+d} 的图像关于直线 y=xy=x 对称?

A graph is symmetric about a line if the graph remains unchanged after reflection in that line. For how many quadruples of integers (a,b,c,d),(a,b,c,d), where a,|a|, b,|b|, c,|c|, d5|d|\le5 and cc and dd are not both 0,0, is the graph of y=ax+bcx+d y=\frac{ax+b}{cx+d} symmetric about the line y=x?y=x?

12821282

12921292

13101310

13201320

13301330

答案:B
知识点:函数分类讨论
难度评级:2720
小提示:

y=f(x)y=f(x) 关于 y=xy=x 反射得到它的反函数,所以对称意味着 ff 等于自己的反函数

Reflecting y=f(x)y=f(x) over y=xy=x gives its inverse, so symmetry means ff is its own inverse

大提示:

映射 ax+bcx+d\dfrac{ax+b}{cx+d} 是对合,当且仅当 a+d=0a+d=0(且非退化);还要计入恒等函数 y=xy=x

A map ax+bcx+d\dfrac{ax+b}{cx+d} is an involution exactly when a+d=0a+d=0 (and it is nondegenerate); also count the identity y=xy=x

解答:

y=f(x)y=f(x) 的图像关于 y=xy=x 反射,会得到其反函数的图像,所以图像关于 y=xy=x 对称当且仅当 ff 等于自己的反函数。对 f(x)=ax+bcx+df(x)=\tfrac{ax+b}{cx+d},这有两种情况:a+d=0a+d=0adbc0ad-bc\ne0(真正的对合,包括 c=0c=0 时斜率为 1-1 的直线),或者 ff 是恒等函数 y=xy=xb=c=0, a=d0b=c=0,\ a=d\ne0)。

a+d=0a+d=0,令 d=ad=-a;行列式 a2bc-a^2-bc 必须非零,所以需要 a2+bc0a^2+bc\ne0,同时 (c,d)(0,0)(c,d)\ne(0,0)。当 a=0a=0 时,bbcc 都必须非零,给出 102=10010^2=100 种选择。对每个非零的 aa,先有 (b,c)(b,c)112=12111^2=121 种选择。若 a=1,3,4|a|=1,3,455,恰有 22 组满足 bc=a2bc=-a^2;若 a=2|a|=2,则恰有 66 组。因此真正的对合共有 100+8(1212)+2(1216)=1282 \begin{gathered} 100+8(121-2)+2(121-6)\\ {}=1282 \end{gathered}\text{。} 恒等函数的情形再增加 1010 个(a=d{±1,,±5}a=d\in\{\pm1,\ldots,\pm5\}),总数为 1282+10=12921282+10=1292

因此正确答案是 B

Reflecting the graph of y=f(x)y=f(x) over y=xy=x produces the graph of its inverse, so the graph is symmetric about y=xy=x exactly when ff equals its own inverse. For f(x)=ax+bcx+df(x)=\tfrac{ax+b}{cx+d} this happens in two ways: when a+d=0a+d=0 with adbc0ad-bc\ne0 (a genuine involution, including the slope1-1 lines when c=0c=0), or when ff is the identity y=xy=x (b=c=0, a=d0b=c=0,\ a=d\ne0).

For a+d=0,a+d=0, set d=a;d=-a; the determinant a2bc-a^2-bc must be nonzero, so we need a2+bc0,a^2+bc\ne0, together with (c,d)(0,0).(c,d)\ne(0,0). When a=0,a=0, both bb and cc must be nonzero, giving 102=10010^2=100 choices. For each nonzero a,a, start with 112=12111^2=121 choices of (b,c).(b,c). If a=1,3,4,|a|=1,3,4, or 5,5, exactly 22 pairs satisfy bc=a2;bc=-a^2; if a=2,|a|=2, exactly 66 pairs do. Thus the genuine involutions number 100+8(1212)+2(1216)=1282. \begin{gathered} 100+8(121-2)+2(121-6)\\ {}=1282. \end{gathered} The identity case adds 1010 more (a=d{±1,,±5}a=d\in\{\pm1,\ldots,\pm5\}), for a total of 1282+10=1292.1282+10=1292.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

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